EXPERIMENT :-5

AIM:-To predict the sequence RNA structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the help of
Mfold package.

THEORY:-

RNA :- Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in
coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and,
along with lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential
for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike
DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired
double-strand. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information
(using the nitrogenous bases of guanine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine, denoted by the letters G,
U, A, and C) that directs synthesis of specific proteins. Many viruses encode their genetic
information using an RNA genome.

Some RNA molecules play an active role within cells by catalyzing biological reactions,
controlling gene expression, or sensing and communicating responses to cellular signals. One of
these active processes is protein synthesis, a universal function in which RNA molecules direct
the synthesis of proteins on ribosomes. This process uses transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to
deliver amino acids to the ribosome, where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) then links amino acids
together to form coded proteins.

RNA and their types:-

Concept 3: Different Genes for Different RNAs

There are 4 types of RNA, each encoded by its own type of gene.

The genomic DNA contains all the information for the structure and function of an organism.

In any cell, only some of the genes are expressed, that is, transcribed into RNA.
There are 4 types of RNA, each encoded by its own type of gene:

mRNA - Messenger RNA: Encodes amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

tRNA - Transfer RNA: Brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation.

rRNA - Ribosomal RNA: With ribosomal proteins, makes up the ribosomes, the organelles that
translate the mRNA.

snRNA - Small nuclear RNA: With proteins, forms complexes that are used in RNA processing
in eukaryotes. (Not found in prokaryotes.)

Mfold:-

The mfold web server is one of the oldest web servers in computational molecular biology.

It has been in continuous operation since the fall of 1995 when it was introduced at Washington
University's School of Medicine.

It operated at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute from October 2000 to November 5, 2010, when it
was relocated to the RNA Institute web site.

As of the relocation date, an article describing it that was published in the first web server issue
of Nucleic Acids Research in July 2003 had been cited 2893 times.
In October 2005, in-cites ranked this article number 3 in a list of 103 "super hot papers" in
science published since 2003.

Procedure;-
Mfold:-
Result:- Structure 1:-
Structure 2;-