SAMPLE 1

Experiment Observation Inference

1. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Colour of the sample is noted White colour Cu2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Ni2+, Mn2+,Co2+
are absent
A little amount of the sample is Pungent smell evolved NH4+ may be present
rubbed between thumb and
finger.
2.Dry Test Tube Heating : Pungent gas evolved along NH4+ ,Cl- may be present
Heated small amount of the with formation of white
sample in a dry test tube. sublimate
3.Flame test was performed. No characteristic colour in Ca2+,Sr2+,Ba2+and Cu2+ may be
the flame absent.
4.Charcoal activity test was No characteristic bead but Pb2+, Cu2+,Zn2+,As3+ may be
performed. white incrustation around absent and NH4+ may be present.
the edge of cavity.
5.Sample being white in colour Borax bead test was not performed.
6.Small amount of the sample is Effervescence with S2-, NO2-,may be absent.
treated with dilute H2SO4 . evolution of colourless, CO32- may be present.
odourless gas
7.Small amount of the solid Colourless and odourless NO3-, Cl-, Br- may be absent.
sample is treated with gas evolved with CO32- may be present.
concentrated H2SO4. effervescence.
Confirmatory test for acid radicals :
8.Small amount of the solid Effervescence with CO32- is present and
sample is treated with Dilute evolution of colourless, confirmed.
H2SO4 and the evolved gas is odourless gas which turns
passed through lime water. lime water milky.
Preparation of aqueous extract :
Aqueous extract of the sample was prepared and following test for acid radical was
performed.
9.To the aqueous solution of White precipitate was CO32- is present and confirmed
sample MgSO4 solution was formed
added.
10.Acidified the solution with No precipitate formed. Cl - is absent.
dilute HNO3 and AgNO3 solution
was added.
11.Acidified the solution with No precipitate formed. SO42- is absent.
dilute HCl and BaCl2 solution
was added.
12.Freshly prepared FeSO4 No brown ring was formed. NO3- was absent.
solution is added to the sample
solution and 2ml of conc.H2SO4
was added carefully along the
wall of the container.
13.Acidified the solution with No precipitate is produced. PO43- is absent.
conc. HNO3 and a pinch of
ammonium molybdate was
added to it.
Confirmatory test for basic

1
radicals :
14. Heated the solid sample with Colourless gas with pungent NH4+ (Group 0) may be
NaOH solution in a test tube. smell evolves. present.
Following test was performed
with the evolved gas:
15.A glass rod dipped in HCl White dense fumes NH4+ (Group 0)is present and
was brought near the mouth of produced confirmed.
the test tube.
16.A cotton plug dipped in Plug turns reddish brown NH4+ (Group 0) is present and
Nessler's reagent brought at the confirmed.
mouth of the test tube.
Since NH4+ (Group 0) is present and confirmed analysis for other Group is not
done.

The given salt contains :

Basic Radical : NH4+

Acid Radical : CO32-

SAMPLE 2

2
 Experiment Observation Inference
1. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Colour of the sample is noted White colour Cu2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Ni2+, Mn2+,Co2+
are absent
A little amount of the sample is No pungent smell evolved NH4+ may be absent
rubbed between thumb and
finger.
2.Dry Test Tube Heating : Formation of white sublimate NH4+ may be present
Heated small amount of the
sample in a dry test tube.
3.Flame test was performed. No characteristic colour in the Ca2+,Sr2+,Ba2+and Cu2+ may be
flame absent.
4.Charcoal activity test was No characteristic bead but white Pb2+, Cu2+,Zn2+,As3+ may be
performed. incrustation around the edge of absent and NH4+ may be present.
cavity.
5.Sample being white in colour Borax bead test was not performed.
6.Small amount of the sample is No gas evolves S2-, NO2-, CO32- may be absent.
treated with dilute H2SO4 .
7.Small amount of the solid Pungent smelling gas evolved . Cl- may be present
sample is treated with It gives dense white fumes with
concentrated H2SO4. rod dipped in NH4OH.
8. Heated a pinch of mixture Greenish yellow gas with Cl- may be present
with conc. H2SO4 and MnO2 pungent smell evolves.
Confirmatory test for acid radicals :
Preparation of aqueous extract :
Aqueous extract of the sample was prepared and following test for acid radical was
performed.
9.To the aqueous solution of No precipitate was formed CO32- is absent
sample MgSO4 solution was
added.
10.Acidified the solution with Curdy White precipitate Cl - is present and confirmed.
dilute HNO3 and AgNO3 formed which dissoved in
solution was added. excess NH4OH
11.Acidified the solution with No precipitate formed. SO42- is absent.
dilute HCl and BaCl2 solution
was added.
12.Freshly prepared FeSO4 No brown ring was formed. NO3- was absent.
solution is added to the sample
solution and 2ml of conc.H2SO4
was added carefully along the
wall of the container.
13.Acidified the solution with No precipitate is produced. PO43- is absent.
conc. HNO3 and a pinch of
ammonium molybdate was
added to it.

Confirmatory test for basic radicals :

14. Heated the solid sample with Colourless gas with pungent NH4+ (Group 0) may be
NaOH solution in a test tube. smell evolves. present.

3
Following test was performed
with the evolved gas:
15.A glass rod dipped in HCl White dense fumes produced NH4+ (Group 0)is present and
was brought near the mouth of confirmed.
the test tube.
16.A cotton plug dipped in Plug turns reddish brown NH4+ (Group 0) is present and
Nessler's reagent brought at the confirmed.
mouth of the test tube.
Since NH4+ (Group 0) is
present and confirmed analysis
for other Group is not done.

The given salt contains :

Basic Radical : NH4+

Acid Radical : Cl-

Sample 3

Experiment Observation Inference

4
1. PHYSICAL
EXAMINATION :
Colour of the sample is noted
A little amount of the sample
is rubbed between thumb and
finger.
2.Dry Test Tube Heating :
Heated small amount of the
sample in a dry test tube.
White colour Cu2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Ni2+, Mn2+,Co2+
are absent
No characteristic smell. NH4+ , S2- may be absent.
No gas evolves. NH4+ , S2- ,NO2-, NO3-,Cl- may
be absent.
No formation of white
sublimate. NH4+ may be absent.

Cracking sound does not PbNO3 or Ba(NO3)2 may be

occurs. absent.

No change in colour of residue. Cu2+ , Zn2+ , Mn2+ Fe3+ may be

absent.
3.Flame test was performed. No characteristic colour in the Ca2+,Sr2+,Ba2+and Cu2+ may be
flame absent.
4.Charcoal activity test was No characteristic bead but white Pb2+, Cu2+,Zn2+,As3+ may be
performed. incrustation around the edge of absent and NH4+ may be
cavity. present.
5.Sample being white in
colour Borax bead test was
not performed.
6.Small amount of the sample No specific reaction takes place. S2-, NO2-, CO32- may be absent.
is treated with dilute H2SO4 .
7.Small amount of the solid No specific reaction takes place. NO3-,Cl-, Br- , I- ,CO32- may be
sample is treated with absent.
concentrated H2SO4.
Confirmatory test for acid
radicals :
Preparation of aqueous extract :
Aqueous extract of the sample was prepared and following test for acid radical was performed.
8.To the aqueous solution of No precipitate was formed. CO32- may be absent.
sample MgSO4 solution was
added.
9.Acidified the solution with No precipitate formed. Cl - is absent.
dilute HNO3 and AgNO3
solution was added.
10.Acidified the solution with White precipitate formed SO42- is present and
dilute HCl and BaCl2 solution which is insoluble in HCl & confirmed.
was added. HNO3 .
11. Acidified the solution with White precipitate formed SO42- is present and
acetic acid and lead acetate was soluble in excess hot confirmed.
added to it. ammonium acetate solution,

Experiment Observation Inference

-
12.Freshly prepared FeSO4 No brown ring was formed. NO3 was absent.
solution is added to the sample
solution and 2ml of conc.H2SO4

5
was added carefully along the
wall of the container.
13.Acidified the solution with No precipitate is produced. PO43- is absent.
conc. HNO3 and a pinch of
ammonium molybdate was
added to it.
Confirmatory test for basic radicals :
14. Heated the solid sample No specific reaction takes place. NH4+ (Group 0) is absent.
with NaOH solution in a test
tube.
Following test was performed
with the evolved gas:
15. No specific reaction takes place. NH4+ (Group 0) is absent.
(i)A cotton plug dipped in
Nessler's reagent brought at the
mouth of the test tube. No specific reaction takes place.
(ii) A glass rod dipped in HCl NH4+ (Group 0) is absent.
was brought near the mouth of
the test tube.
Preparation of aqueous extract :
Aqueous extract of the sample was prepared and following test for basic radical was performed.
16. Dilute HCl is added to the No precipitate . Gr I radicals , Pb2+ is absent
sample solution.
17. Dilute HCl is added to the No precipitate. Group II radicals , Pb2+,
sample solution and H2S gas is Cu2+,Hg2+,Cd2+,As3+ is absent.
passed.
18. To the Aqueous solution of White precipitate Group III radicals,Al3+ may
the sample taken in a test tube be present.
NH4Cl was added and made Fe3+, Fe2+ is absent.
alkaline with NH4OH.

The solution is filtered and the

filtrate is preserved for Group
IV.
With the residue analysis for
Group III is proceeded.

19.Analysis of Group III :

The white precipitate formed in
test no.18 is dissolved by
boiling with NaOH solution.
With this solution following test
were performed:
(i) Added NH4Cl to one part of White gelatinous precipitate Al3+ is present and confirmed
the solution and boiled formed
(ii) Another portion of the
solution is acidified with dil. Al3+ is present and confirmed
HCl and added few drops of Blue precipitate floating in
blue litmus followed by colourless solution.
ammonia.
Since Al3+ is present analysis for other Group is not done.

6
The given salt contains :

Basic Radical : Al3+

Acid Radical : SO42-

Sample 4

Experiment Observation Inference

1. PHYSICAL
EXAMINATION : White colour Cu2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Ni2+,
Colour of the sample is noted Mn2+,Co2+ are absent
A little amount of the sample is No characteristic smell. NH4+ , S2- may be absent.

7
rubbed between thumb and
finger.
2. Dry Test Tube Heating :
Heated small amount of the
sample in a dry test tube.
3.Flame test was performed.
4.Charcoal activity test was
performed.
5.Sample being white in colour
Borax bead test was not
performed.
6.Small amount of the sample
is treated with dilute H2SO4 .
Pungent gas evolved. NH4+ ,Cl- may be present.
No change of colour of the salt. Cu2+,Fe2+Zn2+,Cd2+,Co2+ are
absent
Apple green colour appeared Ba2+ may be absent.
observed with unaided eye.
No characteristic bead. Pb2+, Cu2+,Zn2+,As3+, NH4+
may be absent
No specific reaction takes place. S2-, NO2-, CO32- may be
absent.

7.Small amount of the solid Colourless gas with pungent Cl- may be present.
sample is treated with smell evolved . It gives dense
concentrated H2SO4. white fumes with rod dipped in
NH4OH.
8. Heated a pinch of mixture Greenish yellow gas with Cl- may be present
with conc. H2SO4 and MnO2 pungent smell evolves.
Confirmatory test for acid radicals :
Preparation of aqueous extract ::
Aqueous extract of the sample was prepared with distilled water and following test for acid
radical was performed
9.To the aqueous solution of No precipitate. CO32- is absent.
sample MgSO4 solution was
added.
10.Acidified the solution with Curdy white precipitate Cl - is present and confirmed.
dilute HNO3 and AgNO3 solution formed which is soluble in
was added. excess NH4OH.
11.Heated a pinch of solid sample The solution turned yellow.
with K2Cr2O7 in a test tube. The
evolved reddish gas is passed
through NaOH solution.
The yellow solution is acidified Cl - is present and confirmed.
with acetic acid and few drops of
lead acetate is added. Yellow precipitate formed

Experiment Observation Inference

2-
12. Acidified the solution with No precipitate formed. SO4 is absent.
dilute HCl and BaCl2 solution was
added.
13.Freshly prepared FeSO4 No brown ring was formed. NO3- was absent.
solution is added to the sample
solution and 2ml of conc.H2SO4
was added carefully along the
wall of the container.
14.Acidified the solution with No precipitate is produced. PO43- is absent.

8
conc. HNO3 and a pinch of
ammonium molybdate was added
to it.
Confirmatory test for basic radicals :
15 Heated the solid sample with No specific reaction takes NH4+ (Group 0) may be
NaOH solution in a test tube. place. absent.
Following test was performed
with the evolved gas:
16.(i)A cotton plug dipped in No specific reaction takes NH4+ (Group 0) may be
Nessler's reagent brought at the place. absent.
mouth of the test tube.
(ii) A glass rod dipped in HCl No specific reaction takes
was brought near the mouth of the place. NH4+ (Group 0) may be
test tube. absent.

Preparation of aqueous extract : :

Aqueous extract of the sample was prepared and following test for basic radical was performed.
17. Dilute HCl is added to the No precipitate Gr I radicals , Pb2+ is absent
sample solution.
18. Dilute HCl is added to the No precipitate Group II radicals , Pb2+,
sample solution and H2S gas is Cu2+,Hg2+,Cd2+,As3+ is absent
passed.
19. To the Aqueous solution of the No precipitate Group III radicals,Fe3+,Al3+ is
sample taken in a test tube NH4Cl absent.
was added and made alkaline with
NH4OH.
20. To the Aqueous solution of the No precipitate Group IV radicals, Co2+,
sample taken in a test tube NH4Cl Ni2+,Mn2+,Zn2+are absent.
was added and made alkaline with
NH4OH.Then H2S gas is passed.
21.Added NH4Cl to the aqueous White precipitate formed. Group V radicals,
solution of the sample and made Ca2+,Ba2+,Sr2+ may be present.
alkaline with NH4OH and then
(NH4)2CO3 was added.
The solution is filtered and the
filtrate is preserved for Group VI.
With the residue analysis for
Group V is proceeded.

22. Analysis of Group V :

The white precipitate is washed
with hot water and dissolved in
minimum amount of hot dilute
acetic acid.
K2CrO4 is added to the warm
solution. Yellow precipitate formed Ba2+ is present and
The yellow solution is filtered and confirmed.
the residue is washed with hot
water and flame test was Apple green flame obtained Ba2+ is present and
performed. through open eye. confirmed.

9
With the filtrate following tests
were performed :
(i) Ammonium Sulphate was
added to a small portion of the No precipitate. Sr2+ is absent.
filtrate.

(ii) Ammonium oxalate solution

was added to the one portion of No precipitate Ca2+ is absent.
the filtrate.
Since Ba2+ is present analysis for
Group VI radical is not done.

The given salt contains :

Basic Radical : Ba2+

Acid Radical : Cl -

SAMPLE 5

Experiment Observation Inference

1. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION :
Colour of the sample is noted
A little amount of the sample is
rubbed between thumb and finger.
White colour Cu2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Ni2+,
Mn2+,Co2+ are absent
No characteristic smell. NH4+ , S2- may be absent.

2.Dry Test Tube Heating : Smell of vinegar obtained. CH3COO- group may be

10
Heated small amount of the present.
sample in a dry test tube.
3.Flame test was performed. Bluish white flame. Pb2+ may be present.
4.Charcoal activity test was Yellow incrustation with grey Pb2+ may be present.
performed. coloured soft bead and marks
the paper.
5.Sample being white in colour Borax bead test was not performed.
6.Small amount of the sample is Vinegar like smell. CH3COO- may be present.
treated with dilute H2SO4 . White ppt. formed.
7. Small amount of the solid No gas evolves. CO32-, Cl-, NO3- may be
sample is treated with Only white ppt. formed. absent.
concentrated H2SO4.
Confirmatory test for acid radicals :
Preparation of aqueous extract :
Aqueous extract of the sample was prepared and following test for acid radical was performed.
8.To the aqueous solution of No precipitate was formed. CO32- may be absent.
sample MgSO4 solution was
added.
9. .Acidified the solution with No precipitate formed. Cl - is absent.
dilute HNO3 and AgNO3 solution
was added.
10. Acidified the solution with No precipitate formed. SO42- is absent.
dilute HCl and BaCl2 solution was
added.
11.A pinch of sample is rubbed Smell of vinegar, CH3COO- is present and
with oxalic acid and rubbed. confirmed.
12.Sample solution mixed with Red colouration.
FeCl3 and mixture divided into
two parts.
(i) Dilute HCl added to one Red colour disappears CH3COO- is present and
portion. confirmed.
(ii) Another part is boiled with Red colour obtained
water.
15.Acidified the solution with No precipitate is produced. PO43- is absent.
conc. HNO3 and a pinch of
ammonium molybdate was added
to it.
Confirmatory test for basic radicals :

Experiment Observation Inference

+
16. Heated the solid sample with No specific reaction takes NH4 (Group 0) is absent.
NaOH solution in a test tube. place.
Following test was performed
with the evolved gas:

17. No specific reaction takes NH4+ (Group 0) is absent.

(i)A cotton plug dipped in place.
Nessler's reagent brought at the
mouth of the test tube.
(ii) A glass rod dipped in HCl No specific reaction takes NH4+ (Group 0) is absent.

11
was brought near the mouth of the place.
test tube.
Preparation of aqueous extract :
Aqueous extract of the sample was prepared and following test for basic radical was performed.
18. Dilute HCl is added to the White precipitate . Gr I radicals , Pb2+ may be
aqueous extract. present.
The solution is filtered and the
filtrate is preserved for analysis of
other Group.

With the residue analysis for

Group I is proceeded'
20.The residue of Group I is
dissolved in hot water and with
the solution following test was
performed :
(i) Added K2CrO4 solution to one Yellow precipitate formed. Pb2+ is present and
part of the solution. confirmed.

(ii) Added KI solution to another
portion of the solution.
21. H2S gas is passed to the
filtrate obtained after Group I
precipitation.
The solution is filtered and
with the residue analysis of group
II is proceeded.
Yellow precipitate obtained.
Black ppt. formed
Pb2+ is present and
confirmed
Group II radicals, Pb2+ and
Cu2+ may be present.
As3+ is absent.

22. The black precipitate is Colourless Solution

dissolved in hot 50% HNO3 . Pb2+ is present.
Cu2+ is absent.
.
To the colourless solution dilute Pb2+ is present and
H2SO4 is added. White ppt. formed. confirmed
Since Pb2+ is present analysis for other radical is not done.
The given salt contains :

Basic Radical : Pb2+

Acid Radical : CH3COO-

12
13