Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ACCELERATING GROUND
During the ground run, the airplane starts from rest and accelerates to
the take-off speed. The flaps and engine(s) are adjusted for their take-
off settings in the case of an airplane with tricycle type of landing gear.
All three wheels remain in contact with the ground till a speed of about
85% of the VTO is reached.
Rotation
The aircraft is permitted to accelerate to rotation speed. The term
rotation is used because the aircraft pivots around the axis of its main
landing gear while still on the ground, usually because of manipulation
of the flight controls to make this change in aircraft attitude
Lift - Off
The nose is raised to a normal 5o − 15o nose up pitch attitude to increase
lift from the wings and effect lift off phase the airplane moves along a
curved path and the pilot tries to attain a steady climb.
Climb - Off
Following take-off, the aircraft has to climb to a certain altitude before it
can cruise at this altitude in a safe and economic way. A climb is carried
out by increasing the lift of wings supporting the aircraft until their
lifting force exceeds the weight of the aircraft. Once this occurs, the
aircraft will climb to a higher altitude until the lifting force and weight
are again in balance.
MIL – C5011A FAR part 23 FAR Part 25
Item
(Military) (Civil) (Commercial)
Where:
𝑪𝑳 (𝑶𝑮𝑬) = Lift coefficient in the appropriate configuration out of
ground effect
𝑪𝑳 (𝑶𝑮𝑬) = √𝜋𝐴𝑒𝐶𝐷 𝑜
1
𝑪𝑳 (𝑶𝑮𝑬) = √( ) (0.029)
0.049
𝑪𝑳 (𝑶𝑮𝑬) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟏
-
For 𝑪𝑳 𝜶(𝑶𝑮𝑬)
2𝜋𝐴
𝑪𝑳 𝜶(𝑶𝑮𝑬) = , 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2+ √𝐴2 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ⩘𝐶/2 ) + 4
Where:
A = 9.46
⩘𝑪/𝟐 = 2.58º
2𝜋(9.46)
𝑪𝑳 𝜶(𝑶𝑮𝑬) = , 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2+ √(9.46)2 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (2.58°)) +4
𝟓. 𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟒𝟕
𝑪𝑳 𝜶(𝑶𝑮𝑬) =
𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝐴 2ℎ
= 𝑓( )
𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑏
Where:
𝟐𝒉 2 (4.2461)𝑓𝑡
=
𝒃 37.67𝑓𝑡
𝟐𝒉
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟒
𝒃
𝟐𝒉 𝑨
= 0.22544, = 0.52256
𝒃 𝑨𝒆𝒇𝒇
Therefore,
𝐴
𝑨𝒆𝒇𝒇 =
0.52256
9.46
𝑨𝒆𝒇𝒇 =
0.52256
2𝜋𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑪𝑳 𝜶(𝑰𝑮𝑬) = , 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2
2 + √𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ⩘𝐶/2 ) + 4
2𝜋(18.1032)
𝑪𝑳 𝜶(𝑰𝑮𝑬) = , 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2+ √(18.1032)2 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (2.58°)) + 4
𝟓. 𝟔𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟖
𝑪𝑳 𝜶(𝑰𝑮𝑬) =
𝒓𝒂𝒅
Taper Ratio, λ
𝒄𝒕
𝛌=
𝒄𝒓
Where:
𝒄𝒕 = Tip Chord = 3.13ft
𝒄𝒓 = Root Chord = 4.83ft
3.13ft
λ=
4.83ft
λ = 0.65
𝒄̅ = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝒇𝒕
For ∆⍺𝒐
𝑡 3.5655 0.1177
∆⍺𝑜 = [ − ] , 𝑑𝑒𝑔.
𝑐 (ℎ) ℎ 2
𝑐 (𝑐 )
3.5655 0.1177 𝜋
∆⍺𝒐 = (0.12) − 2 𝑥 , 𝑟𝑎𝑑.
4.2461𝑓𝑡 4.2461𝑓𝑡 180°
( ) ( )
[ 4.04𝑓𝑡 4.04𝑓𝑡 ]
Therefore,
𝐶𝐿 𝛼(𝐼𝐺𝐸)
𝑪𝑳 (𝑰𝑮𝑬) = 𝐶𝐿 (𝑂𝐺𝐸) − 𝐶𝐿 𝛼(𝐼𝐺𝐸) ∆𝛼𝑜
𝐶𝐿 𝛼(𝑂𝐺𝐸)
5.62218
( ) 5.62218
𝑪𝑳 (𝑰𝑮𝑬) = (0.76931) 𝑟𝑎𝑑 − ( ) (0.00688 𝑟𝑎𝑑. )
5.0896047 𝑟𝑎𝑑
( )
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑪𝑳 (𝑰𝑮𝑬) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟑
Drag Coefficient in Ground Effect
𝐶𝐿𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑖(𝑂𝐺𝐸) 2
∆𝑪𝑫 𝒊 = −σ′ , 𝑒 = 0.6867
𝜋𝐴𝑒
𝑪𝑳 = 𝑪𝑳 (𝑶𝑮𝑬) = 0.76931
For 𝑪𝑫 (𝑶𝑮𝑬)
𝑪𝑫 (𝑶𝑮𝑬) = 0.029 + 0.049 𝐶𝐿 2
𝑪𝑫 (𝑶𝑮𝑬) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟎
For ∆𝑪𝑫 𝒊
𝐶𝐿𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑖(𝑂𝐺𝐸) 2
∆𝑪𝑫 𝒊 = −σ′ , 𝑒 = 0.6867
𝜋𝐴𝑒
ℎ
1 − 1.32 ( )
′
𝝈 = 𝑏
ℎ
1.05 + 7.4 ( )
𝑏
4.2461𝑓𝑡
1 − 1.32 ( )
37.67𝑓𝑡
𝝈′ =
4.2461𝑓𝑡
1.05 + 7.4 ( )
37.67𝑓𝑡
𝝈′ = 0.45178
(0.76931)2
∆𝑪𝑫 𝒊 = −(0.45178)
𝜋(9.46)(0.6867)
Therefore,
𝑪𝑫 (𝑰𝑮𝑬) = 𝐶𝐷 (𝑂𝐺𝐸) + ∆𝐶𝐷 𝑖
𝑪𝑫 (𝑰𝑮𝑬) = 0.04490
Stall Speed, 𝑽𝑺
𝑊 2 1
𝑽𝑺 = √( ) ( ) ( )
𝑆 𝜌 𝐶𝐿 𝑀𝐴𝑋
2731.73𝑙𝑏 2 1
𝑽𝑺 = √( 2
)( 3
)( )
149.93𝑓𝑡 0.002377 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔⁄𝑓𝑡 1.76
93.3294𝑓𝑡 15
𝑽𝑺 = 𝑥
𝑠 22
𝑽𝑺 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟔𝟑 𝒎𝒑𝒉
𝑽𝑳𝑶𝑭 = 1.2 𝑉𝑆
1 3
22 2
𝑞̅𝐿𝑂𝐹 = (0.002377 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔⁄𝑓𝑡 ) (76.356 𝑚𝑝ℎ 𝑥 )
2 15
̅𝑳𝑶𝑭 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟔 𝒑𝒔𝒇
𝒒
𝑽𝑳𝑶𝑭
Dynamic Pressure at ̅
,𝒒
√𝟐
1 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 2
̅=
𝒒 𝜌( )
2 √2
1 3
76.356 𝑚𝑝ℎ 22 2
̅ = (0.002377 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔⁄𝑓𝑡 ) (
𝒒 𝑥 )
2 √2 15
̅𝟏 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟖 𝒑𝒔𝒇
𝒒
375√2𝑇𝐻𝑃𝐴𝑉
𝑇=
𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹
375√2(56.45 ℎ𝑝)
𝑇=
76.356 𝑚𝑝ℎ
𝑻 = 𝟑𝟗𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟏 𝒍𝒃
APPROXIMATE METHOD I FOR 𝑺𝑮 ,
Static Force, 𝑭𝑺
𝑭𝑺 = 𝑇 − 𝜇𝑊 − 𝑊 𝜑 𝑎𝑡 𝑉 = 0
𝑭𝑺 = 𝑇 − 𝜇𝑊
𝑭𝑺 = 𝟑𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟐 𝒍𝒃
1
𝑭𝑳𝑶𝑭 = 392.0731 𝑙𝑏 − (0.03)(2731.73 𝑙𝑏) − [0.04490 − (0.03)(0.81113)] ∗
2
22 2
(0.002377 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔⁄𝑓𝑡 3 ) (76.356 𝑥 ) (149.93 𝑓𝑡 2 )
15
𝑭𝒎 = 𝑘𝐹𝑆
Where:
𝐹𝐿𝑂𝐹
1− 𝐹
𝑆
𝒌=
𝐹𝑆
ln
𝐹𝐿𝑂𝐹
264.1603 𝑙𝑏
1− ( )
𝒌= 310.1212 𝑙𝑏
310.1212 𝑙𝑏
ln ( )
264.1603 𝑙𝑏
𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟐
Therefore,
𝑭𝒎 = 𝑘𝐹𝑆
𝑭𝒎 = (0.92392)(310.1212 𝑙𝑏)
𝐅𝐦 = 286.5272 lb
Ground Distance, 𝑺𝑮
𝑊 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 2
𝑺𝑮 = ( )( )
2𝑔 𝐹𝑚
22 2
2731.73 (76.356 𝑚𝑝ℎ 𝑥 )
𝑺𝑮 = [ ] [ 15 ]
(2)(32.174 𝑓𝑡⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ) 286.5272 𝑙𝑏
𝑺𝑮 = 𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟖. 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟔 𝒇𝒕
Thrust at Lift-off
375 𝑇𝐻𝑃𝐴𝑉
𝑇=
𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹
375 (79.69 ℎ𝑝)
𝑇=
76.356 𝑚𝑝ℎ
𝑻 = 𝟑𝟗𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟎 𝒍𝒃
APPROXIMATE METHOD II FOR 𝑺𝑮
Static Force, 𝑭𝑺
𝑭𝑺 = 𝑇 − 𝜇𝑊 − 𝑊 𝜑 𝑎𝑡 𝑉 = 0
𝑭𝑺 = 𝑇 − 𝜇𝑊
𝑭𝑺 = 𝟑𝟎𝟗. 𝟒𝟐𝟐𝟏 𝒍𝒃
1
𝑭𝑳𝑶𝑭 = 391.3740 𝑙𝑏 − (0.03)(2731.73 𝑙𝑏) − [0.04490 − (0.03)(0.81113)] ∗
2
22 2
(0.002377 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔⁄𝑓𝑡 3 ) (76.356 𝑥 ) (149.93 𝑓𝑡 2 )
15
𝑭𝒎 = 𝟐𝟖𝟔. 𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟕 𝒍𝒃
Ground Distance, 𝑺𝑮
𝑊 𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 2
𝑺𝑮 = ( ) ( )
𝑔 (𝐹𝑆 + 𝐹𝐿𝑂𝐹 )
22 2
2731.73 𝑙𝑏 (76.356 𝑚𝑝ℎ 𝑥 )
𝑺𝑮 = [ ] [ 15 ]
(32.174 𝑓𝑡⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ) (309.4221 𝑙𝑏 + 263.4612 𝑙𝑏)
𝑺𝑮 = 𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟐𝟕𝟓 𝒇𝒕
For transition radius, R
𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 2
𝑹=
𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐹 2 𝐶𝐿 𝑇𝑅
𝑔 [( 𝑉 ) (𝐶 ) − 1]
𝑆 𝐿 𝑀𝐴𝑋
Where:
𝑪𝑳 𝑻𝑹 = 0.8 𝐶𝐿 𝑀𝐴𝑋
𝑪𝑳 𝑻𝑹 0.8 ∗ 176
= = 0.8
𝑪𝑳 𝑴𝑨𝑿 1.76
22 2
(76.356 𝑚𝑝ℎ 𝑥 )
𝑹= 15
76.356 𝑚𝑝ℎ 2
(32.174 𝑓𝑡⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ) [( ) (0.8) − 1]
63.63 𝑚𝑝ℎ
𝑹 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟒. 𝟒𝟖𝟕𝟐 𝒇𝒕
Transition 𝑪𝑫 , 𝑪𝑫 𝑻𝑹
𝑪𝑫 𝑻𝑹 = 0.029 + 0.049 𝐶𝐿 𝑇𝑅 2
(𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒)
Where:
𝑪𝑳 𝑻𝑹 = 0.8 𝐶𝐿 𝑀𝐴𝑋
𝑪𝑳 𝑻𝑹 = 0.8 (1.76)
𝑪𝑳 𝑻𝑹 = 1.41
𝑪𝑫 𝑻𝑹 = 0.029 + 0.049(1.41)2
𝑪𝑫 𝑻𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟒𝟐
1 2
22 2
𝑫𝑻𝑹 = (0.12642) (0.002377 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔⁄𝑓𝑡 ) (76.356 𝑚𝑝ℎ 𝑥 ) (149.93 𝑓𝑡 2 )
2 15
T − 𝐷𝑇𝑅
= 0.03985
W
Climb Angle, θ C L
𝑇 − 𝐷𝑇𝑅
𝜽𝑪𝑳 = sin−1 | |
𝑊 𝑎𝑡 𝑉=𝑉𝐿𝑜𝑓
𝜽𝑪𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟖𝟒
𝑆𝑇𝑅 = 102.1500 𝑓𝑡
h T R in ft
𝑆𝑇𝑅
𝒉𝑻𝑹 = (1 − cos 𝜃𝐶𝐿 )
sin 𝜃𝐶𝐿
102.1500
𝒉𝑻𝑹 = (1 − cos 2.28284)
sin 2.28284
𝒉𝑻𝑹 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟑 𝒇𝒕
50 𝑓𝑡 − ℎ𝑇𝑅
𝑺𝑪𝑳 =
tan 𝜃𝐶𝐿
50 𝑓𝑡 − 2.0353 𝑓𝑡
𝑺𝑪𝑳 =
tan 2.28284
.
𝑺𝑪𝑳 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟑. 𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝒇𝒕
Total Take – Off Distance, ft
Approximate Method I for SG
Where:
Sg = 1858.1726 ft
STR = 102.1500 ft
SCL = 1203.2033 ft.
St/o = 3163.5259 ft.
R = 2564.4872 ft
ΘCL = 2.28284 deg.
hr = 50 ft.
Approximate Method II for SG
Where:
Sg = 1858.7275 ft
STR = 102.1500 ft
SCL = 1203.2033 ft.
St/o = 3164.0808 ft.
R = 2564.4872 ft
ΘCL = 2.28284 deg.
hr = 50 ft.