CSE-306 -Computer Networks

By-Ankit payal

1. The coder part of the codec and demodulator part of the codec
are way too different from each other. Write on some aspects
of the difference between both of them.

Ans :- The demodulator takes the wavy analog signal from the line and converts it do a
digital signal. The codec puts the transmitted data together from the data the
demodulator spits out. A codec is software, it is a program 'key' of sorts that tell
the computer how to 'translate' the digital information of a file and present it
in an understandable manner. It does not necesarily mean that it is a
security measure, but it is the 'dictionary' with which the information is
written. Some codecs are contained in chips but that nonetheless is a small
'computer' that contain the instructions so it is still a piece of programing.So
the modem is like your mouth and ears and the codec is the part of the brain
that 'understands' what you are hearing. A codec is a device or computer
program capable of encoding and/or decoding a digital data stream or
signal. The word codec is a portmanteau (a blending of two or more words)
of 'compressor-decompressor' or, more commonly, 'coder-decoder'.

2. The Nyquist theorem is one of the deciding factor in data

communication. The fibre optics as well as the copper wires are
communication mediums. Do you think the theorem is valid for
the fiber optics or for the copper wires.

Ans: Nyquist theorem says that if you have a function whose Fourier spectrum does
not contain any sines or cosines above f, then by sampling the function at a
frequency of 2f you capture all the information there is. Thus, the Nyquist theorem
is true for all media. The concept behind digitizing sound. Working at Bell Labs,
Harry Nyquist discovered that it was not necessary to capture the entire analog
waveform; rather samples of the wave could be taken at various points. He also
found that in order to have enough information in the sample pool to reconstruct
the original waveform, the sampling rate must be at least twice the signal
bandwidth.Nyquist theorem is a sampling theory, doesn't matter what the media is,
as long as the transmission is on a TDM system.
 3. Noise affects all the signals which are there in air. There are
some communicating modulation techniques. Noise affects
which of the modulation technique the most.

Ans :- Noise affects all the signals which are there in air. There are some
communicating modulation techniques. Noise affects which of the modulation
technique the most. In order to study the effects of noise upon radio
communication,an amplitude- modulation radio system was set up in the laboratory
and provision was made for generating electrical interference and introducing it,
together with the speech-modulated carrier from the transmitter, into the
receiver. In addition, arrangements were made for producing ambient noise at the
talkers' and listeners' positions, so that the separate effects of acoustic noise and
radio noise could be compared and their combined effects could be studied. By
means of word articulation tests, the intelligibility of speech heard over the radio
system was determined as a function of signal-to-noise ratio for each of a number of
types of noise.Several principles of noise reduction were studied, and basic
parameters

of the radio link were varied systematically so that their influence upon the effects
of noise could be determined. With regard to ambient noise, it was found that
exclusion of noise at the microphone is even more important as a prerequisite for
effective radio communication than it is for effective interphone communication,
especially if either compression or premodulation clipping is employed in the radio
transmitter. Noise exclusion at the listeners'end of the line is also important
because, for optimal intelligibility under difficult conditions, it is necessary for the
noise reaching the ear through or under the earphone cushions to be at least 10
decibels less decibels less intense than the noise coming through the earphones
from the receiver. The deleterious effect of electrical interference was found to
depend greatly upon the relation between certain characteristics of the noise and
corresponding characteristics of the receiver circuits. In general, interferences with
continuous spectraare more detrimental than those with line spectra, and non-
impulsive types more detrimental than impulsive types. Noise-reducing circuits
were ineffective against random fluctuation noise, but in the presence of certain
types of impulse interference, limiters and canceling circuits provided such great
improvement in performance that it was possible to maintain satisfactory
communication despite a 35-decibel reduction in carrier intensity.

4. Convert the following bit stream using Manchester and

differential modulation techniques.

a) 1111-
 b) 0101

c) 0000

d) 1100

Ans-

S.No. Bits Manchester Differential

Manchester

a) 1111 10101010

b) 0101 01100110

c) 0000 01010101

d) 1100 10100101

5. The DC component plays a role in designing encoding scheme.

Can we relate the DC component’s effect on all the encoding
schemes? Justify your answer by giving an example.

Ans:- DC components: After line coding, the signal may have zero
frequency component in the spectrum of the signal, which is known as the
direct-current (DC) component. DC component in a signal is not
desirable because the DC component does not pass through some
components of a communication system such as a transformer. This leads
to distortion of the signal and may create error at the output. The DC
component also results in unwanted energy loss on the line.

6. Multiplexing technique is used for combining the multiple

channels into one channel.

Write the factors on which the combination is happening.

Ans :- Multiplexing – the process of combining signals from multiple

sources
for transmission across a single link.
 Path – refers to the physical link
Channel – a portion of the path that carries a transmission
between a given pair of devices.

7. There are numerous multiplexing techniques available. What in

your opinion is the most appropriate multiplexing technique for
the fiber optics as well as copper wires?

Ans :-

Multiplexing Techniques

Multiplexing is the process where multiple channels are combined for

transmission over

a common transmission path.

There are two predominant ways to multiplex:

•Frequency Division Multiplexing

•Time Division Multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

In FDM, multiple channels are combined onto a single aggregate

signal for

transmission. The channels are separated in the aggregate by their

FREQUENCY.

There are always some unused frequency spaces between channels,

known as "guard

bands". These guard bands reduce the effects of "bleedover" between

adjacent channels,

a condition more commonly referred to as "crosstalk".

FDM was the first multiplexing scheme to enjoy wide scale network
deployment, and

such systems are still in use today. However, Time Division

Multiplexing is the preferred
 approach today, due to its ability to support native data I/O
(Input/Output) channels.

Time Division Multiplexing

Timeplex is probably the best in the business (IMHO) at Time Division

Multiplexing, as

it has 25+ years or experience. When Timeplex was started by a

couple of ex-Western

Union guys in 1969 it was among the first commercial TDM companies
in the United

States. In fact, "Timeplex" was derived from TIME division multiplexing.

In Time Division Multiplexing, channels "share" the common

aggregate based upon

time

8. While transferring the data from the transmission medium

there are various aspects of your data getting tempered by
other users. What in your opinion is the most secure and
insecure transmission medium? Justify your answer with an
example.

Ans:- There are three broad categories of media: Wire, fiber and wireless.
On a very high level, it could be said that fiber is the most secure as it is
the hardest to tap. Cable is

a little more secure, as physical access is not hard to tap and sniff the
passing traffic.

Then there is wireless, it broadcasts point-to-point or well beyond the

facility in all

possible directions. Anyone that can pick up the signal may be able to
sniff sensitive
information. Although there is a second item we must consider, and that
is the physical

and technical controls that have been implemented. Wireless can be

made more secure

by using WPA, encryption or 802.1x. A cabled network can be fully

switched, use

encryption and have implemented VLANS. So the point would be that

even seemingly

weaker systems can have controls implemented to make their security

more robust.