Switch

There are two types of switch

1.This is the basic model of switching. it waits until entire packet arrives before forwarding it to its destination it stores
the packet in its buffer

2. cut through:

It forwards the packet immediately by reading the destination address as soon as they are received. This is the fastest
method of switching.

Advantages:

1. it is a point to point device.

2. higher throughput

Disadvantages

1. Cost is higher than hub

2. Network connectivity issues are difficult to solve

Repeater

A repeater is an electronic device that operates on the physical layer of OSI model. A repeater is used to make a weak
signal strong. A repeater is a regenerator not an amplifier. An amplifier is device which does amplify the signal. When a
repeater receives a weakened signal or corrupted signal it creates a copy bit by bit at the original strength.

Advantages

1. They are least expensive.

2. It is used for boosting the weak signal.
3. It can be used to extend the network.
4. It can connect different media.

Disadvantages

1. Repeaters do not support different network architectures.

2. It does not amplify the signal.
bridge repeater
Operates at data link layer Operates at physical layer
It is used to connect 2 LAN segments It is used to boost a weak signal to a strong signal
Bridge does amplify the network traffic Repeater doesnot amplify the network traffic
It requires addressing of data It does not require addressing of data

Modem
Modem stands for modulation demodulation it is used to connect computer with telephone line in other words we can
say it is used to convert digital signal to analogue signal, this process is known as modulation: when it converts analogue
signal to digital signal this process is known as demodulation Modems works at physical layer of OSI model

Types:

1. Internal modem
2. External modem

Internal modem:

The internal modem is installed on the motherboard or PCIE slot

External modem:

External modem is used to connect the CPU using rs232 cable this type of model typically uses a separate
voltage source in the form of an adapter

Bridge:
1. Bridge is a device which is used to connect two LAN segments.
2. Bridge works on Data link layer of OSI model.
3. Bridges are intelligent repeaters that direct traffic from one segment to another, only when the traffic is
destined to the other segment.
4. Bridge are used in small networks
5. A bridge provides packet filtering at data link layer

Working of Bridge:

When data packet enters the bridge through one port the bridge then reads the destination address in each
packet and decides how to process that packet . If the destination address of packet arriving from one network segment
is that of the computer in the other segment, then the bridge transmit the packet through another port. If the
destination address of the computer is on the same segment then the bridge discards the packet
Advantages :
1. It reduce the amount odf network traffic
2. It connect different network arcjotecture like Ethernet and token ring
Disadvantages:

1. Bridge are slower than repeater and hub

2. Bridge has no protection against broadcasting
Types of bridges
1. Single port Bridge
2. Multiport bridge
3. Transparent bridge
4. Translation Bridge
5. Remote bridge
Simple: This Bridge is used to connect network of same type, it does not modify the data in the packet
Multiport: are used to connect more than two LANs
Transparent: this bridge builds its table of node address on its own and performs its bridge function
Translation: this bridge is used to connect network segment of different protocols
Remote bridge: A remote bridge is designed to connect at distant location using some form of WAN network

Router:
A router is a device that connects same network having same architecture. The main purpose of the router is to route
the packet across multiple networks. A router operates on a network data link and physical layer of OSI model. Router
does the following function:

1. Filters the traffic by sending it to[ the router having shortest path to destination
2. Connects the network segment

A router uses and maintain an internal table called as routing table

Working of a router:
Router is a layer 3 device which forwards the data packet from one logical network segment to another
Router forwards packets on the basis of their destination address .for this router keeps record of the path that packet
can use as they move across the network

These records are maintained in the database table known as routing table .routing table can e built statically or
dynamically
Advantages: routers are used to connect shortest p]artta to the destination

It reduces network traffic it used for wide area network

It provides high network for tolerance

Dissadvantages:

1. Expensive than other devices

2. It works on the rules of routing table protocol
3. It slower than other device
4. Configuration is difficult

Router have two algorithm

Advative

Non adptive

In this algo