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in collaboration with:
AIDG
AWB - OREGON
HAITIREWIRED
This document is adapted from part of the original document, “Construction and Maintenance of
Masonry Houses,” edited by Marcial Blondet. Changes have been made to represent concrete
block construction. © Marcial Blondet © Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú © SENCICO.
For electronic copies of the handbook and additional information on confined masonry please see
www.aidg.org/confinedmasonry.
• that you include full contact information and credits on the copyright page of your
edition;
• that you provide us with an Adobe PDF version and/or layout files of your edition;
• that you send us your contact information so we can send you corrections/ updates/etc.
as they are generated for future editions or reprints of your book.
Appreciation
This construction book is an example of the on-going efforts to help in the reconstruction of Haiti.
It has been prepared as a collaboration between AIDG (Appropriate Infrastructure Development
Group), Architects Without Borders - Oregon (AWB) and HaitiRewired, who came together in
response to the earthquake in Haiti to help with the reconstruction efforts. The loving hands that
have touched this effort include:
Dokiman sa a se yon kado pou moun yo an Ayiti ak espwa ke li ap ede w bati pi byen a lavni
pou fanmi ou. Se yon ti refleksyon ak espwa pou pèp la an Ayiti.
The Earthquake-resistant House
! CONlNED BLOCK MASONRY EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT
house is designed abd constructed so that its
walls are able to resist earthquakes. Its plan
view must be simple and symmetrical. Its bear- Lightweight slab
ing walls must be well constructed and must
ALWAYS BE CONlNED BY REINFORCED CONCRETE Transmits all the load it bears (self-
weight, partition walls, furniture,
columns and beams.
persons, etc.) to the walls. The slab is
connected to the walls, so it permits
both elements to work together during
an earthquake.
Walls
These are the most
important elements of a
masonry structure. They
are used to transmit
all vertical load from
the lightweight slab to
the foundation and to
resist seismic forces.
The walls must be built
with structural block
AND MUST BE CONlNED
Foundation by concrete beams and
Plinth COLUMNS /NLY CONlNED
Transmits all the loads from walls are able to resist
Transmits the loads from the walls the structure to the ground. earthquakes.
TO THE FOUNDATION AND CONlNES AND
PROTECTS THE lRST mOOR WALLS
7ALLS CONlNED BY BEAMS AND COLUMNS RESIST EARTHQUAKES )F YOU
1
Plans for Earthquake-safe Houses
If you want your house to resist earthquakes suc-
cessfully, your design must have a good shape and
an adequate distribution of walls.
Yes!
"UILD THE BLOCK WALLS lRST
then pour the columns
No and floors directly against
the blocks.
No Yes!
Build window and door
openings up to the level
of the collar beam and
locate them in the same
position on every floor.
Poor location of window Good location of window
and door openings. and door openings.
L L
A
Yes!
A
Openings weaken the
No walls. Do not make open-
ings larger than half
the length of the wall.
(Distance A must be less
than half of distance L.)
Inadequate opening proportions Adequate opening proportions
2
PLANS FOR EARTHQUAKE-SAFE HOUSES
No Yes!
The adequate location
of second floor walls is
very important. Always
build second floor walls
Improperly located walls DIRECTLY OVER lRST mOOR Properly located walls
that do not rest over other walls.
walls.
No
Yes!
#ONlNED WALLS ARE THE
elements that resist earth-
quakes. Your house must
have a similar number of
Few confined walls in Many confined walls in
walls in both directions.
the short direction of the both directions.
house.
Yes!
No
3
PLANS FOR EARTHQUAKE-SAFE HOUSES
No Yes!
It is important for slabs
to be well proportioned
and to be the same
shape on every floor.
Yes!
No
h
widt idth
the h ew
es st
im e
n 3t tim
tha n3
re The plan length of wid ha
Mo th s st
wid your house should Le
th
not be greater than 3
Poorly proportioned times the plan width. Well proportioned plan
plan
Yes!
Columns must be
No spaced no more
than 4.5 meters
apart. The floor
heights must be no
more than 3 meters.
4
PLANS FOR EARTHQUAKE-SAFE HOUSES
Cantilevers
Many openings
in the walls
Walls
without the
columns
5
PLANS FOR EARTHQUAKE-SAFE HOUSES
Well-proportioned house
Columns and
beams without
air pockets in
All walls
concrete.
plumb
Footing over
5NIFORM THICKNESS OF lRM SOIL
mortar joints between
blocks #ONlNED WALLS
6
1. Constructing the Foundation
Continuous footing
Plinth
In the following drawing you can
Finished floor
see the minimum required footing
dimensions.
10 cm
30 cm Slab on grade
minimum 10 cm
10 cm
#OMPACTED lLLED GROUND
80 cm
Stepped footing
50
cm
10 cm minimum
Construct stepped footings
when the terrain is sloped.
10 cm minimum
50 cm minimum
Hard soils such as rock or gravel are the best foundation soils. Gravel
is made up of different size stones and course compact sands.
I Recommendations 3OMETIMES IT IS DIFlCULT TO EXCAVATE THESE SOILS WITH A SHOVEL AND
you have to use a large drill. Find out about the footings of nearby
houses. If nearby houses have settled under their weight, then your
foundation should be wider and deeper than your neighbors.
7
1. CONSTRUCTING THE FOUNDATION
7,
5
cm
rest
@ 25 cm To assure that the steel Correct Incorrect
assemblies are always
vertical, fasten them with It is very important that the hooks stay
#8 wire in the interior of the column so they
work adequately.
Plinth
4 @ 10 cm
1 @ 5 cm
2 @ 15 cm Assembly stirrups
Concrete spacer 25 cm
Reinforcement
8
1. CONSTRUCTING THE FOUNDATION
1 bucket of cement
10 buckets of
aggregate
Be careful to ensure
that each stone is
completely covered by
concrete.
9
1. CONSTRUCTING THE FOUNDATION
Slab on grade
10 cm
Mininum 10 cm
reinforce-
ment 4 Ø minimum
3/8 in 30 cm
Plinth beam
The plinth does not require steel Build a reinforced plinth to prevent
reinforcement cracking of the walls due to settle-
ment of the ground soil.
1 bucket of cement
1 bucket of cement
1 bucket of water
1-1/4 buckets of water
10
2. Building a Block Wall
The block mix:
Making Concrete Masonry Block
1 bucket of
cement
8 buckets of
1 2 aggregate
No Yes!
4
Spray completed blocks 1.5 m
with water 3 times per day
for 7 days after casting.
11
2. BUILDING A BLOCK WALL
The Mortar
Mortar Mix
1 bucket of 1
cement
Screen the sand with a
2mm sieve.
4 buckets of
river sand
water
2
Dry mix the sand and cement.
3
Add water as required to make
the mix workable.
12
2. BUILDING A BLOCK WALL
&OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE lRST COURSE PLACE MIX
Jointer
uniformly over the plinth using a blocklayer’s trowel.
Set the block over the mix and verify that their edges
Plumb-bob
touch the strings that connect the guide blocks.
To set successive layers, alternate blocks so the ends Trowel
DO NOT LINE UP AND lLL THE VERTICAL JOINTS COMPLETELY
1 2 3
4 5 6
Horizontal and
7 vertical joints
Do not make joints Level Control
more than 1.5 cm 5SE the plumb-bob
thick. Joints that are on every course to
too thick will weaken make sure the wall
the wall. is vertical.
1 to 1.5 cm
13
3. Creating the Columns
Maximum distance
between columns: 4.5 m
Dimensions
Maximum
free height:
Collar Beam 3m
Column-Wall Connection
Column
Footing
Detail of the
toothed wall
edge
25 cm
5 cm
2.5 cm
25 cm 25 cm
15 cm 25 cm
In the foundation and the plinth, do
not place big stones near columns.
14
3. CREATING THE COLUMNS
15
3. CREATING THE COLUMNS
Outlet
#16 wire
Fill the false columns
with 1:6 fluid concrete.
16
3. CREATING THE COLUMNS
After the walls are built, attach formwork to the walls for the
CONlNING COLUMNS )T IS BETTER IF YOU USE A PORTABLE CONCRETE
MIXER TO PREPARE CONCRETE FOR COLUMNS 5SE BUCKETS TO CARRY THE
concrete mix from the mixer to the upper part of the formwork.
1 bucket of cement
2 buckets of
coarse sand
4 buckets of
crushed stone
Lightly hit the form
externally with a
rubber hammer. 1 bucket of water
5SE A PLUMB
BOB
to verify that the
formwork is vertical.
5SE BRACES TO HOLD
the forms.
17
3. CREATING THE COLUMNS
Formwork removal
Curing
I
If a column has a large number of voids, immediately break
Recommendation and remove the concrete. Carefully clean the steel bars.
Replace the formwork and pour the concrete again.
18
4. Attaching the Second Floor & Roof
Confining Beams: 4HE CONlNING BEAMS OF YOUR HOUSE
are important because they help
CONlNE THE WALLS
Collar Beams: Collar beams are the beams on top
of the walls.
Steel reinforcing for
the collar beam
Minimum Reinforcement
Minimum reinforcement of all beams is: 4
steel bars Ø 3/8 in. with Ø 1/2 in. stirrups
spaced 1 @ 5 cm, 4 @ 10 cm and the rest
@ 25 cm from each end.
wa
ll wid
th
Roof
Thickness
#ONlNING COLUMN
has been poured
19
4. ATTACHING THE SECOND FLOOR & ROOF
Beam-Column Connections
Carefully place reinforcement bars at
beam-column intersections. When you
Tie steel bars
pour concrete in these areas, vibrate with #16 wire at
the concrete extensively with a rod so beam-column
that no air pockets form. intersections.
15 cm
Rebar bending 15 cm
length in beams
has to be 15 cm.
Mortar Cube
#16 wire to
Spacers for beams To keep beam reinforcing bars attach rebar
in a horizontal position, place
3 cm
3 x 3 cm mortar cubes under
them.
Distance between mortar
cubes: Approx. 1.5 m Longitudinal 3 cm
rebar
3 cm
5SE EQUAL STRENGTH CONCRETE
for the mortar and beams
(proportion 1:4)
20
4. ATTACHING THE SECOND FLOOR & ROOF
1 bucket of water
10 cm
No
Pipes/Plumbing in beams
Never bend beam rebars to
No Yes!
pass drainage pipes.
21
5. Calculating the Walls needed for an
Earthquake-resistant House
Your house has to have an adequate
How do I calculate
NUMBER OF CONlNED WALLS IN BOTH HOW MANY CONlNED WALLS ) MUST
directions in order to resist an have in either direction?
earthquake.
The required number
of walls depends on the
type of soil where you
build your house.
Vulnerable House
&EW CONlNED WALLS IN THE DIRECTION
parallel to the street.
Earthquake
Earthquake
Earthquake
Earthquake
Resistant House
!DEQUATE QUANTITY OF CONlNED WALLS
in both directions
22
5. CALCULATING THE WALLS NEEDED FOR AN EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT HOUSE
Wall Calculations
To calculate the number of walls needed for a house with a maximum
of two stories, follow these steps:
1. Classify the soil of the place where you will build your
house.
2.
Determine minimum wall density needed in each direc-
TION ACCORDING TO YOUR SOIL TYPE 5SE THE FOLLOWING TABLE
REQUIRED HORIZONTAL
MINIMUM WALL DENSITY ROOF COVERED AREA
AREA OF CONFINED WALLS = X OF SECOND FLOOR
IN SECOND FLOOR 100
23
5. CALCULATING THE WALLS NEEDED FOR AN EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT HOUSE
Example
5.