ME6101 Basics

Thermodynamic System
Basic Concepts & Terminology
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

T006
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering A thermodynamic System is simply any object, quantity of
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
matter, or region of space that is selected for thermodynamic
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/ study. Everything that is not part of the system is referred to as
the Surroundings.
Boundary or Control Surface (CS) separates the system from its
surroundings which
may be real or imaginary, at rest or in motion
may change its shape and size
ME 6101: Classical Thermodynamics neither contains matter nor occupies volume
http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/ME6101/ has zero thickness and a property value at a point on the boundary
is shared by both the system and its surroundings.
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Basic Concepts & Terminology ME6101 (2019) 1 / 20 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Basic Concepts & Terminology ME6101 (2019) 2 / 20
T061
A system defined to contain all of the air in a piston-cylinder device.
T062
T009
A system defined to contain all of the air that is initially in a tank that
is being filled.
Control Mass (CM) or Closed System Control Volume (CV) or Open System
CS
√
Heat
√
Work
T082
Mass × T008
Mass passes through CS in Control Volume (CV) or Open system.

CM System
T007 T1063 T744
Control Mass (CM) or Closed system: CS is closed to mass flow.

Thermodynamic System: Special Cases
T1064
Example of a control volume (open system). An automobile engine.
T079
T1066
Adiabatic system Isolated system

Adiabatic system: CS is impermeable to heat.
Isolated system: a special case of CM system that does not
T1065
interact in any way with its surroundings.
Example of a control volume (open system) in biology.
Macroscopic & Microscopic Views of Thermodynamics State & Property
Thermodynamic systems can be studied from two points of view: The description of the condition of a system at a given instant is
1 Microscopic approach or Statistical Thermodynamics called its State.
2 Macroscopic approach or Classical Thermodynamics
A Property is a quantity whose numerical value depends on the
The microscopic approach recognizes that the system consists of state but not on the history of the system. The origin of
matter that is composed of countless, discrete molecules. Statistics properties include those
and probability theory are applied to deduce the macroscopic 1 directly measurable
behaviour or measurable quantities e.g. pressure, temperature etc. 2 defined by laws of thermodynamics
In the macroscopic approach, the state of the system is described 3 defined by mathematical combinations of other properties.
by a relatively small set of characteristics that are called Two states are identical if, and only if, the properties of the two
Properties e.g. mass, temperature, pressure and volume. states are identical.
Macroscopic approach works well when the system is sufficiently Intensive properties are independent of the size or extent of the
large such that it contains many molecules. However, macroscopic system. Extensive properties depend on the size or extent of the
approach would not work well for a system that consists of a system. An extensive property is additive in the sense that its
rarefied gas (i.e., a vacuum with just a few molecules). value for the whole system is the sum of the values for its parts.
System boundary Process & Cycle

Esystem = E1 + E2
Ṽsystem = Ṽ1 + Ṽ2 }
E1, Ṽ1, T, P Extensive Properties Any transformation of a system from one equilibrium state to
another is called Thermodynamic Process.
Tsystem = T1 = T2
E2, Ṽ2, T, P
Psystem = P1 = P2
} Intensive Properties The Path of a process is the succession of states through which the
system passes.
T012
A system process is said to go through a Thermodynamic Cycle
Property Extensive Intensive when the final state and the initial state of the process are same.
Mass m ρ
Volume V~ v
1 1 2
KE mV 2 V
2 2
PE mgZ gZ
Total Energy E e
Internal Energy U u
Enthalpy H h
Entropy S s
T044
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
A system in Thermodynamic Equilibrium satisfies the following

stringent requirements:
1 Mechanical Equilibrium: no unbalance forces acting on any part of
the system or the system as a whole.
2 Thermal Equilibrium: no temperature differences between parts of
the system or between the system and the surrounding.
3 Chemical Equilibrium: no chemical reactions within the system and
no motion of any chemical species from one part to another part of
the system.
A mixture of substances is in chemical equilibrium if there is no
tendency for a net chemical reaction to occur.
T076
In the absence of gravitational effects, mechanical equilibrium
implies equality of forces throughout. T077
Categories of Thermodynamics Quantities

A system is said to be in Stable/Equilibrium State when no finite 1 State functions: all properties are state functions.
change of state can occur unless there is an interaction between 2 Process or Path functions: quantities whose values depend on the
the system and its environment which leaves a finite alteration in path of the process.
the state of the environment.
During a Quasi-static Process, the system is at all times Z 2
δZ ≡ Z12 6= ∆Z
infinitesimally near a state of thermodynamic equilibrium; this 1
implies that the process should be carried out infinitely slowly to

allow the system to settle to a stable state at the end of each
infinitesimal step in the process.
Theoretical calculations must relate to Stable states, since it is T038
only for these we have thermodynamic data. Z2 I

dy = y2 − y1 = ∆y ⇒ dy = 0
1 T013
Path function
State function
Conservation of Mass
Zero’th Law of Thermodynamics Mass Continuity Equation
Zero’th Law of Thermodynamics

Two systems with thermal equilibrium with a third are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
T443
⇒ mcv (t) + mi = mcv (t + ∆t) + me

A ⇒ mcv (t + ∆t) − mcv (t) = mi − me
mcv (t +∆t )−mcv (t )
⇒ ∆t = mi∆t
−me
Thermal Equilibirum if ∆t → 0 : ⇛ dm dt = m
cv
_ i −m
_ e
T444
0 th
Law dmcv P P
B C dt = i m
_ i −
e m
_ e
Thermal Equilibirum
AV
T745 T002 m
_ = ρAV =
v (for 1D flow)
Conservation of Mass Conservation of Mass
Mass Balance: Transient Flow Moran Ex. 4.1: ⊲ Feed-water heater at steady-state. Determine m
_ 2 & V2 .
Assume, v2 ≃ vf (T2 ).
dmcv X X
= m
_ i − m ⇛ dmcv = dmi − dme P P
dt
_ e
dmcv
dt = i m
_ i −
e m
_ e
e i
Rt Rt P Rt P ⇒ dmcv /dt = 0
dmcv

⇒ 0 dt 0( i m
dt = _ i ) dt −
0( em _ e ) dt P
P R t P R ⇒ im
_ i = m_ 1 +m
_ 2
t P
⇒ ∆mcv = mcv (t) − mcv (0) = i 0 m _ i dt − e 0m_ e dt
⇒ em_ e = m_ 3
m
_ = ρAV
⇒ m
_ 3 = ρ3 (AV)3
X X
∆mcv = mcv (t) − mcv (0) = mi − me T125
i e ⇒ ρ2 = ρ(T = T2 , P = P2 ) ρ3 = ρ(x = 0.0, P = P3 )

=⇒ m
_ 2 = 14.15 kg/s, V2 = 5.7 m/s ⊳.

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Thermodynamic System

Basic Concepts & Terminology

Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

A system defined to contain all of the air in a piston-cylinder device.

Mass passes through CS in Control Volume (CV) or Open system.

Control Mass (CM) or Closed system: CS is closed to mass flow.

Thermodynamic System: Special Cases

Example of a control volume (open system). An automobile engine.

Adiabatic system Isolated system

System boundary Process & Cycle

A system in Thermodynamic Equilibrium satisfies the following

Categories of Thermodynamics Quantities

implies that the process should be carried out infinitely slowly to

only for these we have thermodynamic data. Z2 I

Zero’th Law of Thermodynamics Mass Continuity Equation

Zero’th Law of Thermodynamics

⇒ mcv (t) + mi = mcv (t + ∆t) + me

Conservation of Mass Conservation of Mass

i e ⇒ ρ2 = ρ(T = T2 , P = P2 ) ρ3 = ρ(x = 0.0, P = P3 )

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen

ME6101 Basics

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ME6101 Basics

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Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Thermodynamic System

Basic Concepts & Terminology

Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

A system defined to contain all of the air in a piston-cylinder device.

 Mass passes through CS in Control Volume (CV) or Open system.

 Control Mass (CM) or Closed system: CS is closed to mass flow.

Thermodynamic System: Special Cases

Example of a control volume (open system). An automobile engine.

Adiabatic system Isolated system

System boundary Process & Cycle

 A system in Thermodynamic Equilibrium satisfies the following

Categories of Thermodynamics Quantities

implies that the process should be carried out infinitely slowly to

only for these we have thermodynamic data. Z2 I

Zero’th Law of Thermodynamics Mass Continuity Equation

Zero’th Law of Thermodynamics

⇒ mcv (t) + mi = mcv (t + ∆t) + me

Conservation of Mass Conservation of Mass

i e ⇒ ρ2 = ρ(T = T2 , P = P2 ) ρ3 = ρ(x = 0.0, P = P3 )

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen

Mass passes through CS in Control Volume (CV) or Open system.

Control Mass (CM) or Closed system: CS is closed to mass flow.

A system in Thermodynamic Equilibrium satisfies the following