Basics of Reentry Vehicle Flight Dynamics

Basics of SAND2016-2295PE
Reentry Vehicle Flight Dynamics
March 16, 2016
Terry Jordan-Culler
Distinguished Member of the Technical Staff
Aerospace Systems Analysis Department 05422
tmjorda@sandia.gov 505-844-2324
Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company,

for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration
under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
1
Exceptional Service in the National Interest
Outline
• Introduction
• Atmosphere Model
• Earth Model
• Gravity Model
• Aerodynamics
• Trajectory Analysis
2
Forces and Moments
• A vehicle TRANSLATES, or changes location, from one point to
another.
• And an object ROTATES, or changes its attitude.
• In general, the motion of any object involves both translation
and rotation.
• The translations are in direct response to external FORCES.
The rotations are in direct response to external torques or
MOMENTS.
• The motion of a vehicle has coupled translations and
rotations.
• Assume that the vehicle translates from one point to another
as if all the mass of the vehicle were collected into a single
point called the center of gravity (CG).
• We can describe the motion of the CG by using Newton's
Laws of Motion.
3
Vehicle Motion
• The motion of a vehicle in flight is affected
primarily by:
– Atmosphere
– Gravity
– Earth Rotation
– Aerodynamics (shape, asymmetries)
– Propulsion
4
Outline
• Introduction
• Earth Model
• Gravity Model
• Aerodynamics
5
Atmosphere Models
• The 1976 U.S. standard atmosphere
is an idealized mid-latitude
representation of the atmosphere
under year-round moderate solar
activity.
• Other atmosphere models also
represent average or monthly
conditions for a given location and
season.
6
Representative Atmospheric
Temperature Models
400000
350000
1976 US Standard
15 deg N Annual
300000
75 deg N Cold
75 deg N Warm
250000
Altitude ft
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
o
Temperature C
7
Representative Density Variation
400000
Throughout Reentry
1976 US Standard
15 deg N Annual
350000 75 deg N Cold
75 deg N Warm
300000
250000
Altitude ft
200000
150000
100000
25000
50000 1976 US Standard
75 deg N Cold
15 deg N Annual
0
1.E-11 1.E-10 1.E-09 1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 20000 75 deg N Cold
Logarithmic Scale 75 deg N Warm

3
Density slug/ft
Altitude ft 15000
10000
1976 US Standard
5000
75 deg N Cold &
15 deg N Annual 75 deg N Warm
0
1.0E-03 1.5E-03 2.0E-03 2.5E-03 3.0E-03
3
Density slug/ft
8
Velocity and Dynamic Pressure
Variation with Atmosphere
10000 1976 US Standard
15 deg N Annual
9800 75 deg N Cold
75 deg N Warm
9600
Generic Reentry
Vehicle Flight
9400
Velocity fps
9200
9000
8800
8600
8840 fps 8516 fps
8400
8642 fps 130000
37.0 37.2 37.4 37.6 37.8 38.0 38.2 38.4

120000
Time sec
Dynamic Pressure psf

110000
100000
90000
1976 US Standard
80000
15 deg N Annual
75 deg N Cold
75 deg N Warm
70000
36.6 36.8 37.0 37.2 37.4 37.6 37.8 38.0 38.2
Time sec
9
Representative Axial Acceleration
Variation Throughout Reentry
0
Generic Reentry
Vehicle Flight
-10
1976 US Standard
15 deg N Annual
-20 75 deg N Cold
Axial Acceleration g's
75 deg N Warm
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
20 25 30 35 40
Time sec
10
Representative
Time-Altitude History
50000
45000
1976 US Standard
15 deg N Annual
40000 75 deg N Cold
75 deg N Warm
35000
30000
Altitude ft
Generic Reentry
25000 Vehicle Flight
20000 1460 ft
Alt Variation
15000
at 35 sec
10000
5000
0
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Time sec
11
Outline
• Introduction
• Earth Model
• Gravity Model
• Aerodynamics
12
What is an Earth Model?
• An earth model consists of an earth or planet shape,

a gravity model, and some additional parameters
such as the earth rotation rate.
• The earth is assumed to be an ellipsoid with the
equatorial radius greater than the polar radius. Its
shape is given by an equatorial radius and either a
polar radius, an eccentricity, or a flatness. If one of
the latter parameters is provided, for example,
eccentricity, the other two can be computed.
13
Simple Earth Models
• The simplest earth model is spherical with no gravity
and no earth rotation. This is almost the same as not
having an earth model.
• The next step for an earth model is to provide an
earth rotation rate and a gravity constant in addition
to the earth’s equatorial and polar radii.
14
Atmosphere & Earth Constants
Parameter Symbol Metric Value English Value
Sea Level Pressure Po 1.01325E5 N/m2(Pascal) 2116.22 lb/ft2

Sea Level Density o 1.2250 kg/m3 2.3769E-3 slug/ft3
Sea Level Temperature To 288.2 oK 518.7oR
Sea Level Molecular Wt Mo 0.0289644 kg/mol 28.9644 g/mol
Gas Constant for Air R* 287.06 J/(kg - oK) 1716.5 sec2/(ft2 - oR)
WGS84 Earth Equatorial Radius RE, REQ 6,378,136.992 m 20,925,646.3 ft
WGS84 Earth Polar Radius RNP 6,356,752.316 m 20,855,486.6 ft
Sea Level Gravity go 9.806649983 m/sec2 32.1740485 ft/sec2
WGS84 Earth Rotation Rate p 7.292115E-5 rad/sec 7.292115E-5 rad/sec
15
Outline
• Introduction
• Earth Model
• Gravity Model
• Aerodynamics
16
Gravity
Gravity is Modeled as a Gradient of the
Geopotential applied to the Earth.
The geopotential function can be divided into three parts. The first part
corresponds to the potential derived from treating the earth as a point
mass. When the spherical earth model is selected, it consists of just this
one term. All other terms are neglected.
• The second part of the geopotential consists of terms which are
functions of latitude only. These terms are called the zonal harmonics.
The even zonal harmonics model the oblateness of the earth’s shape and
encompass what is called “normal gravity”. The second-degree zonal
harmonic, J2, is approximately 1000 times larger than any other term.
• The third part of the geopotential consists of the remaining terms that
depend on both latitude and longitude.1
• The effects of higher-order terms (greater than the J2 term) on non-
orbital trajectories are small.
17
1/14/2009
18
Earth’s Geopotential
•In its complete form, the geopotential is commonly expressed in terms of
spherical harmonics:

GM   n 
Re 
n

U   1      Pn ,m sin  gc Cn ,m cos m  Sn ,m sin m 
r  n  2 m 0  r  

This is the standard form for the earth’s gravitational potential.
Cn,m and Sn,m can be related physically to regions on the earth's

surface.
Earth gravitational models, created from satellite-tracking

measurements, consist of values for the constants GM, R, Cn,m, and
Sn,m.
19
J2 vs 8x8 Earth Model Differences
Trajectory Simulation for an RV Flying North from 500 kft on the
Upleg of the Trajectory, through Apogee, to 400 kft
(non-rotating earth )
Compare Parameters from 8x8 Earth Model to J2 Earth Model at
Reentry (400 Kft).
Lat = Long = DR = CR = 0.0 at 400 kft
Parameter 8x8 J2 Difference
Time (sec) 0.015 0.000 0.015
Velocity (ft/s) 20000.20 20000.00 0.20
Longitude deg) 0.00081 0.000000 0.00081
Latitude (deg) 0.00006 0.000000 0.00006
Down Range (ft) 297.634 0.000 297.634
Cross Range (ft) -21.993 0.000 -21.993
20
Outline
• Introduction
• Earth Model
• Gravity Model
• Aerodynamics
21
Aerodynamics
Normal
Force
• Aerodynamics is the
Drag
branch of fluid mechanics
that deals with the motion
of air and other gaseous Side
Force
fluids. Weight
• Of interest are the forces Pitch Axis
acting on bodies in motion

relative to such fluids.
Roll Axis
Yaw Axis
22
Moment Reference Point and
Center of Pressure
N, Normal Force
• Center of Pressure (cp)
– CP is the point on the body
centerline through which
A, Axial Force the integrated forces act
M, Pitch
Moment • Viscous forces don’t
CG CP contribute much to
moments
• Moment Reference Point (MRP) • Pressure forces dominate
– In order to specify moments on – At the CP, the moment due
a body, one must specify an to pressure is zero
MRP – Relative to the MRP,
– MRP can be any convenient Xcp = M / N
point, but normally, a point • Assumes contribution of
close to the cg is used to avoid axial forces is negligible
loss of accuracy due to large
transfer distances • This assumption can be
erroneous if there are
– For trajectory simulations, one large asymmetrical drag
computes moments about cg devices
23
Force and Moment Coefficients
• Dynamic pressure • For moment coefficients, must also
q  0.5V2 include a reference length - d
• Reference area
S    r2 • Pitch moment coefficient
• Normal force coefficient m
Cm 
FN qSd
CN 
qS • Yaw moment coefficient
• Side force coefficient n
Cn 
FY qSd
CY 
qS • Roll Moment coefficient
• Axial force coefficient 
C 
FA qSd
CA  • Pressure coefficient
qS
p  p
Cp 
q
24
Requirements for Static Stability
• Static Stability: there must be a
negative slope of the pitch moment
about the cg vs. angle of attack curve
at the equilibrium point
• The CP (Center of Pressure) must be
AFT of the CG (Center of Gravity)
• One measure of static stability is Static
Margin N, Normal Force
xcg  xcp
SM 
– L
– Rule of thumb: acceptable flight
behavior for ballistic vehicles, M, Pitch
A, Axial Force
SM  5% - 10% Moment
CG CP
• Most spherically-capped conic shapes
are statically stable
• Note that stability and
• Fins and/or Flares are used on most maneuverability are opposing
missile/bomb shapes for static concepts
stability.
25
Normal Aerodynamic Design
Sequence
• Semi-empirical methods/codes for preliminary design
• Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for refined aerodynamics
Flight Test
Modeling & Ground Test

Simulation
• Wind Tunnel Testing for complicated shapes

• Aerodynamic Model creation with several methods
• Flight Test Data Analysis
26
Outline
• Introduction
• Earth Model
• Gravity Model
• Aerodynamics
– Coordinate Systems
– Terminology
27
Earth Centered Inertial Coordinate System
• Axes Fixed at Launch North Pole
• Does Not Rotate with Earth ZECI
Initial Longitude
X-ECI Aligned with Launch

Longitude
Y-ECI Aligned along Equator 90o from X- YECI
ECI
Z-ECI Aligned with
North Pole Equator
X ECI p
Other Names: Inertial (I), Earth-Centered Inertial

Cartesian (ECIC)
28
Earth-Centered, Fixed (ECF) Coordinate System
North Pole
• Axes Fixed to Earth
ZECI, ZECF
Initial Longitude
• Rotates with Earth YECF
X-ECF aligned with 0o YECI

Greenwich Meridian

Equator
Y-ECF aligned with XECI p
90oE Meridian
XECF
• Other Names: Earth-Fixed (EF), Earth-Fixed Geodetic (EFG),

Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed Cartesian (ECFC)
29
Geodetic Coordinate System
Origin at Local Horizon, North North
Xgd
P
Pole
below the vehicle on a
East
straight line Ygd
perpendicular to the
local horizon. Down
X-axis points North GD
Zgd
Y-axis points East Equator
Z-axis points Down
30
Body Axes Coordinate System
XB
Typically: cg
YB
• X-axis out body nose
Pitch Axis
ZB
• Y-axis to the right
• Z-axis 90o to Y-axis Roll Axis
Yaw Axis
• Typically, Centered at CG. Can also be centered at

Nose or Vehicle Base.
31
Range Axis Coordinates
Longitude
• Downrange and
Crossrange from Initial
Position
Crossrange
• Downrange and
P
Crossrange from Target Initial
Azimuth Downrange
Point Angle

• Total Range = I
Initial Position Latitude

DR  CR
2 2
32
Body Orientation from Two Viewpoints
Local Horizon
, Vertical Flight
Path Angle
,
Angle of Velocity
Attack Vector
Flight Path
33
Flight Path Angles
Flight Path Angles give
orientation of the North VT Velocity
Projection
trajectory path (velocity Xgd  onto Xgd-Ygd
vector) wrt the local 
Plane
horizon
 = Vertical Flight Path East
Angle, ‘Gamma’, ‘flight Ygd
path angle’
 = Horizontal Flight Path
Angle, Azimuth, Heading
Down
Zgd
34
Outline
• Introduction
• Earth Model
• Gravity Model
• Aerodynamics
– Equations of Motion
35
– Terminology
Kinematics of a Particle
• F = ma : Newton’s 2nd Law Z a
• Fixed reference frame
Particle Path
• Velocity of a particle: P
dr V
V
dt Y
• Acceleration of a particle:
dv d 2 r
a  2 X
dt d t
36
Angular Momentum
The Angular Momentum of the    Z mv
particle P, about point O, is
given by: H  r  mv
Differentiate with respect to time:
  P
 
 
H  r  mr  r  mr F
  r
where v r
 
r r  0 o Y
Since
  
Then,

H  r  mr
  
Substitute Newton’s 2ndLaw:
H  r F
The Moment, M of the    X
Force F, is also known as: M  r  F
Therefore,  
M H
37
Rotational Kinematics
• The 3 angular accelerations are computed from the 3
moment equations.
• These angular accelerations are integrated to give
the angular velocities, x, y, z
 x = p, vehicle roll rate , inertial angular rate about
the body x-axis
 y = q, vehicle pitch rate , inertial angular rate about
the body y-axis
 z = r, vehicle yaw rate , inertial angular rate about
the body z-axis
38
6DOF Set of Equations
3 Force Equations : Used to Obtain Vehicle’s Position and Velocity
3 Moment Equations : Used to Obtain Vehicles Angular Rates
9 Rotational Kinematic Equations: Used to Obtain Vehicle’s Angular Orientation
x   x 
 y   T  y
   ECI 2 B   
 z  B    z  ECI
39
How trajectory simulations vary from
actual flights
• What atmosphere and wind conditions existed

as the vehicle flew?
• How good is the aerodynamic model used in
our trajectory simulation?
• For hypersonic vehicles, how well do we really
know the ablation characteristics of the
trajectory?
40
Outline
• Introduction
• Earth Model
• Gravity Model
• Aerodynamics
– Terminology
41
Trajectory Simulation Components
• Equations of Motion
• Earth Model
• Mass Properties of Vehicle
• Aerodynamic Characteristics of Vehicle
42
Mach Number
• The ratio of the vehicle's speed to the speed of sound affects the forces
on the vehicle, since the vehicle’s aerodynamic characteristics
(coefficients) change with Mach number.
• Mach number, M = V/a

– ratio of the vehicle’s speed to the speed of sound
Subsonic 0 < M << 1

Transonic M ~ 1
Supersonic 1 < M < 5
Hypersonic M > 5
43
Dynamic Pressure
Dynamic Pressure is proportional to Velocity-squared: 1
where  is atmospheric density at the desired altitude; q  V 2
and V is vehicle total velocity 2
Fx  C x qS
Aerodynamic Forces are Proportional to Dynamic Pressure:
where Cx is the aerodynamic coefficient in the x-direction;
q is the dynamic pressure; and,
S is the vehicle reference area (typically base area).
44
Ballistic Coefficient
Ballistic Coefficient is defined as: W

where: Cd A
W is vehicle weight (lbf or N)
Cd is the vehicle Drag Coefficient ( function of vehicle shape)
A is the vehicle Reference Area (normally Base area of reentry vehicle or rocket)
45
State Vector
• A State Vector gives vehicle’s position and velocity
• Position Vector Information:
– Geodetic: Altitude, Geodetic Latitude, Longitude,
– ECI: X, Y, Z Position
– ECF: X, Y, Z Position
– Geocentric: Radius to Earth’s Center, Geocentric Latitude,
Longitude
– Dwn/Crs: Downrange offset, Crossrange offset, Down
offset (Used for Monte Carlo variations from Known Initial
Condition)
46
State Vector, cont.
• Velocity Vector Information:
– Geodetic: Velocity (or Mach Number), Vertical Flight Path
Angle, Horizontal Flight Path Angle
– Geodetic: North, East, Down Velocity
– ECI: X, Y, Z Velocity
– ECF: X, Y, Z Velocity
– Geocentric: Velocity (or Mach Number), Vertical Flight Path
Angle, Horizontal Flight Path Angle
– Geocentric: North, East, Down Velocity
– Dwn/Crs: Downrange Velocity offset, Crossrange Velocity
offset, Down Velocity offset
47
Body Attitude Information
• Initial Body Attitude is initialized and
computed for 6DOF Trajectories:
– Geodetic or Geocentric: Yaw, Pitch, Roll Euler
angles
– Geodetic: Pitch Angle of Attack, Yaw Angle of
Attack, Bank Angle
– ECI: Yaw, Pitch, Roll Euler angles
– ECF: Yaw, Pitch, Roll Euler angles
48
Vehicle Mass
• Vehicle Mass is given in the Initial Conditions
• A body may have a constant mass throughout a
trajectory; or,
• A body may have a scheduled mass loss rate
– propellant burned for a thrusting vehicle
– heatshield material loss for a high speed vehicle
– Loss/removal of vehicle appendages or spent motor
• Auxiliary equations determine current vehicle mass
49
Trajectory Types
Lofted Trajectories
- High Apogee Altitude
- Greater Gamma, Vertical
Flight Path Angle
- Less Range
Depressed Trajectories
- Low Apogee Altitude
- Smaller Gamma, Vertical
Flight Path Angle
- Greater Range
50
RV Deployment Errors
Post-Boost
Vehicle Trajectory
Force at deployment
Spin and
lateral
rates
51
Deployment Velocity Errors
Direction of dominant
deployment velocity error
is controllable Post-Boost
Vehicle Trajectory
Radial
velocity
error
Axial
velocity
error
52
Vehicle Coning
• Precession refers to a
change in the direction
of the axis of a rotating
body
H Body
Centerline
p
Body
C Cone
Space
Cone
53
Vehicle Coning
• Nutation is a slight irregular
motion in the axis of rotation
of a largely axially symmetric
object, such as a gyroscope or
a planet. (commonly called
“wobble”)
• In astronomy, nutation is a
small irregularity in the
•Rotation (green),
Precession (blue) and
precession of the equinoxes.
Nutation (red) of the Earth
54
Exoatmospheric Rates
• Assumptions: p=vehicle roll rate Ixx = Inertia about the
– Zero Aerodynamic Forces q = vehicle pitch rate body roll axis
– Symmetric Vehicle r = vehicle yaw rate I = Inertia about the
– Negligible Products of Inertia body transverse axis
• Tipoff rate = T = Body Transverse

Rate T  q r 2 2
I q2  r 2
• Half Coning angle, C tan  c 
I xx p
I xx p
• Precession Rate,, precession
 precession 
I cos  c
55
Constant Inertial Attitude
Inertial Euler Angles Remain Constant
Inertial Attitude remains constant,
but angle of attack is constantly
Velocity changing
Vector
Angle of
attack
Angle of
attack Zero
Angle of
attack
Reentry
Exoatmospheric Deployment
Once inside the atmosphere,

Inertial attitude subject to
forces and moments due to
atmospheric pressure
56
Trajectory Deployment
and Resulting Variations
RB Release
Covariance RB Reentry
(time, position,
Covariance
velocity, attitude) (time, position,
velocity, attitude)
RB Target
Covariance
(time, position, velocity,
attitude, density, wind)
57
Range Insensitive Axis
Elliptical distribution of
Circular distribution of
position errors at RB
velocity errors at RB
reentry
release
Deployment velocity error vectors
map into reentry position error
vectors
Two (opposite) velocity error directions which result in no

displacement of the trajectory (except in time)
Velocity error directions form the “range insensitive axis”
Orientation of “range insensitive axis” relative to the velocity

vector is trajectory dependent
58
Null Range Deployment
reentry
release
Body orientation remains

inertially stable outside the
atmosphere
Velocity
vector
Angle of
attack
59
Zero Angle of Attack Deployment
reentry
release
Body orientation remains

inertially stable outside the
atmosphere
Range
dispersion
Velocity
vector
“Zero Alpha”
60
Null Range vs. Zero Angle of Attack
 Selection of deployment direction is often based upon

maximizing accuracy
 Zero Angle of Attack Deployment

 Suffers from deployment-induced range errors
 Null Range Deployment

 Suffers from aerodynamic variabilities associated with variations in angle-of-
attack convergence
 For large deployment errors, null range deployment is preferred
 For small deployment errors, zero alpha deployment is preferred
61
Roll Behavior
• Typically, spin rate increases
during reentry where it crosses When Pcr approaches P,
the pitch/yaw natural frequency roll resonance begins to initiate,
and then continues to increase and angle of attack increases.
rapidly.
• Small trim angles of attack
induced by asymmetrical nosetip
8000
Critical Frequency
and/or heatshield ablation could 7000

Nominal Roll Rate
Roll Rate for Resonance
amplify resonance when dynamic 6000
pressure is high. Large angular

offset will likely cause greater
5000
Roll Rate
dispersion, miss distance, and

4000
possible vehicle breakup. 3000
• Vehicles that experience low 2000
altitude roll resonance are 1000
generally considered to be
unstable.
0
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000
Altitude ft
62
References & Acknowledgements
• John D. Anderson, Introduction to Flight. McGraw-Hill, New York. 1978.

• John J. Bertin and Michael L. Smith, Aerodynamics for Engineers. Prentice-
Hall, Englewood Cliffs. 1979.
• Regan, Frank J., Re-Entry Vehicle Dynamics, AIAA (American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics) Education Series, 1984.
• Regan, Frank J., Anandakrishnan, Satya M., Dynamics of Atmospheric Re-Entry,
AIAA Education Series, 1993.
• Hankey, Wilbur L., Re-Entry Aerodynamics, AIAA Education Series, 1988.
• Glover, L.S., Hagan, J.C., The Motion of Ballistic Missiles, Technical
Memorandum, John Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, July 1971
• Walt Wolfe, Sandia, retired
63
QUESTIONS?
64
Radar Tracking
r, Radar Azimuth Angle is Measured Radar Range, Azimuth and Elevation
from North Are the Position of a vehicle from the
Radar Location
r
North
Xgd Radar Location is input to trajectory
Radar Azimuth, radaz
code for the Radar Antenna’s Geodetic
East Latitude, Longitude and Altitude.
Ygd
XB
ZB
r, Radar Elevation

Angle, radelv Horizon
65

Basics of Reentry Vehicle Flight Dynamics

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Basics of Reentry Vehicle Flight Dynamics

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Basics of SAND2016-2295PE

Reentry Vehicle Flight Dynamics

March 16, 2016

Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company,

Logarithmic Scale 75 deg N Warm

37.0 37.2 37.4 37.6 37.8 38.0 38.2 38.4

Dynamic Pressure psf

• An earth model consists of an earth or planet shape,

Sea Level Pressure Po 1.01325E5 N/m2(Pascal) 2116.22 lb/ft2

This is the standard form for the earth’s gravitational potential.

Cn,m and Sn,m can be related physically to regions on the earth's

Earth gravitational models, created from satellite-tracking

• Of interest are the forces Pitch Axis

acting on bodies in motion

Modeling & Ground Test

• Wind Tunnel Testing for complicated shapes

X-ECI Aligned with Launch

Other Names: Inertial (I), Earth-Centered Inertial

• Rotates with Earth YECF

X-ECF aligned with 0o YECI

• Other Names: Earth-Fixed (EF), Earth-Fixed Geodetic (EFG),

Y-axis points East Equator

Z-axis points Down

• Z-axis 90o to Y-axis Roll Axis

• Typically, Centered at CG. Can also be centered at

Initial Position Latitude

• What atmosphere and wind conditions existed

• Mach number, M = V/a

Subsonic 0 < M << 1

and V is vehicle total velocity 2

• Tipoff rate = T = Body Transverse

Once inside the atmosphere,

Two (opposite) velocity error directions which result in no

Velocity error directions form the “range insensitive axis”

Orientation of “range insensitive axis” relative to the velocity

Body orientation remains

Body orientation remains

 Selection of deployment direction is often based upon

 Zero Angle of Attack Deployment

 Null Range Deployment

 For large deployment errors, null range deployment is preferred

 For small deployment errors, zero alpha deployment is preferred

and/or heatshield ablation could 7000

amplify resonance when dynamic 6000

pressure is high. Large angular

dispersion, miss distance, and

possible vehicle breakup. 3000

• Vehicles that experience low 2000

altitude roll resonance are 1000

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000

• John D. Anderson, Introduction to Flight. McGraw-Hill, New York. 1978.

• Walt Wolfe, Sandia, retired

r, Radar Elevation

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen