HIGHER SECONDARY EXAMINATION Projectile Motion

First Year March-2015 Time taken to the maximum height,𝑡𝑚 =

𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Key Notes 𝑔
2
(u sin θ)
PHYSICS Greatest height attained, hm =
2g
2(u sin θ)
UNITS AND MEASUREMENT Total time of flight,t f =
g
The fundamental Units: u 2 sin 2 θ
Horizontal range,𝐻 𝑜𝑟 𝑅 =
g
Length→Mater(m) Mass→Kilogram(Kg)
u2
The range will be maximum at θ =450 , which isR max =
g
Time→Second(s) Electric Current→Ampere(A)
V2
Centripetal acceleration,ac = ;
R
Temperature→Kelvin(K) Luminous intensity→candela(cd)
∆θ
Angular velocity ω =
∆t
Amount of substance→mole(mol)
v=rω v→linear velocity,ω →angular velocity, r→radius
Dimension: LAWS OF MOTION
Mass→ M Length→ L Time→ T Inertia→resistance to change the state of rest/motion
Physical Quantity Unit Dimension Linear momentum, p = 𝑚𝑣
Velocity m/sec 0 1
M LT −1
Force,F = 𝑚𝑎
Acceleration m/sec2 M 0 L1 T −2
Momentum k m/sec M1 L1 T −1 Law of conservation of linear momentum,
Force Newton or kg m/sec2 M1 L1 T −2
Weight Newton or kg m/sec2
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2
M1 L1 T −2
Torque Kg m2 sec-2 M1 L2 T −2 Recoil velocity of gun→𝑉 =
−mv
Impulse Ns or kg m/sec M1 L1 T −1 M
Pressure N/m2 or Pa M1 L−1 T −2 f smax
Coefficient of static friction,μs = N→normal reaction
Work Nm or Joule M1 L2 T −2 N
Kinetic Energy joule M1 L2 T −2 μs = tan θ , θ→ angle of friction
Power W or J/sec M1 L2 T −3
Moment of Inertia Kg m2 M1 L2 T 0 Max. Speed limit (circular level road)Vmax = μrg
Stress N/m2 or Pa M1 L−1 T −2
Strain No units M 0 L0 T 0 Max. Speed limit (Banked road)Vmax =
rg (tan θ+μ)
Surface Tension N/m M1 L0 T −2 1−μ tan θ
Angular velocity rad/sec M 0 L0 T −1
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
Refractive index No units M 0 L0 T 0
Work done, W=FScosθ =F . S
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE Energy→Capacity to do work
Displacement 1
Velocity= Kinetic energy, K.E= m𝑣 2
Time 2
Velocity
Acceleration= Potential energy, 𝑃. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔𝑕
Time
W
Speedometers of vehicle will give→Instantaneous velocity Power, P=
t
Slop of Position-Time (x-t) →Velocity of body Elastic collision→total kinetic energy is conserved
Slop of Velocity-Time (v-t) →Acceleration of body Inelastic collision→total kinetic energy is not conserved
Area under velocity-Time graph→Displacement of body
Kinematic Equations (Equation of motions):- SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION
First⟶Velocity –Time relation⟶ 𝑉 = 𝑉0 + 𝑎𝑡 Moment of force or Torque,τ = r × F or τ = Iα
1
Second⟶Displacement–Time relation→ 𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + at 2 Angular momentum, L = r × P or L = Iω
2

Third⟶Velocity-Displacement relation→ 𝑣 2 = 𝑣0 2 + 2ax Moment of inertia→resistance to change state in rotatory

Relative velocity→ VAB = VA − VB or VBA = VB − VA motion of body about an axis,I = mr 2
−𝑣0 2 GRAVITATION
Stopping distance of Vehicles→ 𝑑𝑠 =
2𝑎
𝑚 1𝑚 2
Newton’s law of gravitation→ 𝐹 = 𝐺
2𝑑 𝑟2
Reaction Time→ 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑠
𝑔
𝐺𝑀
Acceleration due to gravity, 𝑔 = (On surface of earth) ‘g’ at a
MOTION IN A PLANE 𝑅2

Magnitude of resultant of resultant vector point inside earth, 𝑔 =

𝐺𝑀𝑟
𝑅3
R= P 2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos θ
d
Q sin θ g inside = g surface (1 − ) , d→depth from earth surface
Direction of resultant vector→α = tan−1 R
P+Q cos θ
𝐺𝑀
Scalar Product (dot product) → A . B =AB cos θ ‘g’ at a point above earth surface, 𝑔 =
(𝑅+𝑕)2

Vector Product (Cross product) → A × B =AB Sin θ 2h

g h = g surface (1 − ) , h→hight from earth surface
R

Prepared by Bibin.C.Jacob,HSST Physics,BHSS,Mavandiyur,Malappuaram

g Pole > g Equator , Since R Pole < R Equator Conduction 𝑄 = 𝐾𝐴
𝜃1 −𝜃2
𝑑
GM
Gravitational Potential,VG = − OSCILLATIONS
r

Gravitational Potential energy, 𝑃. 𝐸 = −

GMm 𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 or x = A cos(ωt + θ)
R
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝐻𝑀, 𝑣 = 𝜔 𝐴2 − 𝑦 2
Escape velocity,Ve = 2gR , its 11.2 Km/s for earth
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝐻𝑀, 𝑎 = −𝜔2 𝑦
GM
Orbital Velocity,Vo = 2𝜋 1 𝜔
r 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 → 𝑇 = , 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 → 𝜈 = =
𝜔 𝑇 2𝜋
Relation between Escape velocity and Orbital velocity Ve = 2Vo 1
𝑃. 𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝐻𝑀 = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑦 2
2
2π(R+h)
Time period of satellite,𝑇 = 1
V 𝐾. 𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝐻𝑀 = 𝑚𝜔2 (𝐴2 − 𝑦 2 )
2
Geostationary satellite→Satellite with period T=24Hour 1
Total energy in SHM= 𝑚𝜔2 𝐴2
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 2

restoring force F 𝑚
Stress,𝜍 = = For springs 𝑇 = 2𝜋
unit area a 𝑘
Change in dimention
Strain, ϵ= 𝑙
Original dimention Simple pendulum→ Period 𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑔
Stress
= a constant(Modulus of elasticity) → Known as Hook′ s law Young’s
Stain WAVES
𝐹𝑙
modulus,𝑌 = 𝑣 = 𝜈𝜆 λ→wavelegth ; 𝜈→freequency ; v→velocity
𝑎∆𝑙
∆𝑃𝑉 𝛾𝑃
Bulk modulus 𝐵 = 𝑣= In a gas→Newton-Laplace equ.
∆𝑉 𝜌
𝐹
Rigidity modulus 𝑛 or 𝐺 = 1 𝑇
𝐴𝜃
Stationary wave in string→𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝜈 =
2𝑙 𝑚
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Pressure 𝑃 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

Hydrostatic pressure 𝑃 = 𝑕𝜌𝑔

𝑑𝑣
Viscous force, 𝐹 = 𝜂𝐴 ,𝜂 → 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑑𝑥

Stoke’s formula,𝐹 = 6𝜋𝑟𝜂𝑣𝑡

2𝑟 2 𝑔 𝜌 −𝜍
Terminal velocity,𝑣𝑡 =
9𝜂
𝜌𝑣𝑑
Reynolds number =
𝜂

Equation of continuity,a1 v1 = a2 v2 , ie 𝑎𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Bernoullies’s Theorem
For a non viscous streamlined flow the total energy (sum of
P. E, K. E and Pr. Energy) Is a constant.ie
1
PV + mgh + mv 2 = a constant.
2
1
or P + ρgh + ρv 2 = a constant
2

Speed of efflux→ 𝑣 = 2gh Torricelli’s law

Force
Surface tension=
Length
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 2𝑙𝑆∆𝑥
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = = =𝑆
𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 2𝑙∆𝑥
2S cos θ
Capillary hight,𝑕 =
rρg

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER & THERMODYNAMICS

3𝑅𝑇
rms velocity, 𝑣 =
𝑀

3
Average K.E of one molecule= KT
2

∆𝑊 = 𝑃. 𝑑𝑉 ;CP − CV = R → Meyer′ srelation

𝐶𝑃
Ratio of specific heats,𝛾 =
𝐶𝑉

For isothermal change PV = constant

𝑉2
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 2.303𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑉1
Work done Q 1 −Q 2 T 1 −T 2
Efficiency,η = = =
Energy supplied Q1 T1

Prepared by Bibin.C.Jacob,HSST Physics,BHSS,Mavandiyur,Malappuaram