OVERVIEW & OPERATION OF GIS ( GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM)

INDEX

S. No TOPIC PAGE
No.

1 Scope 2

2 Introduction 2 to 3

3 Examples of GIS map of optical fiber network 3

4 Solution architecture of GOFNMS 4

5 GIS overview 4 to 5

6 Installation of GIS server 6

7 GIS features & operation 6 to 8

8 Conclusion & abbreviation 8

 1. Scope -
The Engineering Instruction is about overview & operation of GIS ( geographical information
system) in context of GOFNMS solution for monitoring & maintenance of defense NFS fiber
network

2. Introduction –
Defense NFS fiber network is a crucial and essential communication medium Therefore, the design,
deployment and management of fiber optic cable components should be monitored and maintained
efficiently to avoid long hours of communication disruption in case of network outages. Geographic
Information System (GIS) system can guarantee the safe and efficient operation of optical cable
networks, so as to achieve real-time optical physical network monitoring, maintenance and
management.

GIS capabilities are becoming more relevant for fiber network development as operators need visual
representation of their networks that they can easily maintain. Users can create data layers
consisting of all relevant network elements, including joint locations ,cable spans and termination
points & overlay them on the basemap for visualization of the fiber route Sophisticated GIS platforms
enable fiber network operators to quickly query network data and troubleshoot issues as they
arise. GIS maps also help users visually see where they have redundancies or vulnerabilities in their
networks

Breaks in fiber cables can be extremely disruptive, which is why quick attention and efficient
restoration are so important. When a fiber fault causes service to go down, you need to be able to
identify both the suspect cable and the exact location of the physical break in order to remedy the
situation. Without the proper tools and resources, this is very challenging and risks extended
downtimes and lost productivity for your end users.

In order to restore the services after a fault is reported at the earliest, its location is required to be
detected and readily available. In order to support the effective and reliable fault management, fault
is traced in GIS map with details of location, landmark, shortest path to reach the site etc

GIS integrates many types of data. It analyzes spatial location and organizes layers of information
into visualizations using maps and 3D scenes. Almost all digital maps are produced using a GIS The
most common use of a GIS is is to produce data visualizations in the form of a map. The idea being
that each visualization is communicating something that might not be obvious from the raw data
alone.

A GIS map is often made up of multiple layers. The map types that we looked at above can be
stacked on top of each other into a single map, each map in that stack is referred to as a “layer”.A
visual representation of a fiber network is called a “fiber map

Fiber maps function as a single source of truth that capture geographic information about all
elements in a network. These maps can hold thousands of data points for individual cables, splice
points, termination ports, and patches. GIS platforms make it possible to create versatile fiber maps
that display different types of data depending on the goals of the users.
GIS platforms allow organizations to layer different types of spatial data on top of basemaps that
depict real-world environments. Most GIS platforms come with a core set of basemaps which can be
customized in many ways

There are four primary types of basemaps:

 Terrain: for displaying natural physical features, such as mountains or rivers

 Road: for displaying small roads, streets, or highways
 Ocean: for displaying hydrographic elements
 Aerial: for displaying imagery captured by aircraft, including drones and satellites

These basemaps sit underneath data layers that are tied to locations on the earth’s surface.
Locations can be represented in many ways. Zip codes, latitude and longitude coordinates,
and street addresses are all viable approaches for connecting data layers to basemaps.
,.
EXAMPLE OF GIS MAP OF OPTICAL FIBER NETWORK
3 Solution Architecture for GOFNMS-
1 GOFNMS will have a distributed GIS Architecture consisting of National Fiber NOC (NFNOC) and
Regional Fiber NOCs (RFNOCs). While the RFNOC will be responsible for localized GIS applications for
respective regions, NFNOC shall have a complete view of the GIS information stored in all the RFNOCs.
There will be a transparent exchange of information between the six RFNOCs and NFNOCs. There shall
be one DR Site for the entire GOFNMS.

2 Optical Test Units (OTU) and Intrusion Proof Systems (IPS) shall be deployed across the fiber
network. These devices would constantly monitor the state of the network on a 24x7 basis and update
its state with its respective EMS. While the OTU would generate alarms on occurrence of fiber cuts the
IPS would intelligently warn the user prior to any intrusion attempt.

.3 An NFNOC would be established to monitor the nationwide fiber network and shall provide
unrestricted view of the entire network. The NFNOC would be responsible for the overall
coordination, planning and analysis of the fiber network.

.4 An RFNOC would be setup at each of the six regions and would be responsible for the overall
maintenance and operations of OFC and its systems for that region. The RFNOC would have dedicated
personnel required for monitoring alarms, coordination of restoration and updation of
documentation. The RFNOC view would be restricted to its area of operations.

5 A DR Fiber NOC would be setup as a backup node in the event of failure of the National Fiber NOC. It
shall be activated only during special circumstances and shall contain an updated repository of data
that is available at the National Fiber NOC.

6 The Communication Node (CN) would form the leaf node in this entire hierarchy. Communication
nodes would be spread across multiple locations in each region where the fiber is physically
terminated into end systems. These nodes shall also have limited monitoring positions to get real time
alerts and updates. The communication node would control one or many Fiber Repair Teams (FRTs)
provided as part of the maintenance contract of the OFC network. The FRTs would be provided with
handheld units with GPS capability that would facilitate quick location of faults for speedy restoration.

4 GIS overview-

ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute) is a leading international supplier of geographic

information system (GIS) software, web GIS and geodatabase management applications. The company
is headquartered in. in US

ArcGIS Server is the core server geographic information system (GIS) software made by ESRI ArcGIS
gives you the ability to create, use, and share maps on any device.Real-time GIS empowers you with
location monitoring of any type of sensor or device , accelerating response times, optimizing safety,
and improving operational awareness across all assets and activities, whetherin motion or at rest.

The two main types of data used in a GIS system are vector and raster. Vector data is the most
common form of map data and is made up of points, lines and polygons that are drawn to represent
physical features or locations. Rasters are images such satellite imagery or aerial photography Both
vector and raster data have spatial referencing systems. These are latitudes and longitudes that pinpoint
positions on Earth.

All maps begin with data, data can be stored in a range of formats such as Shapefile, KML, GeoJSON
and many others. All vector map data formats share one thing in common, they contain spatial data
and attribute data. The spatial data contains the geometry that explains where a feature is located on
the earth and the attribute data tells us additional information about that feature for example it’s
name, size The de facto standard for storing and exchanging map data in the GIS world is the Shapefile.
The Shapefile is the most common format in GIS. It’s a vector format that can be read by almost all
GIS systems.

Data used in a GIS comes from many sources, is of many types, and is stored in different ways. A GIS
provides tools and methods for the integration of data in formats that allow it to be compared and
analyzed. Data sources are mainly manual digitization/scanning of aerial photographs, paper maps,
and existing digital data. Remote-sensing satellite imagery and GPS are also data input sources.

There are various sources of digital data: maps, aerial photographs, satellite images, existing analog
tables, and GPS . Creating a database from such disparate sources (i.e., capturing the data) is the first
and most important stage of a GIS project

Spatial analysis is the most distinctive function of a GIS when compared to other systems such as
computer-aided design(CAD). Spatial analysis includes such functions as spatial interpolation,
buffering, and overlay operations.

GIS Server provides the platform for sharing your GIS resources, such as maps, with your user
community, whether they're sitting in the same office using ArcGIS Desktop or sitting across the other
country accessing and viewing maps through the Internet.

Most GIS software falls into one of the four categories below

 Desktop GIS-sed for creating, editing, visualizing, managing, and analyzing geographic data.

 Web GIS-Web GIS gives non-expert GIS users the ability to easily interact with map
visualizations and answer their own questions without having to involve a GIS team.

 Server GIS-used for large scale mapping efforts and very specific niche tasks.

 Specialized GIS-used for very specialized tasks e.g. Image Classification is a specialized GIS
application whereby pictures of the earth are turned into meaningful map data

A desktop GIS is useful for creating and manipulating GIS data,but useless when it comes to
distribution and accessibility.

A popular workflow is to use a desktop GIS for the data preparation Then once the data is ready
using the data to create a web GIS application in order to put the maps and data into that hands of
those who need it.The Internet has revolutionized GIS. GIS is no longer too expensive, too
complicated or too isolated. It’s now easy to create engaging interactive web maps in minutes, and
what’s more, they can be shared with anyone, anywhere, on any device.

GIS supports open API to allow other clients like CAD users to use GIS & SOAP ( web services protocal)
to integrate with other web applications
 5 Installation of GIS server-

Below are the primary steps required to get ArcGIS Server up and running:

1. Verify that your site meets the system requirements.

2. Plan your ArcGIS Server site configuration.
3. Modify your firewall to allow communication on the ports used by ArcGIS Server.
4. You can Install ArcGIS Server.in two modes

 one-machine deployment
 multiple-machine deployment of ArcGIS Server,

5. Log in to Manager and create a site.

6. Install and configure ArcGIS Web Adaptor.
7. Connect to ArcGIS Server from ArcGIS Desktop.
8. Grant permissions to data directories.
9. Publish & use services

6 GIS FEATURES-

Web mapping service

A Web map service (WMS) is a standard protocol that describes how to serve any georeferenced map
images over the Internet, which is usually generated by a map server that uses data from a geographic
information system database. A Web Mapping Service (WMS) is a service hosted on a remote server.
Similar to a website, It is standard for publishing maps online

Map overlay

n a GIS, an overlay is the process of taking two or more different thematic maps of the same area and
placing them on top of one another to form a new mapIt superimposes multiple data sets
(representing different themes) together for the purpose of identifying relationships between them.[2].
An overlay creates a composite map by combining the geometry and attributes of the input data
setsools are available in most GIS software for overlaying both Vector or raster data

. In the vector case, often referred to as polygon overlay, the intersection of two or more data layers
produces new features (polygons). Attributes (symbolized as colors in the illustration) of intersecting
polygons are combined. The raster implementation (known as grid overlay) combines attributes within
grid cells that align exactly.

Geoprocessing services

Geoprocessing services are how you expose the powerful analytic capability of GIS server to the
World Wide Web. Geoprocessing services contain geoprocessing tasks, and a task takes simple data
captured in a web application, processes it, and returns meaningful and useful output in the form of
features, maps, reports, and files
A geoprocessing service contains one or more geoprocessing tasks. A geoprocessing task is a
geoprocessing tool running on a server, where its execution and outputs are managed by the server. E
g in case of fiber fault geoprocessing task may calculate routes to reach fault location

.
Map services caching

Map caching is a very effective way to make your map and image services run faster. When you
create a map cache, the server draws the entire map at several different scales and stores copies of
the map images. The server can then distribute these images whenever someone asks for a map. It's
much quicker for the server to return a cached image than to draw the map each time someone
requests it.

The cache is stored in your server cache directory. When you installed GIS Server, a server cache
directory is created in a local folder. If you add more GIS servers to your site, you need to share
your server cache directory so it can be accessed by other machines on the network.

A map cache represents a snapshot of your map at one point in time. Because of this, caches work
best with maps that do not change frequently. These include street maps, imagery, and terrain
maps. If your data tends to change, you might still be able to use the caching tools to periodically
update the cache

7 Operations of GIS-
 Adding a satellite image to the GIS databse

Google Earth is a popular software to view world satellite image ( there are many free data sources for
satellite images on web) sometime you need to add an image into GIS software and overlay few
Shapefile or other GIS data.

(1) open google earth zoom into area of interest (2) go to file menu & save the image on your GIS map
application (3) in file menu open & select the image (4) add the image to map so it shows up in map
window
(5) set the coordinate reference system ( e g WGS 84 system) in the projection menu

 Integrating fiber network overlay with GIS maps,satellite images & commercial
land base data for identification of fiber route layout

The landbase consists of a layer or combination of layers of data that depict natural, manmade as well
as cultural features. The landbase provides a base or backdrop for placing additional layers of fiber
network data and other location-based information. The landbase data provides a base or backdrop
for placing additional layers of facilities and other location-based informationlike manhole splice
culverts locations While the satellite imagery provides raster data for the entire OFC network, there is
a need to provide vector data maps of the entire land base along the OFC routes.Commercially
available land base vector maps shall be procured and incorporated as part of the GOFNMS solution.

 GIS image service

Imagery is a data type that is extremely useful for GIS. It comes in many different types and it is able to
show both large and small areas in varying levels of detail. This makes it versatile for a wide variety of
different GIS projects and as such it is a common type of data for GIS projects.
Imagery that is used in GIS can include aerial photos, satellite images, thermal images, digital elevation
models (DEMs), scanned maps, land classification maps imagery is considered raster data Images
gathered via satellite are some of the most commonly used images in GIS

8 Conclusion-

Every fiber optic network operator needs a mapping software platform. GIS helps to
visualize your fiber network and its critical components. GIS platform enable fiber network
maintenance personnels to create high-quality digital representations of their networks, run data
queries, troubleshoot issues, and plan for future growth. As a result, GIS capabilities are becoming
more relevant for fiber network development as operators need visual representations of their
networks that they can easily maintain. Users can create data layers consisting of all relevant network
elements, including cable spans and termination points. Sophisticated GIS platforms enable fiber
network operators to quickly query network data and troubleshoot issues as they arise.

Creating visual representations of fiber optic networks, or fiber maps, helps bring about a deeper level
of understanding of how a network is performing. With fiber maps, operators have a digital record of
all network components that is easy to maintain and reference

9 REFERENCENCES-

1) URL: mangomap.com/gis-data
2) www.ospinsight.com
3) www.esri.com
4) Tender for GOFNMS

8. ABBREVIATION:

1 GIS –geographical
2 OTU-optical test unit
3 EMS-element management system