8/19/2019 Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering: How to Calculate Knee Point Voltage of Current Transformer?

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Friday, September 14, 2018 Electrical Concepts

How to Calculate Knee Point Voltage of Current

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What is the knee point voltage of CT? ►

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The  knee point is defined as the  voltage  at which a 10% increase in Equipme...
applied voltage increases the magnetizing current by 50%. For voltages True Power
greater than the knee point voltage, the magnetizing current increases Factor

considerably even for small increments in voltage across the secondary No Load

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Definition of KPV according to IEC : What is the knee point? Magnetization

Curve of CT
How to
Calculate

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8/19/2019 Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering: How to Calculate Knee Point Voltage of Current Transformer?
According to IEC, Knee Point Voltage of a Current Transformer is defined Knee Point
Voltage of
as the voltage at which a 10 % increase in voltage of CT secondary results Current
in a 50 % increase in secondary current. Tra...
Knee point
Above knee point, the CT gets saturated. The knee point is a important voltage of
parameter for CT selection for a particular electrical installation. The knee Current
Transformer
point indicates the CT saturation point on the magnetization curve or B-H
Why CT
curve. Secondary
Shall Never
Be Kept
Open?
Importance of Knee Point Voltage for PS class CT:
Why V/F Ratio
Is Kept
Differential protection Scheme:
Constant in
VFD?

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The magnetizing characteristics of both LV & HV sides CTs used for

differential protection must have the same knee point voltage Vk and
the same excitation current Ie at Vk/2. If there is variation in knee point
voltage of CTs, the CT having less knee point voltage(KPV) will get
saturated in case of the external fault and the differential protection
relay will get tripped with nuisance tripping. Therefore, both the set of
CTs used at the primary and secondary side of the equipment must
have the same knee point voltage and the excitation current(Ie) at Vk/2.

The Knee point voltage is selected for PS class(Differential protection)

CTs at half of the knee point voltage so that the point lies in between
the ankle and the knee point of the magnetization curve of the CT. The
point K on the below-given graph is the 'Knee Point'. The initial point
of the graph is known as an ankle point of the magnetization curve of
CT. The Knee Point Voltage has a significance when the CT is used for
differential or REF protection.

CT Magnetization curve

Knee Point Voltage Calculation:

The CT knee point calculation can simply be done using the Ohm's Law.

According to Ohm's  law

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8/19/2019 Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering: How to Calculate Knee Point Voltage of Current Transformer?

V=I*R

R is the total resistance of the secondary of the CT.

Knee Point Voltage Formula:

CT Knee Point Voltage can be calculated using formula;

Vkp = K * If/CTR * (RCT + RL + RR)

Where,

K = Constant, conventionally taken as 2.0

Vkp = The minimum Knee Point Voltage

If = Maximum Fault Current at the location, in Amperes

CTR = CT Ratio

RCT = CT Secondary Winding Resistance, in Ohms

RL = 2-way Lead Resistance, in Ohms

RR = Relay Burden, in Ohms

RCT + RL + RR = CT burden

Example:

If the system fault current is 30 KA, CTR-600/5, RCT+RL+RR=0.5

Ohm

Knee point voltage of the current transformer is;

Vkp = K * If/CTR * (RCT + RL + RR)

Vkp = 2*30000/120*0.5 = 250 Volt

Based on the above calculation, check the rated knee point voltage of
CT. If the knee point voltage calculated on the basis of the power
network is higher than the specified knee point voltage of CT, then there
is a chance of CT saturation during a fault in the power network, and
probably protection relay will not operate.

How to Check the Knee Point voltage of the

CT?

The current transformer of PS class can be tested for whether or not the
CT has the knee point voltage as per the manufacturer specifications.
The test procedure is very simple and can be done if the variable
voltage source is available.

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8/19/2019 Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering: How to Calculate Knee Point Voltage of Current Transformer?

Test Set-up:

Test Procedure for knee point Voltage calculation of CT :

1. Disconnect the CT from all external connection
2. Note down the knee point voltage of CT ( as per datasheet of the
CT).
3. Apply 5-10 % voltage of the knee point voltage to the secondary of
the CT by auto-transformer. Note down the secondary current.
4. Increase the voltage gradually to 20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90 % of the
rated knee point of the CT and note down the secondary current.
5. Now increase the voltage to 100% of KPV and note down the
current.
6. Increase the voltage above 110% of KPVand observe the increase
in the secondary current. If the secondary current increase is 50%
with an increase in this 10% voltage. The Knee point voltage of
the CT is the voltage as per step No.5.

Test Results :

This is the sample of the test results of the knee point calculation.

You may also like to read :

Magnetization Curve of Current Transformer

   

Posted by Electrical concepts at 8:48 PM

Labels: CT, CT burden, CT magnetization curve, CT Saturation, current transformer, Current Transformer
Magnetization Curve, knee point voltage, KPV, magnetization curve of CT, significance of KPV

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1 comment:
Anonymous June 8, 2019 at 7:59 PM

Insightful and informative article.

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