Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
“Production of Acrolein”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for
the Degree of Bachelor of Technology
By
Guided by
Dr. Sanjay R. Patel
Associate Professor, ChED
-
Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students Pankaj Rana (U15CH077) and
Amit Agrawal (U15CH101) of B.Tech. IV have successfully completed the project entitled
“Production of Acrolein” during year 2018-19 and their work is satisfactory.
Name Sign
Engineering, SVNIT, Surat) for his valuable guidance and motivation, and
We would also like to thank all the academic and non-academic staff for
thanks to God then our beloved parents and our friends for their constant help
1 INTRODUCTION OF ACROLEIN 6
3 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 15
4 MATERIAL BALANCE 19
5 ENERGY BALANCE 26
8 P AND I DIAGRAM 67
9 COST ESTIMATION 68
10 PLANT LOCATION 76
11 PLANT LAYOUT 80
14 APPENDICES 96
15 REFRENCES 104
6
CHAPTER NO: 1
INTRODUCTION OF ACROLEIN
1.1 Acrolein
Acrolein is the basic compound in the series of unsaturated aldehydes. Its
colourless and highly volatile liquid and soluble in many organic liquids.
Acrolein, low mole weight aldehyde containing a C=C solid bond, is a clear to
yellow, flammable, poisonous liquid with a disagreeable odour; boiling at 52.7
0
C; soluble in water, alcohol, and ether; causing tears. Commercial acrolein is
0
Boiling point 52.5 C at 760 mmHg
0
Melting point -88 C
3 0 3 0
Density 0.8389 g/cm at 20 C, 0.8621 g/cm at 0 C
0
Heat capacity 2139 kJ/kg.K (17 to 44 C, liquid)
0
1200 kJ/kg.K (300 C, vapor)
0
PH 6 in 10% solution in water at 25 C
0
Surface tension 0.024N/m at 20 C
0
Viscosity 0.35 cp at 20 C
9
CH2=CH-CHO the carbonyl group in the conjugate with the C=C bond is present
The tendency of acrolein to polymerize is very great; the acrolein can only be
stored in the presence of considerable amounts of stabilizers. In spite of the
presence of stabilizer, small amounts of polymerization catalysts which are able to
initial radical, anionic or cationic propagating polymerization are sufficient to
cause highly polymerization reaction.
Production of Methionine
Acrolein is basic raw material for the production of essential amino acid
methionine because of lack of methionine in many nutrient protein compounds with the
average biological demand, it is necessary to add methionine to the natural food
materials for boilers to improve their biological efficiency which is a protein supplement
used in animal feed.
Manufacturing of Glycerol
The chemical reduction of acrolein via alkyl alcohol is the technical process for
the manufacturing of synthetic glycerol.
In biological systems one may expect rapid reactions with any reactive N-H, S-H,
O-H or C-H bond which would lead to molecular modification. In the subsurface
injection of waste waters, the addition of 6-10 ppm acrolein controls the growth of
microbes in the food lines thereby preventing plugging and corrosion.
The microbiological activity is further utilized in protecting the liquid fuel against
microorganism. About <500 is in jet fuels or distillate feed tank bottoms. The di
alkyl acetyls of acrolein are also effective in such cases; as a biocide in oil wells
and liquid petrochemical fuels. The growth of algae, aquatic weeds and molluscs
in recirculation process water is controlled by acrolein.
Slime Formation
Acrolein has received quite a bit of attention as a tissue fixative. This property of acrolein
has been utilized for preservation of red blood cells. Acrolein may be used to cross link
inverses at pH 7 to give a water insoluble product which possesses constant activity for
inversion of sucrose for the period of 12 weeks. Acrolein is sometimes used as a fixative
in preparation of biological specimens for electron microscopy.
Immobilization of Enzymes
Other uses
CHAPTER NO: 2
Acrolein was first produced commercially in the 1930s through vapor phase
condensation of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.
Acrolein was then produced in 1940s by vapor phase oxidation of propylene using
cuprous oxide catalyst; however, this method was not used at first due to the poor
performance of cuprous oxide catalysts.
The process that we have chosen for the production of acrolein is by the
“Partial oxidation of propylene”.
13
In the case of this project, we will be designing a plant that will produce Acrolein,
which will be piped out directly to the neighbouring plant that uses Acrolein to
produce other chemicals. This allows a small scale plant to be designed whilst
avoiding the problem of transporting Acrolein.
Whilst plant will be producing Acrolein, the price and market of chemical is fully
dependent on products it is used to create and as such market analysis must be
extended to these chemicals. There are six main products that are produced using
Acrolein. These are polyurethane, methionine, Polyester resins, acrylonitrile and
acrylic acid.
Acrolein is not a staple import/export product and due to its overall lack of value
unless further processed, the market is centre around countries and areas with
facilities that process the chemical further.
This can be seen when trying to source prices for Acrolein alone. The majority of
the manufacturers selling Acrolein are doing so from mainland China. Looking at
the change in market share and Acrolein exports, being imported into the USA,
over the past few years, this viewpoint is only reinforced.
14
Figure 2.1. Dominant exporters of acrolein in the world with respect to number of
shipments
CHAPTER NO: 3
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Acrolein is prepared industrially by oxidation of propene. The process uses air as the
source of oxygen and requires metal oxides as heterogeneous catalysts.
500,000 tons of acrolein are produced in this way About annually in North America,
Europe, and Japan.
Additionally, all acrylic acid is produced via the transient formation of acrolein.
The main challenge is in fact the competing over oxidation to this acid.
Propane represents a promising but challenging feedstock for the synthesis of acrolein
(and acrylic acid).
Propylene (Stream 2), steam (Stream 4) and compressed air (Stream 6) are
mixed and heated to 250°C.
The off gas, Stream 14, is sent to an incinerator for combustion. Stream 15
is then distilled in T-102 to separate acrolein and propylene from water
and acrylic acid.
The bottoms (Stream16) consisting of wastewater and acrylic acid are sent
to waste treatment.
The bottoms (Stream 19) are then sent to T-104 where acrolein is
separated from water.
compressor
Packed
E-102 Condenser R-101 bed
reactor
tower
distillation tower
distillation tower
CHAPTER NO: 4
MATERIAL BALANCE
From capacity selection data as per the referred literatures, we have to
produce acrolein based on the below mentioned capacity. So we will do
material balance according to our capacity.
Top Products
Bottom Products
Top Products
Acrolein = 91.98 kmol/hr
Bottom Products
Acrolein = 5.871 kmol/hr
Top Products
Bottom Products
Top Products
Bottom Products
Top Products
98% acrolein goes to top
99.67% propylene goes to top
2% water goes to top
Bottom Products
98% water goes to bottom
2%acrolein goes to bottom
Top Products
Bottom Products
Q acr = m ×Cp×(Tin-Tout)
= 522627.05 KJ
Cp N2 = 29.4 kJ/kg.k
Q N2 = m ×Cp×(Tin-Tout)
=1214803.965 KJ
Cp O2 = 29 kJ/kg.k
Q O2 = 207427.6 KJ
H r = H f product - H f react
H r = 295.9 KJ/Kmol
Q out = 1971423.065 KJ
H r + Q = Q out - Q in
Q = 3419126.8 KJ
28
Q in = Q out = 1971423.1 KJ
Q acr = 4579303.91 KJ
Cp N2 = 29.4 kJ/kg.k
Q N2 = m ×Cp×(Tin-Tout)
Q N2= 7536819.158 kJ
Cp O2 = 29 kJ/kg.k
Q o2 = 348528.46 KJ
H r = 242.51 KJ/kmol
Q out = 12464651.5 KJ
Hr + Q = Q out -- Q in
Q = 10492985.92 KJ
29
Qin = -1447999.54 KJ
Q acrolein = 549191.5 KJ
QN2 =1214803.965 KJ
QO2 =207427.6 KJ
Hr = Hf product - Hf react
Hr=295.9 KJ/Kmol
30
Qout =1971423.065 KJ
Hr + Q = Qout- Qin
Q=3419126.8 KJ
Qacrolein = m ×Cp×(Tin-Tout)
Cpacrolein = 155.79 kJ/kg.k
Qacrolein = 4579303.91 KJ
QN2 = m ×Cp×(Tin-Tout)
QN2 = 7536819.158 kJ
Qo2=348528.46 KJ
Qout=12464651.5 KJ
Hr + Q = Qout - Qin
Q=10492985.92 KJ
31
Refrence Temperature
TRef. = 298.15 K
Stream No./Name 15 16 17
Flow Rate
(kmol/hr) 1082.85 1080.7 91.98
By applying same energy balance equation as given above we can find the
Load generated across condense and reboiler
Q condenser = 308.2 kJ/hr
Q reboiler = -97272 kJ/hr
32
Refrence Temperature
TRef. = 298.15 K
Stream No./Name 17 18 19
Flow Rate
(kmol/hr) 91.979 9.179 82.782
By applying same energy balance equation as given above we can find the
Load generated across condense and reboiler
Q condenser = 12.82 kJ/hr
Q reboiler = -292.18 kJ/hr
33
Refrence Temperature
TRef. = 298.15 K
Stream No./Name 19 20 21
Flow Rate
(kmol/hr) 82.782 81.1826 2.105
By applying same energy balance equation as given above we can find the
Load generated across condense and reboiler
Q condenser = 113.04 kJ/hr
Q reboiler = -181.18 kJ/hr
34
CHAPTER 6
Kinetics and Thermodynamics Data
r k C p CO2
1
2 kmol / kg cat sec
k 5.1778 106 exp(16206.5 / T ) m 3 rxtr / kgcat sec kmol 3
m
1
2
Reaction Kinetics
( )
( )
( )
( )
35
THERMODYNAMICS DATA
Latent Heat of Vaporization: 216 Btu/lb = 120 cal/g = 5.02 X 105 J/kg
Heat of Polymerization: (est.) –50 Btu/lb = –28 cal/g = –1.2 X 105 J/kg
30 53.480 10 0.524
40 53.250 20 0.527
50 53.020 30 0.529
60 53.790 40 0.534
10 0.524 50 4.358
20 0.527
60 5.537
30 0.529
70 6.971
40 0.534
80 8.701
37
CHAPTER NO: 7
DESIGNING OF EQUIPMENTS
o o 2
From 413K (140 C) to 523K (250 C) at pressure 203KN/m (KPa) and heated
o o
by Dowtherm oil from 673K (400 C) to 530K (257 C).
Step 1: Specification
38
o
Cp of Propylene at mean temperature = 12.25kJ/Kg. C
o
Cp of Steam at mean temperature = 2.01543kJ/Kg. C
o
Cp of Air at mean temperature = 1.02202kJ/Kg. C
Density:
3
Density of Propylene at mean temperature = 2.21Kg/m
3
Density of Steam at mean temperature = 7.106Kg/m
3
Density of Air at mean temperature = .754Kg/m
Viscosity:
Viscosity of Propylene at temperature = .004003Kg/m.S
o
Mean temperature (Tm) = (673+530)/2 = 601.5k (328.5 C)
3
Density of Dowtherm at mean temperature = 15.60Kg/m
o
Cp of Dowtherm at mean temperature = 2.049KJ/Kg. C
-5 o
“K” of Dowtherm at mean temperature = 2.99x10 KJ/m.S. C
-5
Viscosity of Dowtherm at mean temperature =1.16x10 Kg/m.S
Heat Duties
Heat duty of cold fluid
Heat duty can be calculated by formula given below.
Q = (m1Cp1+m2Cp2+m3Cp3) * ΔTm
So using the values of m1, m2, m3 and Cp1, Cp2, Cp3, ΔTm
Q = 118.08KJ/s
m = 0.4031Kg/s
As our feed is Air and Gas mixture at low pressure. So let us assume overall heat
transfer coefficient,
2o
U = 6W/m C
OR
2 o
= .006KJ/m S C
40
Our Heat exchanger is 1-2 pass shell and tube heat exchanger
T1= 400 oC T2=257 oC
t2=250 oC t1=140 oC
Heat exchange fluid is allocated toward the shell & feed stream toward tube
sides due to corrosive nature.
Floating head shell and tube heat exchanger with split rings & 1-2 pass.
Tubes are “Cupro-Nickel”.
Using Triangular Pitch as shell side fluid is clean.
inch
Alternative Selection is (3/4 x14 BWG)
2 -4 2
Tube cross section Area = (π/4) .di = 2.01x10 m
Tubes per pass = Total tubes/2 = 302
Where,
3
ρ = 3.675Kg/m
Mass flow rate= 0.4031Kg/s
Deduction:
1/ n1
Bundle diameter Db = do (Nt/K1)
= 0.683m
By using split ring floating head Heat Exchanger,
Clearance diameter = 65mm = .065m
Shell side Diameter = Bundle diameter + clearance diameter
= 0.683 + 0.065 = 0.748m
0.33 0.14
hi di / Kf = jh Re Pr (µ/µw)
.14 .14
Where .(µ/µw) or .(µ/µw) =1
Re =(ρ.ut.di)/µ = 24
For (L/di) = 250 and Re = 24, from graph of tube side heat transfer factor (Jh),
-2
Jh = 3.4x10
Pr = (Cp.µ)/Kf = 166.723
So after putting all these values into above formula gives the Tube side Heat transfer
coefficient is,
2 o
hi = 50.7W/m . C
43
Shell side heat transfer coefficient can be calculated by formula given below
1/3 0.14
hs de/ kf = jh.Re. Pr (µ/µw)
Neglecting (µ/µw).14 or = 1
Selecting Baffles
25% Cut Segmental Baffles.
Calculating Jh factor
As baffle cut is 25 so from the graph of shell side heat transfer factor ,
-3
Jh = 4x10
44
.14
Neglecting (µ/µw) and after putting values we have shell side heat
transfer coefficient.
2 o
hs = 172.1W/m . C
2o
So after adding values into formula we have, Uo = 8.2 W/m C
We will use this Corrected heat transfer coefficient in further calculations.
[ ( )( ) ]
-m -m
Again Neglecting (µ/µw) or. (µ/µw) =1
-1
Where, Jf =Friction factor = 3.1x10
Np = No. of tube passes =2
After putting values to above formula, tube side pressure drop is calculated as,
Pt= 3.06kpascal or .443 psi
( ) ( )( )
-m -m
Again Neglecting (µ/µw) or. (µ/µw) =1
b) Tube side:
ts = Shell thickness
47
Head Thickness
(Torrispherical head)
th = thickness of head
W = ¼ {3 + (Rc/Rk) 1/2}
∴ th = 10mm
48
Flanges Thickness
[ ]
( )
Gasket material chosen is asbestos with a suitable binder for the operating
conditions.
Gasket thickness = 10mm
= 5.356 x 10-2 MN
= 8.89 x 10-3 MN
⇒ Wg > W0
g1 = go /0.707 = 1.415 go
t2 = (M CF Y) / (B SFO)
Y = 17, CF = 1, B = 0.768 m
SFO = Nominal design stresses for the flange material at design temperature.
SFO = 100 MN
M = moment under operating conditions = 0.01365 MJ
51
t1s = Gc √ KP / f
.
52
2
Heat Transfer area 147.4m
Pitch 25mm
By Fenske Equation,
{( ) ( )}
( )
(αAB)AVG. = Avg. relative volatility of light key with respect to heavy key = 4.442
A = Light Key
B = Heavy Key
By putting the value we get,
Nm = 6.41
Theoretical No. of Plates
Gilliland related the number of equilibrium stages and the reflux ratio and the no. of
equilibrium stages with a plot that was transformed by Eduljee into the below relation.
* ( ) +
N = 14
[ ( )]
Average temperature of column = 351.65k
Eo = 49%
( )
[ ] [( ) ( ) ( ) ]
( )
TD=325.15 k TB=378.15 k
3 3
Liquid density = ρL = 808.4 kg/m Liquid density = ρL = 953.7kg/m
3 3
Vapor density = ρV =1.8 kg/m Vapor density = ρV =0.60 kg/m
Assuming Total Pressure drop across the entire column is ∆Pt = 30.00 KPa.
Flow Parameter
( )( )
( )
Where,
Uf = flooding velocity in m/sec
K1= constant
From graph of K1 vs. FLV
Top K1=0.08
Bottom K1=0.082
0.2
Correction for surface tension K1 × [σ/0.02]
Where σ in N/m. Now,
Top K1=0.0801
Bottom K1=0.1
Assume that downcommers occupies 15% of cross sectional Area (Ac) of column.
Ac = An + Ad
Ac = An + 0.15(Ac)
Ac = An / 0.85
2
Ac=0.601m (Top)
2
Ac=0.730m (Bottom)
2
Ac =π/4D
D = (4Ac/π)
D = 0.87meter (Top)
D = 0.96meter (Bottom)
Maximum liquid flow rate = (Liquid mass rate)/ (3600) × (Liquid density) Max
Liquid Rate is at the bottom of column
3
So, Maximum liquid flow rate = 0.0030m /sec
From Appendix B figure 11, cross flow single pass plate is selected.
60
2
Column Cross-sectional Area (Ac) = 0.730 m
2
Down comer area Ad = 0.15Ac = 0.109 m
2
Net Area (An) = Ac - Ad = 0.621 m
2
Active area Aa = Ac-2Ad = 0.512 m
2
Hole area Ah take 6% of Aa = 0.06 × 0.512 = 0.0307 m
Weir length
Ad / Ac = 0.109 / 0.730 = 0.149
Lw = 0.96*0.80= 0.768 m
Hole diameter, dh 5 mm
Check Weeping
The vapor velocity at weeping point is the minimum velocity for the stable operation.
In order to have K2 value we have to 1st find how (depth of the crest of liquid over
the weir).
Taking minimum liquid rate at 70% turn down ratio of maximum liquid rate
Now taking maximum volumetric flow rate (vapors) at 70% turn down ratio
Actual minimum vapor velocity = minimum vapor rate / Ah
I.
Dry plate P.D (orifice loss)
II.
P.D due to static head of liquid
III.
Residual P.D (bubbles formation result in energy loss + froth formed in operating
plates)
ht = hd + hr + (hw +how)
= 117.92 mm liquid
Caused by P.D over the plate and resistance to flow in the downcomer itself.
2
As Aap is less than Ad = 0.109 m . So use this value of Aap in the following equation:
Residence time
tr = (Ad × hbc × ρL ) / L(max)
tr = 8.00 sec
It should be > 3 sec.
Entrainment
Actual velocity (based on net area) (un)
Number of holes
2 2
Area of 1 Hole = (π/4) × D hole = 0.0000196 m
2
Area of N Holes = 0.0307 m
Number of Holes = 1566.3
Height of column Hc
= (Nact -1)Hs+ ∆H+ plates thickness
No. of plates = 27 and Tray spacing Hs = 0.45 m
∆H= liquid hold up and vapor disengagement
∆H=0.55+0.55=1.1 m
DESIGN DATA
= 7.349 = 8 mm
P = 0.1287 N/mm2
H = 8.0785 m
P = 0.643 N/mm2
H = 5.48 m
No. of 2 mm plates = 4
Purchased cost of shell & tube Condenser (2012) = 98, 00,000 Rs.
Using Marshall & Swift equipment cost index,
(2) Reactor
For carbon steel shell, stainless steel tubes and fixed head,
Purchased cost of multi-tubular reactor (2012) = 17,36,000 Rs.
Using Marshall & Swift equipment cost index,
= 24,60,000 Rs.
(3) Absorber
I. Direct cost:
1. Purchased equipment (30% of fixed capital investment)
8
= 0.3 x 1.189 x10
8
= 0.3567 x 10 Rs.
6
Total capital investment = 142.6 x 10 Rs.
I. Manufacturing cost
A. Fixed charges:
6
Fixed charges = 16.5404 x 10 Rs.
(1) Manufacturing cost = Fixed charges + direct production cost + plant overhead cost
6
= 524.83 x 10 Rs.
6
General expenses = 485.67 x 10 Rs.
6
= (1010.5 x 10 ) / (5,00, 00,000)
= 20.2 Rs/Kg
75
2
=21.221 x 54750 x 10
6
= 101.7 x 10 Rs.
6
Net annual earnings = 61.02 x 10 Rs.
6
= 142.6 x 10
6
61.02 x 10
= 2.33 years
6
= 61.02 x 10 x 100
118.86 x 106
= 51.33
76
The location of the plant can have a crucial effect on the profitability of a project,
and the scope for future expansion. Many factors must be considered when
selecting a suitable site, and only a brief review of the principal factors will be
given in this section. The principal factors to be considered are:
Marketing area
For materials that are produced in bulk quantities: such as cement, mineral
acids and fertilizers, where the cost of the product per ton is relatively low and the
cost of transport a significant fraction of the sales price, the plant should be
located close to the primary market.
This consideration will be less important for low volume production, high-
priced products; such as pharmaceuticals. In an international market, there may be
an advantage to be gained by locating the plant within an area with preferential
tariff.
77
Raw materials
The availability and price of suitable raw materials will often determine the site
location. Plants producing bulk chemicals are best located close to the source of
the major raw material; where this is also close to the marketing area.
Transport
The transport of materials and products to and from plant will be an overriding
consideration in site selection. If practicable, a site should be selected that is close
at least two major forms of transport: road, rail, waterway or a seaport.
Road transport is being increasingly used, and is suitable for local distribution
from a central warehouse. Rail transport will be cheaper for the long-distance
transport of bulk chemicals. Air transport is convenient and efficient for the
movement of personnel and essential equipment and supplies, and the proximity
of the site to a major airport should be considered.
Availability of labour
Labour will be needed for construction of the plant and its operation. Skilled
construction workers will usually be brought in from outside the site, but there
should be an adequate pool of unskilled labour available locally; and labour
suitable for training to operate the plant. Skilled tradesmen will be needed for
plant maintenance. Local trade union customs and restrictive practices will have
to be considered when assessing the availability and suitability of the labour for
recruitment and training.
Utilities (services)
The word “utilities” is now generally used for the ancillary services needed in the
operation of any production process. These services will normally be supplied
from a central facility; and will include:
78
2. Steam for process heating: - The steams required for the process are
generated in the Tube boilers using most economic fuel.
3. Cooling water: - Natural and forced draft cooling towers are generally
used to provide the cooling water required on site.
4. Water for general use: - The water required for the general purpose will be
taken from local water supplies like rivers, lakes and seas. Because of this
reason all the plants located on the banks of river.
7. Inert-gas supplies.
All industrial processes produce waste products, and full consideration must be
given to the difficulties and coat of their disposal. The disposal of toxic and
harmful effluents will be covered by local regulations, and the appropriate
authorities must be consulted during the initial site survey to determine the
standards that must be met.
The proposed plant must fit in with and be acceptable to the local community.
Full consideration must be given to the safe location of the plant so that it does
not impose a significant additional risk to the community. Land (site
considerations) sufficient suitable land must be available for the proposed plant
and future expansion. The land should be ideally flat, well drained and have load-
bearing characteristics. A full site evaluation should be made to determine the
need for piling or other foundations.
Climate
Capital grants, tax concessions, and other inducements are often given by
governments to direct new investment to preferred locations; such as areas of high
unemployment. The availability of such grants can be the overriding consideration
in site selection.
80
The economic construction and efficient operation of a process unit will depend
on how well the plant and equipment specified on the process flow sheet is laid
out. The principal factors are considered are: Economic considerations:
construction and operating costs.
The cost of construction can be minimized by adopting a layout that gives the
shortest run of connecting pipe between equipment, and at least amount of
structural steel work. However, this will not necessarily be the best arrangement
for operation and maintenance.
Process requirements
An example of the need to take into account process consideration is the need to
elevate the base of columns to provide the necessary net positive suction head to a
pump or the operating head for a thermo syphon reboiler.
Operations
Maintenance
Heat exchangers need to be sited so that the tube bundles can be easily withdrawn
for cleaning and tube replacement. Vessels that require frequent replacement of
catalyst or packing should be located on the outside of buildings. Equipment that
requires dismantling for maintenance, such as compressors and large pumps,
should be places under cover.
Safety
Blast walls may be needed to isolate potentially hazardous equipment and confine
the effects of an explosion. At least two escape routes for operators must be
provided from each level in process buildings.
Plant expansion
Equipment should be located so that it can be conveniently tied in with any future
expansion of the process. Space should be left on pipe alleys for future needs, and
service pipes over-sized to allow for future requirements.
Modular construction
In recent years there has been a move to assemble sections of plant at the plant
manufacturer’s site. These modules will include the equipment, structural steel,
piping and instrumentation. The modules are then transported to the plant site, by
road or sea. The advantages of modular construction are:
Improved quality control.
Reduced construction cost.
Less need for skilled labor on site.
2. Product Storage
3. Process Site
4. Laboratories
5. Workshop
7. Fire Brigade
9. Security office
A detailed plant layout is drawn and submitted with this thesis report.
This plant layout is just a reference plant layout. There may be a lot of changes
in actual plant layout.
84
CHAPTER 12
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)
Eye Contact:
Check for and remove any contact lenses. Immediately flush eyes with running water for at
least 15 minutes, keeping eyelids open. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention
immediately.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while
removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient.
Cold water may be used. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before
reuse. Get medical attention immediately.
Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream.
Seek immediate medical attention.
Inhalation:
If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is
difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.
Basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Call for assistance on disposal. Be careful
that the product is not present at a concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the
MSDS and with local authorities.
Precautions: Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Ground all
equipment containing material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray.
Never add water to this product. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable
respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the
container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles
such as oxidizing agents, acids, alkalis.
Storage: Store in a segregated and approved area. Keep container in a cool, well-
ventilated area. Keep container tightly closed and sealed until ready for use. Avoid all
possible sources of ignition (spark or flame). Do not store above 8°C (46.4°F).
Refrigerate. Sensitive to light.
Stability: The product is stabilized with Hydroquinone. However, it may form unstable
peroxides over time.
Instability Temperature: Not available.
Conditions of Instability: Heat, ignition sources, incompatible materials, light.
Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents, acids, alkalis.
Corrosivity: Non-corrosive in presence of glass.
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Special Remarks on Reactivity: Incompatible with amines. Incompatible with oxygen and
peroxides. May polymerize on exposure to light, or in presence of alkali or strong acid
forming disacryl. Incompatible with oleum, ethyleneimine, chlorosulfonic acid,
ammonium hydroxide, 2-aminoethanol, alkalis, strong acids, mineral acids, oxidizers,
ammonia may form shock sensitive peroxides overtime.
Polymerizes readily unless inhibited (stabilized)
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Non-corrosive to iron and steel at room temperature
Polymerization:
Will not occur with the product as is. This product is stabilized with Hydroquinone.
However, it will polymerize of not stabilized or in contact with acids (including sulfur
dioxide), alkalis, volatile amines, salts, thiourea, oxidants (air), and on exposure to light
and heat.
MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria
and/or yeast. Causes damage to the following organs: lungs, upper respiratory tract. May
cause damage to the following organs: skin, eyes.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, Hazardous in case of skin
contact (permeator), of inhalation (lung corrosive). Slightly hazardous in case of skin
contact (corrosive), of eye contact (corrosive).
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Waste Disposal: Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local
environmental control regulations.
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CHAPTER NO: 13
SAFETY ISSUES AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
13.1Hazards Identification
Acrolein is mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells and for bacteria and/or yeast.
The substance is toxic to lungs, upper respiratory tract. The substance may be
toxic to skin, eyes. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce
target organs damage. Repeated or prolonged contact with spray mist may
produce chronic eye irritation and severe skin irritation. Repeated or prolonged
exposure to spray mist may produce respiratory tract irritation leading to frequent
attacks of bronchial infection. Repeated exposure to a highly toxic material may
produce general deterioration of health by an accumulation in one or many human
organs.
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Small Spill:
Dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an
appropriate waste disposal container.
Large Spill:
Acrolein is flammable, corrosive and Poisonous liquid. Keep it away from heat also from
sources of ignition. Absorb with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material. Do
not get water inside container. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray curtain to
divert vapor drift. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Prevent entry into sewers, basements
or confined areas; dike if needed. Call for assistance on disposal.
Precautions:
Acrolein should be kept away from sources of ignition. Ground all equipment containing
material. Do not ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/ vapor/spray. Never add water to this
product. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. If
ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid
contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agents,
acids, alkalis.
Storage:
It should be stored in a segregated and approved area. Keep container in a cool, well-
ventilated area also keep it tightly closed and sealed until ready for use. Avoid all possible
sources of ignition (spark or flame). Do not store above 8°C (46.4°F).
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Engineering Controls:
Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep the airborne
concentrations of vapors below their respective threshold limit value. Ensure that eyewash
stations and safety showers are proximal to the work-station location.
Personal Protection:
Face shield, full suit and vapor respirator should be used. Be sure to use an
approved/certified respirator with gloves and boots.
Eye Contact:
Check for and remove any contact lenses. Immediately flush eyes with running water for
at least 15 minutes, keeping eyelids open. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention
immediately.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes
while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Cover the irritated skin with an
emollient. Cold water may be used. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes
before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.
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Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial
cream. Seek immediate medical attention.
Inhalation:
Serious Inhalation:
Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a
collar, tie, belt or waistband. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is
not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
Ingestion:
APPENDICES
GRAPHS
Figure 10. Relation between down comer area and weir length
(Coulson Richardson Vol. 06, Figure 11.31, Page 573)
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REFERENCES
b. McCabe, W.L, Smith, J.C., & Harriot, P., “Unit Operation of Chemical
Engineering”, McGraw Hill, 7th ed., Inc., 2017.
rd
e. J.M. Smith, “Chemical Engineering Kinetics”, McGraw Hill, 3 ed., 2014.
rd
g. O. Levenspiel, “Chemical Reaction Engineering”, 3 ed‟s., John Wiley and
Sons, 2006.
h. https://slideplayer.com/slide/4724863/
i. https://slideplayer.com/slide/6534558/