RATIONAL-EMOTIVE
THERAPY x. There is always a right answer to every
ALBERT ELLIS
VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
o a. RET assumes that the individual has
the capacity to be completely rational,
irrational, sensible or crazy, which Ellis
believes is biologically inherent
o b. Ellis is most concerned with irrational
thinking especially that which creates
upsetting or irrational thoughts.
o c. Ellis lists the most common irrational
beliefs that clients find disturbing (Ellis,
1984, p.266)
i. It is absolutely essential to be loved or
approved of by everybody.
ii. To be worthwhile, a person must be
competent , adequate, and achieving in
everything attempted.
iii. Some people are wicked, bad, and
villainous and therefore should be blamed
or punished.
iv. It is terrible and a catastrophe
whenever events do not occur as one
hopes.
v. Unhappiness is the result of outside
events, and therefore a person has no
control over such despair.
vi. Something potentially dangerous or
harmful should be cause to great concern
and should always be kept in mind.
vii. Running away from difficulties and
responsibilities is easier than facing them.
viii. A person must depend on others and
must have someone stronger on whom to
rely
ix. A person should be upset by the
problems and difficulties of others.
problem, and a failure to find this answer
is a catastrophe.
o d. Ellis is a proponent of the individual
thinking of their behavior as separate from
their personhood, i.e. "I did a bad thing"
rather than "I am a bad person."
o e. Ellis believes that each individual has
the ability to control their thoughts, feelings
and their actions. In order to gain this
control, a person must first understand what
they are telling themselves (self-talk) about
the event or situation .
o f. Ellis believes that cognitions about
events or situations can be of four types:
positive, negative, neutral, or mixed. These
cognitions result in like thoughts with
positive leading to positive thoughts,
negative leading to negative thoughts, etc
ROLE OF THE COUNSELOR
o a. Counselors are direct and active in
their teaching and correcting the clients
b. Ellis believes that a good RET counselor
must be bright, knowledgeable, empathetic,
persistent, scientific, interested in helping
others and use RET in their personal lives
(Ellis, 1980).
o c. The counselor does not rely heavily on
the DSM-IV categories.
GOALS
o a. The primary goal is to help people live habitual, and are asked to examine
the self-talk in this imagery.
rational and productive lives

o b. RET helps people see that it is their TECHNIQUES

thoughts and beliefs about events that
creates difficulties, not the events or
situations themselves
o c. RET helps the client to understand that
wishes and wants are not entitlements to be
demanded. Thinking that involves the words
must, should, ought, have to, and need are
demands, not an expression of wants or
desires.
o c. The Emotional Control Card- is an
actual card intended for the client to carry in
their wallet which has a list of inappropriate
or self-destructive feelings countered with
appropriate non-defeating feelings. In a
difficult situation, the client has this
reference card on their person to help them
intervene in their own self-talk.

o d. RET helps clients stop catastrophizing o d. Behavioral disputation- involves

when wants and desires are not met
o e. RET stresses the appropriateness of
the emotional response to the situation or
event. An situation or event need not elicit
more of a response than is appropriate
o f. RET assists people in changing self-
defeating behaviors or cognitions
o g. RET espouses acceptance and
tolerance of self and of others in order to
achieve life goals
TECHNIQUES
having the client behave in a way that is
opposite to the way they would like to
respond to the event or situation
o e. Confrontation occurs when the
counselor challenges an illogical or irrational
belief that the client is expressing
o f. Encouragement involves explicitly
urging the client to use RET rather than to
continue self-defeating responses

o a. Cognitive disputation- aimed at

asking the client questions challenging the
his/ her thought.

o b. Imaginal disputation -the client use

imagery to examine a situation where he/
she become upset. The technique is used in
one of two ways:
• i. The client imagines the situation,
examines the self-talk, and then
changes the self-talk leading to a
more moderate response.
ii. The client imagines a situation in
which they respond differently than is