DEFECTS OF HUMAN EYE VISION.

INTRODUCTION
Eye, light-sensitive organ of vision in animals. The
eyes of various species vary from simple structures that are
capable only of differentiating between light and dark to
complex organs—such as those of humans and other
mammals—that can distinguish minute variations of shape,
color, brightness, and distance. The actual process of seeing is
performed by the brain rather than by the eye. The function of
the eye is to translate the electromagnetic vibrations of light
into patterns of nerve impulses that are transmitted to the
brain.
 DEFECTS OF THE EYE
Myopia: (nearsightedness) This is a defect
of vision in which far the refractive power of the eye’s
lens too strong. objects appear blurred but near
objects are seen clearly. The image is focused in front
of the retina rather than on it usually because the
eyeball is too long or Myopia can be corrected by
wearing glasses/contacts with concave lenses these
help to focus the image on the retina
Hyperopia: (farsightedness) This is a
defect of vision in which there is difficulty with near
vision but far objects can be seen easily. The image is
focused behind the retina rather than upon it. This
occurs when the eyeball is too short or the refractive
power of the lens is too weak. Hyperopia can be
corrected by wearing glasses/contacts that contain
convex lenses.
 Astigmatism:

This defect is when the light rays

do not all come to a single focal point on the
retina, instead some focus on the retina and
some focus in front of or behind it. This is
usually caused by a non-uniform curvature of
the cornea. A typical symptom of astigmatism
is if you are looking at a pattern of lines
placed at various angles and the lines running
in one direction appear sharp whilst those in
other directions appear blurred. Astigmatism
can usually be corrected by using a special
spherical cylindrical lens; this is placed in the
out-of-focus axis.
 DIFFERENT FOCUS OF EYE

Focusing the Eye

Light rays entering the eye are refracted, or bent, when they pass
through the lens. Normal vision requires that the rays focus on the retina. If the
eyeball is too long, an accurately focused image falls short of the retina. This is
called myopia, or shortsightedness. A shortsighted person sees distant objects
unclearly. Longsighted focus, or hyperopia, results when the eyeball is too short.
In this case, an accurately focused image would fall behind the retina.
 CONCAVE LENS

A concave lens is curved inward; it is shaped like two

dishes placed back-to-back. Light passing through a concave lens
bends outward, or diverges. Unlike convex lenses, which produce
real images, concave lenses produce only virtual images. A virtual
image is one from which light rays only appear to come. This one
appears as a smaller image just in front of the actual object (in this
case a shamrock). Concave lenses are generally prescribed for
myopic, or short-sighted, people. Concave lenses help the eyes to
produce a sharp image on the retina instead of in front of it.
 CONVEX LENS

A convex lens has a thick centre and thinner edges. Light passing
through a convex lens is bent inward, or made to converge. This
causes an image of the object to form on a screen on the opposite
side of the lens. The image is in focus if the screen is placed at a
particular distance from the lens that depends upon the distance
of the object and the focal point of the lens. The lens in the
human eye is convex, but, unlike a glass lens, it is elastic so that it
can change shape to focus on objects at varying distances. The
lens becomes short and fat when viewing close objects and
elongated and thin when viewing distant objects.
 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

This scanning electron microscope (SEM) is to the left of

the operator, with the computer images of the specimen on the
screens to the right. Although the SEM cannot ”see“ objects as small
as those that a transmission electron microscope can resolve, the
images it produces are more useful for seeing the three-dimensional
surface structure of small objects.
 MAGNIFYING GLASS

A magnifying glass is a large convex lens commonly used to

examine small objects. The lens bends incoming light virtual so
,
that an enlarged image of the object (in this case a mushroom)
appears beyond it. The image is called virtual because the light
rays that appear to come from it do not actually pass through it.