17 Research Paper PDF

An International,
March 2002
Registered & Referred
R esearch Paper
Since
Monthly Journal :
Research Link - 144, Vol - XV (1), March - 2016, Page No. 144-146
ISSN - 0973-1628  RNI - MPHIN-2002-7041  Impact Factor - 2015 - 2.782
OCTAPACE Culture Profile in Universities of Madhya Pradesh

Past research studies has already revealed the importance of high level of
OCTAPACE culture and has represented it as an extremely important factor to achieve
organizational goal. Hence this study aims to find out the prevailing and desired level of
OCTAPACE culture which is still embedded in the context of Central India universities.
Today's universities are the caretakers of the business world of tomorrow, it produces
future talents. So it is very important to understand their culture. Hence this research is
conducted to know the prevailing and desired level of OCTAPACE culture in the private
universities of MP. And to fulfil this aim primary and secondary data collected through
various sources are used. Key Words : Culture, OCTAPACE Culture, Higher Education.
SUVARNA LAPALIKAR & AARTI PATEL
(I) Introduction : (3) Trust : Trust is maintaining secretes or

Organization's culture is the values, traditions, rituals confidentiality. According to the (Robbins 2004) Trust is
and beliefs of the organization, which gives uniqueness to Transparency, means telling something to the others which
the organization, and separates one organization from others. can be verified.”
“It is shared values and beliefs that underlie a company's (4) Authenticity : The word “authenticity” has been
identity.” It is true to say that culture has significant influence taken from Greek word “authentic” means original, and
on the organization's performance. Lack of understanding of the dictionary meaning for it is real or valid or genuine.
organizational culture may create problems in decision Hence authenticity can be reflected in accepting owns
making. Problem in Acquisition of Flakt by ABB in 1987 mistakes and sharing true feelings or keeping true feelings
occur due to ignorance of organizational cultural only, unreserved.
because Flakt was having laid back culture where as ABB's (5) Proaction : Means Preplanning or Acting in
culture was more dynamic hence during the acquisition these advance to deal with an expected difficulty so that the
two had cultural clash .So it is important to study organization is ready to meet future challenges.
organization's culture before making any decision. So this (6) Autonomy : Autonomy is freedom, this word has
study aims to know the culture of the private universities been derived from Greek word “Auto Nomos” means law,
(higher education) of Indore. To understand the organizational hence autonomy is following own law. Which gives freedom
culture the most important aspect are its values it practices. to follow own governance. And freedom to take decision
Eight values may be examined to develop the profile of an independently.
organizational culture that is called “OCTAPACE”. (7) Collaboration : means working together
(II) OCTAPACE Culture : (individuals and groups) to solve problems or to get the
OCTAPACE = OCTA (eight) + PACE (step) (Pareek desired goal.
2007). These eight steps (values) creates the organizational (8) Experimenting : is trying the new idea or new
culture. These eight dimension of OCTAPACE are:- way to solve the problem. It is the importance given to new
(1) Openness : shows the freedom of the employees style of working, and encouraging creativeness in the
to represent their internal feelings without any fear or organization. Amazon has become a profitable multibillion
hesitation. It is giving feedbacks or suggestions freely. dollar business.
(2) Confrontation : Confront derives from the Latin These are the eight dimensions of OCTAPACE which
word con- "with” and front -"front." Means facing rather has greater chance of achieving high involvement and
than shying away from problems. It means whatever is the satisfaction, team work, growth and free flow of
situation handle it with full courage and don't ran away from communication within the organization, if these dimensions
the situations. are strong in the organization.
St. Paul Institute of Professional Studies, Indore (Madhya Pradesh)
 Research Link - An International Journal - 144  Vol - XV (1)  March - 2016  144
(III) Methodology : 825 and above = Highly valued.
Participants : 824------- 550 = Fairly High value.
(a) Organization/Company : 4 different universities 549-------274 = fairly low value.
(A university from Indore, B University from Sagar, C 274 and below = low value.
University from Jabalpur and D University from Gwalior) OCTAPACE Values :
are selected from the established private higher education
Present Level of
sector in MP. Desired Level
Values In the
(b) Employees : Except B university 15 employees OCTAPACE of Values in
Un iversities of
from each university (i.e. 45 employees) and from B Values MP
MP
Universities
university: - 10 employees, so in total 55 employees were
selected for the study. Openess Fairly High Fairly Low
Instruments : The 4-point scale developed by Pareek Confrontation Fairly Low High
(2003) is used for the study. And the culture of the Trust Fairly High High
universities is judged on 8 dimensions of OCTAPCE. The Authenticity Fairly High High
OCTAPACE profile which is a40 items instrument gives Proaction Fairly High High
the profile of the organisation's preferences in eight values Autonomy Fairly High High
as well as the level of existing value in the sample Collaboration Fairly Low High
universities. These values are openness, confrontation, trust, Experiment Fairly High High
authenticity, pro-action, autonomy,
collaboration and experimentation.
The Prevailing and desired level of
OCTAPACE Culture in MP Universities :
OCTAPCE eight values are judged on 4 point scale
given by Udai Pareek. Each Values has 5 Question
i.e. (5 x 8) 40 Questions for all the eight values to
judge. The scale is 4 point scale hence the
maximum a respondent can give 4 point to each
question and for each value (4x5) 20 points
maximum. And minimum for a question the
respondent can mark 1 point for each i.e. (1x5) 5
points for each value. Selected respondent for the
study are 55 in this paper hence the maximum
point for each value will be (20X 55) 1100 and
minimum will be (5 X 55) 275. Because there is
no clear parameter given for this scale to decide
high and low levels of OCTAPACE values, so the
below scale has been developed on the basis of
maximum and minimum values for achieving the
aim of the paper.
Present OCTAPACE Desired OCTAPACE
level in MP level for the MP Present OCTAPACE level in MP Universities
Universities Un iversities by th eir
Total point of the Employees Desired OCTAPACE level in MP Universities
OCTAPACE respondent given on Total point of the
Values 1-4 point scale for respondent given on
all 40 questions (5 1-4 point scale for all Research Findings :
question for each 40 questions (5 (1) Openness is fairly high in sample universities which
value) by 55 question for each
respondent eight values) by 55 is not desired at that level. Employees do not prefer too
respondent much openness; it should be at fairly low level.
Op enness 710/1100=65% 539/1100 =49% (2) Confrontation is fairly low which is desired to be
Confrontation 475/1100=43% 967/1100=88% at higher level in sample universities, hence employees shall
Trust 694/1100=63% 954/1100=87%
Authenticity 655/1100 =60% 926/1100 =84%
be encouraged to develop a confrontation culture within
Proaction 682/1100 =62% 984/1100 =89% the sample universities.
Autonomy 467/1100 =42% 891/1100 =81% (3) Trust is fairly high but it is desired higher then
Collaboration 638/1100=58% 966/1100=88% prevailing level in sample universities.
Experiment 499/1100 =45% 968/1100 =88% (4) Authenticity should also be little extra then the
Total 48 20/8 800 7195/8800
prevailing level which is fairly high and desired to be at (7) Kreitne and Kinicki (2008) : “Organizational
more high level. behaviour” Book special Indian 8th edition. Tata Mc Grow Hill
(5) Autonomy is fairly high and required little extra education pvt. Ltd.
to touch the level of high (desired by universities (8) Pareek. U. (2007) : “Understanding Organizational
Behaviour” Book 2nd edition, published in India by oxford
employees). And to increase its level freedom should be
university press.
given more to the employees, so that they can freely discuss
their problems with their respective department heads, can 
take decision whenever required and can work like a SDWT
as a when required.
(IV) Conclusion :
A healthy organisational culture stands on eight strong
pillars of the “OCTAPACE” which should be maintained in
any organization to achieve organizational goal. The desired
level of OCTAPACE values (which is always believed to be
higher) is not found high for all the values in sample
universities. But except openness rest all the OCTAPACE
values' are desired to be higher than the prevailing level in
sample universities. Management should do what it says
and say what it does and should walk their talk to develop
the culture of authenticity. For improving autonomy the job
role should be clearly defined to the employees and they
should be given empowerment to take the decisions. The
team work and team activity should be promoted to increase
the level of collaboration. To promote experiment in sample
universities their management should provide reward and
recognition for excellent innovation and remove the fear
of failure in their employees. The new ways of doing things
and the creative approach in problem solving should be
encouraged. Because thinking out new things or
experimenting will tone up these universities. Hence the
sample universities' culture is not very strong and they will
have to gear up to make it sound and effective culture to
achieve their desired goal.
References :
(1) Solkhe. A (2013) : “Profiling of Organization culture
using OCTAPACE framework in Indian insurance industry”. The
IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. XII, No. 3, 2013.
(2) Jafri, M.H (2012) : “An empirical study of OCTAPACE
culture and organizational commitment”. International Journal
of Retailing and Rural Business Perspectives. Vol 1, No 2 (2012),
ISSN (P):2279-0934, (O):2279-0942
(3) Kashyap.V, Vohra. P &Kaur.T (2012) : “Comparative
Analysis of Organizational Culture: The Empirical study of IT
Organizations in the Region of Mohali (Punjab, India).”IJMBS
Vol. 2, Issue 3, July - Sept 2012 ISSN: 2230-9519 (Online) |
ISSN: 2231-2463 (Print) 2014.
(4) Wani. T.A (2013) : HRD “climate and OCTAPACE
culture in FMCG companies a case study of Cadbury India -
hane Plant.” International Monthly Refereed Journal of Research
in Management & Technology ISSN 23020 -00 73 Volume II.
(5) Panchamia.J (2013) : “A Study of OCTAPACE Culture
in Civil Hospital,” The IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior,
Vol. XII, No. 2, April 2013, pp. 43-50.
(6) Ahmad, S.M., & Mir, A.A., (2012) : “Need for HRD
practices in Indian universities” Journal of Human Values
October 2012 vol. 18 no. 2 113-132.
An International,
March 2002
R esearch Paper
Since
Monthly Journal :
Green Human Resource Management : A Future Direction

The Green Human Resources Management is based on green movement related
to Protection of Environment and save the planet Earth from future disasters. Green HR
involves two essential elements: environmentally-friendly HR practices and the preservation
of knowledge capital. The objective of this paper is to detail a process model of the HR
processes involved in green HRM. The literature has been classified on the basis of entry-
to-exit processes in HRM (from recruitment to exit), revealing the role that HR processes
play in translating green HR policy into practice.
KUMARI NIDHI
Introduction : environmental and social tasks, duties and responsibilities

The Green HRM is the requirement of 21st Century as far as possible in each job in order to protect the
as day in and day out, it is reported in the newspaper that environment. In some companies, each job description
because of the excess consumption of natural resources as includes at least one duty related to environmental
a raw material by the industries and other commercial protection and also specifically includes environmental
organization there is tremendous pressure on the natural responsibilities whenever and wherever applicable.
resources of planet Earth. There is a need for companies to Some companies have involved in designing their
strike a balance between the unavoidable industrial growth existing jobs in a more environmentally friendly manner
and the conservation of natural environment for enabling it by incorporating environmental centered duties and
for our future generation. The prime agenda for responsibilities.
organizations in initiating innovative practices is optimum Green Human Resource Planning :
utilization of resources with less consumption of time, At present, some companies engage in forecasting
ultimately leading to cost-effectiveness. Ignoring green number of employees and types of employees, needed to
factor leads to increase in operating cost and also affects implement corporate environmental management programs/
the company brand. In a nutshell, managing green in activities (e.g. ISO 14001, cleaner production, responsible
companies ensures cost effectiveness and is an innovative care etc.). These are good practices some leading
mechanism for companies focusing on green branding. companies have adopted to manage their environmental
GHRM as an Innovation : GHRM refers to practices issues. In addition these companies engage in deciding
promoting green initiatives by increasing employee strategies to meet the forecasted demand for environmental
awareness and commitment on the issues of environmental works (e.g. appointing consultants/experts to perform
sustainability .The area of GHRM has high significance in energy or environmental audits) and sometimes they are
organizations as it contributes to other functional areas of outsourcing.
green management, green operations, green marketing, Green Recruitment :
supply chain management, green finance and In the recruitment context, what some companies are
accounting.GHRM is an environmentally profit centric doing is that they integrate corporate environmental policy
approach which undertakes environment-friendly HR and strategies with the recruitment policy of the company.
initiatives resulting in greater efficiencies, lower costs and Some companies also express their preferences to recruit
better employee engagement and retention. candidates who have competency and attitudes to participate
Green HRM Practices : in corporate environmental management initiatives too. The
Green Job Design and Analysis : Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD)
These days, some companies have incorporated believe in that becoming a green employer may improve
Assistant Professor, Ahir College, Rewari (Haryana)
employer branding, company image and is a useful way to green suggestion schemes and problem-solving circles, staff
attract potential employees who have environmental independence to form and experiment with green ideas,
orientation (CIPD, 2007). integrating employee involvement and participation into
Green Selection : maintenance (cleaning), employee help-line for guidance
In the selection context, when making selection for in green matters, increasing line/supervisory support
the job vacancies some companies consider candidate's behaviours in environmental management, union-
environmental concern and interest as selection criteria. management negotiating to reach green workplace
Really, these are some of the good green selection practices agreements, training of union representatives in respect of
any organisation can adopt to select environmental friendly environmental management aspects.
people in addition to the normal selection criteria relating Conclusion :
to the specific duties of the job being concerned. From the above review it is to be acknowledged that
Green Induction : the importance of green HRM practices is vital to promote
After selecting the candidates for the posts, companies employee morale and this may help in arriving at a great
provide necessary basic information about the corporate deal of benefit for both the company and the employee.
environmental management policy, system and practices. The green HRM practices are more powerful tools in
Organizations should ensure that new recruits understand making organisations and their operations green. The green
their environmental responsibilities, become familiar with performance, green behaviours, green attitude, and green
health and safety arrangements, appreciate the corporate competencies of human resources can be shaped and
environmental culture, adopt the company's environmental reshaped through adaptation of green HRM practices.
policy and practices. Hence, we suggest that organisations be required to give
Green Performance Evaluation : more priority to make each function of HRM green.
Evaluation of green performance of employee must References :
be done separately or at least as a part of the performance (1) Berry, M. A. and Rondinelli, D. A. (1998) : Proactive
evaluation system of the organisation. The measurement corporate environmental management: A new industrial
criteria of employee green performance of job must be revolution, Academic Management Executive, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp.
carefully aligned with the organization's criteria of 38-50.
environmental performance. In order to sustain good (2) Clement, K. (1997) : Multi-disciplinary Teams and
environmental performance, organizations must establish Environmental Integration: European Programmes, Team
Environmental Management Information Systems (EMIS) Performance Management, Vol. 3, pp. 261-269.
and environmental audits. (3) Griffiths, A. and Petrick, J. A. (2001) : Corporate
Architecture for Sustainability, International Journal of
Green Training and Development :
Operations and Production Management, Vol. 21, No.12,
Providing training to encourage recycling and waste
pp.1573-1585.
management, supporting flexible schedules and (4) May, D. R, and Flannery, L.B. (1995) : Cutting waste
telecommuting, and reducing long-distance business travel with employee involvement teams, Business Horizon, Vol. 38, No.
are very useful to reduce the negative environmental impacts 5, pp. 28-38.
of the organisations. Creating environmental awareness (5) Palmer, J. and Andrews, L. (1997) : Team-work to Green
among the workforce by conducting seminars and Small and Medium-Size Enterprise?, Team Performance
workshops at organizational level is also important to Management, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp.193-205.
achieve good environmental performance. Environmental
related education, training and development are key areas 
of green HRM in an organisation.
Green Reward Management :
Work organisations are ideally seen to benefit from
establishing a reward system for waste reduction practices
that teams develop. In general, such organisations are seen
to need to develop reward systems to produce desirable
behaviours in environment management, and doing so
requires effective employment of both incentives and
disincentives. Some companies have successfully rewarded
extraordinary environmental performance, practices and
ideas by including environmental criteria into salary reviews.
Green Employee Relations :
Renwick et al, (2008 and 2013) suggested certain
green employee relations and union management practices.
They include employee involvement and participation in
An International,
March 2002
R esearch Paper
Since
Monthly Journal :
A Comparative Study of Value Patterns of Different

Genders of Class XI Students
The present study examines the value patterns of different Genders of Class XI students”
The total sample consists of 100 students of class XI on the basis of random sampling technique.
Personal Value Questionnaire (PVQ- SV), constructed by Dr (Mrs.) G. P.Sherry & Dr.
R.P.Verma, prepared in (2005) was used as a tool. There is not much difference in the scores
of different groups which is clear from the values of Mean, SD, which is not varying much.
Hence the result inferred that there is no significant difference between the value pattern of
Boys and Girls. Both the Boys and Girls are are treated like wise in all families, and in all
societies.Both the gender has the same feeling regarding health, morality and spirituality.
They are very clear about their goals, the difficulties they have to face those goals and also
the needs and demands of the environment as well as their own personality.
DR. V. SUJATA
Introduction : healthy and humanity, value education is important.

It is universally accepted that the progress and Objectives of the study :
development of a nation depends upon the quality of the (1) To determine Religious and Social values of boys
value cherished by its citizen who depends on a large number and girls.
of factors like home, school and neighborhood influences, (2) To determine Democratic value and Aesthetic
cultured background, beliefs, customs and traditions and values of boys and girls.
many more personal factors. The meaning of values is (3) To determine Economic value and Knowledge
changed from time to time and place to place. Ethically it values of boys and girls.
means those things or activities which help in making our (4) To determine Hedonistic value and power values
soul perfect. Values may be conceived as those guiding of boys and girls.
principles of life which are influenced to one's physical, (5) To determine Family prestige value and Health
mental health & social welfare. Perry (1926) said that values of boys and girls.
“which is an object of interest is eoipso invested with value. Hypotheses :
Any object whatever it be, is taken in it; just as anything The hypotheses of present investigations are :
whatsoever becomes a target when any one whomsoever H1 : There exits no significance difference between
aims at it. values are very important for the total the religious values and social values of boys and girls.
development of the personality. H2 : There exits no significance difference between
Need and significance of the study : the Democratic value and Aesthetic values of boys and girls.
Values create a harmony in all aspects of life. At H3 : There exits no significance difference between
present when social moral cultural and spiritual values are the Economic value and Knowledge values of boys and girls.
disintegrating, the people do not trust one another, rather H4 : There exits no significance difference between
violence, corruption; vested interests are dominating the the Hedonistic value and power values of boys and girls.
individuals love, peace, social welfare than we have to turn H5 : There exits no significance difference between
up towards value education, to increase tolerance, honesty the Family prestige value and Health values of boys and
and sympathy. When power and knowledge are being misused girls.
for selfish motives to enlighten fellow feeling, affection Sample :
truthfulness values and value education must have place in The data was collected in Bhilai (C.G) in India. The
the curriculum. Sublimation of instincts and emotions, to total sample consists of 100 students of class XI on the
lessen the materialistic attitude and redirects into desirable basis of random sampling technique. There are 50 boys and
Assistant Professor, Swami Shri Swaroopanand Mahavidhyalaya, Bhilai (Chhattisgarh)
50 girls of different BSP private and government schools.
less than the minimum value of significance level even at
Tool : 0.05 levels. Similar results were found by Dixit Deepti
Personal Value Questionnaire (PVQ- SV) constructed
(2014) Edgar Smith Susan Elizabeth (1998), that there is
by Dr (Mrs.) G. P.Sherry & Prof. R.P.Verma, prepared inno difference in the value conflicts of Boys and Girls.
(2005) was used as a tool for the collection of data. In thisThe possible reasons for this conclusion are :
Questionnaire there were ten Dimensions of value patterns. (i) In present era there is no discrimination of gender
Namely Religious values, Social Values, Democratic values,
all are treated like wise in all families, and in all societies.
Aesthetic value, Economic Values, Knowledge Values, (ii) Modern and advanced technology has provided
Hedonistic Values, Power value, Family value and Healthboth of them easy and convenient means of communication
Values. which has played an important role in values.
(iii) The new generation follows the
Table : Showing Mean, SD and “t” value of all the ten Dimensions of
pleasure of loving and avoiding pain and
Value patterns of Boys and Girls
equally knowledgeable.
Values (iv) Both the gender has the same
Category N M SD “ t” significance
Patterns feeling regarding health, morality and
Religious Bo ys 50 12.43 3.21 Not spirituality.
1.37
values Girls 50 12.62 3.42 significan t (v) They appreciate the duty and enjoy
Social Bo ys 50 10.14 2.43 Not the power. They are very clear about their
0.97
Values Girls 50 10.46 2.63 significan t goals, the difficulties they have to face
Democratic Bo ys 50 10.34 2.73 Not those goals and also the needs and demands
1.77
values Girls 50 10.52 2.55 significan t of the environment as well as their own
Aesthetic Bo ys 50 10.34 2.32 Not personality.
1.21 References :
values Girls 50 11.21 2.52 significan t
Econo mic Bo ys 50 10.26 2.82 Not (1) Dixit, Deepti (2014) “Impact of
1.61 Nuclear and Joint Family as value
conflict”,Prachib Journal of Psycho Cultural
Knowledge Bo ys 50 10.21 2.83 Not
1.23 Dimension, Vol 30 No 2. (2) Hurlock,
values Girls 50 1..69 2.96 significan t Elizabeth, (1978) 'Child Development' fifth
Hedonistic Bo ys 50 10.45 2.63 Not edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd,
1.02
values Girls 50 10.24 3.01 significan t New Delhi. (3) Silcock, P., & Duncan, D.
Power Bo ys 50 10.41 2.46 Not (2001). Values acquisition and values
0.93
values Girls 50 10.23 2.83 significan t education: Some proposals. British Journal of
Family Bo ys 50 11.23 2.23 Not Educational Studies, 49, 242-259. (4) Vardy.
0.67 P. (2005). Values education for intercultural
Bo ys 50 10.31 3.23 and interfaith understanding. New Horizons
Health 1.24 Not
in Education, 112, 16-31. (5) Veugelers, W.
(2000). Different ways of teaching values.
Educational Review, 52, 37-46. (6) http:/en.wikioedia.org/wiki/
Result and Discussion :
science.
From the above table the mean, SD, and “t” value of
all the dimensions of the values can be observed and inferred 
that there is no significant difference between all the ten
areas of value Pattern of different gender i.e. boys and girls
of different schools. There is not much difference in the
scores of different groups which is clear from the values
of Mean, SD, which is not varying much. Hence, all the
above proposed hypotheses are accepted and concluded that
there is no significant difference between the value patterns
of Boys and Girls.
Conclusion :
There is not much difference in the variability of
scores of different groups, which is clear from the value of
Mean, SD. Which do not allow much difference between
different groups. From the result, it is clear that there is no
significant difference between the value pattern of Boys
and Girls. This is due to the fact that the obtained value of
critical ratios is statistically insignificant, since they are
An International,
March 2002
R esearch Paper
Since
Monthly Journal :
A Study of Gender and Literature

The drama is one of the literary genres in English literature. India has a rich heritage
of drama from the ancient times. Drama in India begins its journey with the Sanskrit plays.
A. B. Keith points out in the book titled The Sanskrit Drama that, “Indian tradition is
preserved in the 'Natyasastra', the oldest of the texts of the theory of the drama, claims for
the drama divine origin, and a close connection with the scared Vedas themselves” (12). A.
L. Basham rightly points out in his book titled The Wonder that was India, “The origin of
Indian theatre is still obscure. It is certain, however, that even in the Vedic period dramatic
performances of some kind were given, and passing references in early sources point to the
enaction at festivals of religious legends, perhaps only in dance and mime” (434-435).
DR.SANEH LATA
Introduction : Sex is an ascribed status because a person gets it by birth

The word gender comes from the Middle English word but gender is an achieved status because it must be learnt.
'gendre' which is a derivation of the Latin word 'genus'. Both On the basis of the above definition, it can be said that
the words 'gendre' and 'genus' mean 'kind', 'type' or 'sort'. gender is a sociological phenomenon not a biological
The Oxford Dictionary defines gender, “as the fact of being aspect. The acts and the activities performed by individuals
male or female” (644). Linda L. Lindsey points out about in the society, and the roles that they play in the social set
gender in the book titled Gender Roles: A Sociological up are based on gender.
Perspective, “Gender refers to those social, cultural and Patriarchy is the result of sociological constructions
psychological traits linked to males and females through that are passed down from generation to generation. People
particular social context”(4). have conditioned to believe that men are superior to
Gerda Lerner defines gender in her book The Creation women. These symbols are benchmarks which children
of Patriarchy, “Gender is the cultural definition of behaviour learn about when they grow up, and the cycle of patriarchy
defined as appropriate to the sexes in a given society at a continues. No society is content with the natural
given time. Gender is a set of cultural roles. It is a costume, difference of sex, but each insists on adding to it a cultural
a mask, a straitjacket in which men and women dance their difference of gender. It is not enough for a man to be male;
unequal dance”(238). Amy S. Wharton in the book titled, he also has to appear masculine. A woman, in addition to
The Sociology of Gender: An Introduction to Theory and being female, must also be feminine. In patriarchal society
Research, says that, “Gender represented the characteristics men enjoy a socially dominant position. Thus, from an
taken on by males and females as they encountered social early age, boys are helped to acquire a masculinity that
life and culture through socialization” (6). SujataSen defines allows them to assume and maintain that position. By the
gender in her book Gender Studies as, “Gender refers to same token, girls are taught to cultivate a submissive
the social roles (e.g., men and women) and characteristics femininity. Masculinity and femininity are gender qualities
that develop their cultural interpretations of biological and which are developed in response to social discrimination.
anatomical sex” (2). Or “Gender is a social construct, not a Traditionally, it is believed that gender differences are
biological one. It refers to all the characteristics a society natural and that certain behaviours are justified and
considers proper for its males and females”(2). At this point unchangeable because they emerge between men and
it is important to understand the difference between the women as a result of their different capabilities, talents
words 'sex' and 'gender'. Sex is a biological phenomenon and choices. These differences are often represented as
and gender is a sociological one. The word sex pertains to natural inequalities. But in reality gender differences are
the idea of a person being a male or a female; the word not natural as it was believed, but an outcome of the
gender refers to the state of being masculine or feminine. mindset of the present society.
Govt. High School, Palri (Haryana)
The drama is one of the literary genres in English celebrated dramatists of ancient period such as Bhasa,
literature. India has a rich heritage of drama from the ancient Shudraka, Ashwaghosha, Kalidasa, Harsha, Bhavabhuti,
times. Drama in India begins its journey with the Sanskrit Vishakadatta and many others. All the dramatists wrote in
plays. A. B. Keith points out in the book titled The Sanskrit the Sanskrit language and the plays were based on
Drama that, “Indian tradition is preserved in the 'Natyasastra', mythological themes solely aimed at entertaining the
the oldest of the texts of the theory of the drama, claims contemporary society but with a message of morality.
for the drama divine origin, and a close connection with the In his article titled “Indian English Drama : Tradition
scared Vedas themselves” (12). A. L. Basham rightly points and Achievement” SaryugYadav says that, “All literature in
out in his book titled The Wonder that was India, “The origin Sanskrit is classified into Drishya (that can be seen or
of Indian theatre is still obscure. It is certain, however, that exhibited) and the Sravya (that can be heard or recited)”
even in the Vedic period dramatic performances of some (2). Poetry in all forms can be said to fall under the latter,
kind were given, and passing references in early sources drama falls under the former. He further says, “Drama in
point to the enaction at festivals of religious legends, Sanskrit literature is covered under the broad umbrella of
perhaps only in dance and mime” (434-435). The dramatic 'rupaka' which means depiction of life in its various aspects
performances of Vedic Aryans mainly depicted the events represented in 'forms' by actors who assume various roles”
of daily life accompanied by music. In this way, the drama (2). A 'rupaka' has ten classifications of which 'Nataka'
of this period was performed in a simple way. Later different (drama), the most important one, has come to mean all
episodes from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the dramatic presentations. SaryugYadav further says, “The
Bhagavad-Gita were enacted out in front of the people. All Sanskrit drama grows around three primary constituents
these were religious in nature and as they contained moral namely Vasu (plot), Neta (hero) and Rasa (sentiment)” (2).
preaching, they were very much liked by the audience. This The plot of the Sanskrit plays could be either principal or
type of performance is still very popular in India especially accessory. The principal or the main plot concerns the
during the time of Dussehra. primary characters in the theme and pervades the entire play.
Bharatamuni's Natyasastrais the most significant work Accessory or the sub-plot relates to subordinate characters
on Indian drama which deals with all aspects of drama and supplements the principal plot. This is further divided
including - stage setting, music, plot-construction, into banner, and incident. The former is a small episode
characterization, dialogue and acting. Bharatamuni that relates to the major characters and the latter involves
emphasises the importance of Rasa which is theexpression minor incidents represented by minor characters. The
of eight basic emotions- love, joy anger, sadness, pride, definition of hero prescribed by the Natyasastraand quoted
fear, aversion and wonder. In chapter six of Natyasastra, by SaryugYadav is, “The Neta or the hero is always depicted
Bharatamuni's own summary of dramatic theory is given as modest (vineeta), sweet-tempered (madhura), sacrificing
which is quoted by Bharat Gupta in his book titled Dramatic (tyagi), capable (daksha), civil in talks (priyamvada),
Concepts, Greek and Indian: A Study of Poetics and belonging to a noble family (taktaloka), pure (suchi),
Natayasastra, “The combination called natya is a mixture of articulate (vagmi), consistent (sthira), young (yuva),
rasa, bhaas, vrittis, pravrittis, siddhi, svaras, abhinayas, endowed with intellect (buddhi), enthusiasm (utsaha), good
dharmis, instruments, song and theatre- house” (86) . H. H. memory (smriti), aesthetics (kala), pride (maan), and is
AnniahGowda points out in the article titled “Indian Drama brave (shura), strong (dridha), energetic (tejaswi), learned
in English: Some Highlights”, “Kalidasa defines the play as (pandita) and pious (dharmika)”
an embodiment of eight sentiments in Vikramorvasiya. References :
Taking recitation from the Rig Veda, imitation from Yajur (1) Aurobindo, Sri (2013) : Hindu Drama. Bombay: Sri
Veda, Melody from Sama Veda, Shiva contributed “tandava” Aurobindo Circle, No. 09, Print.
dance of violent emotion, Parvati contributed “Lasya” of (2) Bhatia, Krishna S. (2013) : Indian English Drama: A
tender feeling, Vishnu contributed the four dramatic styles, Critical Study. New Delhi: Sterling Publisher, Print.
there was born “NatyashyampanchamVedam” the fifth Veda (3) Chandra, N. D. R. Ed. (2014) : Modern Indian Writing
called Nataka or DrishyaKaavya” (40). Drama was in English: Critical Perceptions 1.New Delhi : Sarup and Sons,
considered as the fifth Veda by the ancient Hindus. It was Print.
highlighted that the audience was not watching real life, but (4) Chandradeep, Kumar and C. L. Khatri Eds.(2007) :
Indian Drama in English: An Anthology of Recent Criticism.
only a theatre. Traditional Indian theatre through the
Jaipur : Book Enclave, Print.
presentational form created the reality of the theatrical
(5) Despandey, G. P. Ed. (2011) : Modern Indian Drama
universe on the stage.
an Anthology. New Delhi: Sahitya Academy, Print.
There are references of drama in Patanjali'sVyakarna,
Mahabhashya as well as Vatsyana's Kamasutra, Kautilya's 
Arthashastra and Panini's Ashtabhyam. These dramas were
all written in Sanskrit and date back to 1000 B.C.
Bharatamuni's theory of dramatic art was followed by most
An International,
March 2002
R esearch Paper
Since
Monthly Journal :
[e@.yeeyeemeensye Deebyes[keâj ÙeebÛes Mew#eefCekeâ efJeÛeej

ceneceeveJe [e@.yeeyeemeensye Deebyes[keâjeÛes veebJe het{s Deeues keâer, osMeeÛÙee jepÙeIešvesÛes efMeuhekeâej,
oueerleeÛes kesâJeejer lemesÛe DeeOegefvekeâ YeejleeÛes Ùegie ØeJele&keâ heg®<e DeMeer lÙeebÛeer Øeeflecee ceve-hešueeJej Debkeâer
neles. lÙeebveer Deeheueer Mew#eefCekeâ efJeÛeej pejer JesieJesieàÙee efveceeròeeves ceeb[uesueer Demeleer lejer lÙeeÛee Skeâ$eerleheCes
efJeÛeej kesâuÙeeme lÙeebÛÙee Mew#eefCkeâe efJeÛeejevee Skeâ efMe#eCele%eeÛÙee efJeÛeejeÛeer yew"keâ uee uesueer Deens.
lÙeebÛÙee Ùee efJeÛeejeletve mJeeleb$Ùe mecelee, yebOeglee Je vÙeeÙe Ùee lelJeeJej DeeOeejerle-efometve Ùesles. lÙeebÛÙee efMe#eCe
efJeÛeejeceOegve lÙeebvee DeefYeØesle Demeuesues efMe#eCe, efMe#eCemebmLee, efMe#ekeâ, ØeeOÙeehekeâ, efJeÅeeheer" efMe#eCe
mebMeesOeve oefueleebÛes efMe#eCe cnCepesÛe mejkeâejÛes efMe#eCe efJe<eÙekeâ OeesjCe F. Deveskeâ yeeyeerJej DelÙeble meg#ce Je
hejKe[ efJeÛeej ceeb[uesues efometve Ùesles. lÙeebÛÙee Ùee efJeÛeejeÛee JesOe Iesleebvee Øee.jeceoeme JeeiesÕej cnCeleele, ‘‘¢ee
keâeUeÛÙee meboYee&le Deebyes[keâjeveer ceeb[uesues efJeÛeej DeepeÛÙee keâeUele ueeiet he[leebvee efomeleele. lÙeekeâeUer
lÙeebveer efouesues meeJeOeevelesÛes FMeejs Deepener DeeheuÙeeuee meeJeOe keâjleele. Je lÙeeletve ogjÂ°er ØelÙeÙeeme Ùesles
lÙeebÛÙee DeYÙeemeeletve efveefj#eCeeletve ns efJeÛeej DeeuÙeecegUs lÙeebvee efÛebleve ceguÙe Øeehle Peeues Deens.’’ [e@.Deebyes[keâjebÛes
efMe#eCeeefJe<eÙeeÛes lelJe%eeveeÛes mJe®he heâej JesieUs Deens. meeceeefpekeâ vÙeeÙe ceeveJeer mecelesmee"er Je Mew#eefCekeâ
nkeäkeâemee"er ue{Ceejs [e@.Deebyes[keâj ns Pegbpeej Jeerj "jleele.
Øee.[e@.jefJe meesheeve [eKeesjs
izLrkouk % uoekuorkoknkps laLdkj dj.kjs f'k{k.k gos gksrs- tkr] /keZ] o.kZ]
MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kapk tUe 14 ,fizy 1891 jksth ;kauk u"B dj.;klkBh 'kS{kf.kd fopkjkph cktq R;kauh mpywu
e/;izns'kkrhy egw ;k fBdk.kh >kyk- MkW- vkacsMdj gs Fkksj /kj.ks LokHkkfod gksrs- vLi`';rk] xqykefxjh ;kps nkgd dkVs
fopkjoar] nyhr] 'kksf"kr] ihMhrkaps dSokjh gksrs- R;kaP;k lokZafx.k R;kauk thOgkjh ykxys- gtkjks o"kkZP;k dkGks[kkaurj R;kauk Lokra«;
mUurhlkBh R;kauh vkiys vk;q"; leihZr dsys- rs Hkkjrh; lerk] U;k; o ca/kqrk ;k eqY;kaph fder dGyh gksrh- fg eqY;
jkT;?kVusps f'kYidkj gksrs- U;k; Lokra«; lerk vkf.k ca/kqrk ;k xkSre cq/nkaus txkyk fnysyh veqY; ns.kxh gks;- ;kps egRo
pkj vk/kkjHkwr rRokps rs iqjLdrsZ gksrs- ^HkkjrjRu* iqjLdkjkus rs vkacsMdjkuk dGys- vkReks/nkjklkBh R;kauh Lokra«;kpk vkxzg
lUekfur >kys- /kjyk- LokoyacuklkBh R;kauk lerk goh g¨rh- rj LokfHkeku
vkacsMdjkauh vk;q";Hkj fo|spk O;klax dsyk- txkrhy Ánku dj.kkjh c/kqrk R;kauk v'khÁsr g¨rh- R;kaP;k ers f'k{k.k gk
Js"B fo|kfiBkrwu dk;|kP;k vR;qPp inkO;k feGfoY;k] y- jk"Vªh; mérhpk eqyea= vkgs- f'k{k.k Eg.kts ifjorZu gs R;kaP;k
ch- xaxkous ^^MkW ckcklkgsckaP;k 'kS{kf.kd i/nrh laca/kh fopkj f'k{k.kkps fopkjkps eq[; lq= g¨rs- f'k{k.k gs lkekftd Økarhps
g~;k ys[kkr ckcklkgscP;k fo}Rrs fo"k;h fyghrkr]^^ fo|k gs ÁHkkoh lk/ku vkgs Eg.kwu ÁR;sdkus f'k{k.k ?;k;yk ikfgts vlk
ok?khuhps nq/k vkgs** gs ckcklkgsckauh vksG[kys gksrs- Eg.kwu R;kapk vkxzg g¨rk-
fo|k feGfo.;klkBh R;kauh vikj d"B dsys- R;kauh 18&18 M‚- ckcklkgsckaP;k ers f'k{k.k vkf.k uSrhdrk ák ,dkp
rkl vH;kl dsyk- vkf.k vkiY;k cka/kokP;k mUurhlkBh fo|spk uk.;kP;k nü cktq vkgsr- uSrhdrsf'kok; f'k{k.k vlw 'kdr
mi;ksx dsyk- rlsp jk"VªkP;k mHkkj.khlkBh vusd xzaFk fygys- ukgh- uSrhdrk] f'k{k.k o y¨d'kkgh ;kfo"k;h M‚-vkacsMdj
o lukruh fo"k;koj izgkj d:u lekt izxrhP;k ekxkZoj Eg.krkr] y¨d'kkgh ;'kLoh djko;kph vlsy rj lekt
vk.kyk nfyrkauk ^^f'kdk] la?kVhr Ogk] la?k"kZ djk** gk vLi`';rspk uSfrd eqY;f/k"Bhr f'k{k.kk}kjs laLdkjhr vlkok y¨d'kkghlkBh
fctea= fnyk- vkf.k nyhrkaP;k f'k{k.k izlkjkP;k dk;kZl lq:okr lq f 'k{khr lektkph vR;a r xjt vkgs - f'k{khr uS r hd
dsyh- eqY;f/kf"Br lektkph y¨d'kkgh gh lokZf/kd ;'kLoh B:
izk- ck- g- dY;kudj ckcklkgsckaP;k ekueqDrhP;k y<~;kl 'kdsy- Eg.kwu ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj Eg.kkrkr O;ähyk tkuho
f'k{k.kps egRo o ;ksxnku lakxrkauk Eg.krkr] MkW- vkacsMdjjkauk d:u nsrs rs f'k{k.k, Education is that which ralises a
ßeerceleer keâeskeâerUeyeeF& ceefnuee ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, oÙee&hetj (ceneje°^)
person. f'k{k.kkv'koh ekuwl Eg.kts i'kq g¨;- gsp R;kaps er ¼3½ lgf'k{k.kkph xjt %
g¨rs R;kaP;k ers f'k{k.kk}kjs ekulkr R;kaP;k drZO;kph o ckcklkgsc lgf'k{k.kkps iqjLdrsZ g¨rs Eg.kwu óh;klkBh
vf/kdkjkaph tk.kho g¨.ks vko';d vkgs- f'k{k.kkps lektkP;k Lokra«; 'kkGk o egkfo|ky;kph lgerh uOgrh- dkj.k R;kauk
o Lor%P;k cÚ;kokÃV ckcÈpk fopkj dj.;kph {kerk fuekZ.k óh&iq:"k lekursph dYiuk :tokp;h g¨rh- ^^fó;kaps f'k{k.k
g¨rs f'k{k.kkus LorP;ko i;kZ;kus lektkP;k mRFkkuklkBh iq:"kkP;k cj¨cj ,d= vlys ikfgts** gh R;kaph fopkj/kkjk
O;äh gkrkj ykow 'kdrs- M‚- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj gs Hkkjrh; R;kdkGh y¨dkauk :pus 'kD; uOgrs- ek= vkacM s djkP;k erkuwlkj
jkT;ÄVusps f'kYidkj vlY;kus R;kauh vkiY;k vusd 'kS{kf.kd óh&iw#"kkrhy ijLij vuqnkj Hkkouk u"B g¨.;klkBh óh&iq:"k
fopkjkauk ÄVusP;k ek/;ekrwu Hkkjrh; jkT;dR;k±iq<s /;s;kP;k lgoklkph t'kh xjt vkgs rlhp lgf'k{k.kkph xjt vkgs vlk
:ikus ekaMysys vkgsr- rsOgk R;kaps 'kS{kf.kd –"Vhd¨.k letwu rs –"Vhd¨.k Lohdkjrkr-
Äs.ks vktdkGkph xjt vkgs- ¼4½ f'k{kdkaph Hkwfedk %
M‚- vkacsMdjkps 'kS{kf.kd dk;sZ % f'k{k.k vkf.k Kku g~;k ekuoh ekukyk lkeF;Z ns.kkÚ;k
¼1½ ÁkFkfed f'k{k.k % 'käh vkgsr- T;k ÄVdkeqGs f'k{k.k Á.kkyhrhy vf/klŸkk LFkhjin
ckcklkgsc gs Çgnw lektkP;k vxnh [kkyP;k Lrjkrwu vkY;keqGs jkgyh r¨ ÄVd Eg.kts f'k{kd Eg.kwu vk/kqfud dkGkrgh f'k{kd
R;kauk f'k{k.kkps vR;ar egRo okVr g¨rs- ;k ns'kkrhy cgqtu ;k ÄVdkyk egRo vkgs- czkEg.koxZ gk fo|spk mikld jkghyk-
lekt fuj{kj vkgs v'kk ns'kkpk vktP;k dkGkr fVdko ykx.kkj R;kus brjkP;k cq)heŸksdMs usgehp 'kadk cGxY;k v'kk y¨dkaP;k
ukgh ÁkFkfed f'k{k.kkpk lkoZtfud Álkj jk"Vªh; izxrhpk okVk gkrh f'k{k.kkps lq= vlys Äs.;kps vkgs- vls Li"V Áfriknu
vkgs- 1927 lkyh ÁkFkfed f'k{k.kkph xrh Qkj ean g¨rh- v'kh [kar ckcklkgsckauh dsys- vkf.k Eg.kwup lektkrhy oaphr nqcZy
vkacMs djkauh f'k{k.k vuwnku fo/ks;dkoj eqca Ã fo/kku eaMGkrhy ÄVdkrhy O;ähus g~;k O;olk;kdMs oG.ks xjtsps vkgs- dkj.k
ppsZoj cÿrkauk O;ä dsyh rs Eg.krkr^^ vkiyh 'kS{kf.kd xrh f'k{kdh is'kk gk lgt lk/; o lïk vkgs- ^^'kkGse/;s uqlR;k
vlhp vlsy rj ÁkFkfed f'k{k.kkpk Álkj g¨.;kl fdR;sd o"kZ ckjk[kMÓk f'kdok;P;k vlR;k rj rh ckc fujkGh i.k 'kkGsr
ykxrhy-** rlsp ÁkFkfed f'k{k.kklac/a kh vuqnkukph fdrh fudV eqykaph eus lqlaLd`r d:u lektfgrkl ;¨X; vls oG.k
vkgs gs f'k{k.k ea«;kauk iVwou nsrkauk Eg.krkr ^^ÁkFkfed f'k{k.kkps ykok;ps vlrs 'kkGk mŸke ukxjhd r;kj dj.;kps dkj[kkus
/;s; vls vlys ikfgts dh] ,dnk 'kkGsr Áos“k Äsryk dh] R;kps vkgsr- Eg.kwu 'kS{kf.kd {ks=krhy laLdkjdrkZ o R;kps dsæa cnyY;k
f'k{k.k fyg.;k okp.;kiwjrsp e;kZfnr jkgw u;s- rj lai.w kZ lk{kj] f'kok; f'k{k.kkps Lo:i cny.kkj ukgh-** gh fopkj lj.kh M‚-
göwup ckgsj iMkos-** R;kpk f'k{k.kkP;k O;kikjhdjukyk foj¨/k ckcklkgsckaP;k Çprukrwu xrheku >kyh-
g¨rk- lkekU; ekulkyk f'k{k.k lqy•Ogkos v'kh f'k{k.kkph O;oLFkk ¼5½ vLi`';kapk 'kS{kf.kd fopkj %
dsyh ikfgts- rlsp f'k{k.k gh ,d ÁfnÄZ ÁfØ;k vkgs] vls vLi`';kaP;k f'k{k.kk lac/a kh ckcklkgsc Lokra=i.ks fopkj O;ä
ÁkFkfed f'k{k.kk lac/a khps Li"V vkf.k ij[kM fopkj M‚- vkacM
s djkauh djrkr- R;kaP;klkBh loyrhph o l¨Ãph rjrwn vis{khyh- 'kS{kf.kd
ekaMys- –"Vhus czkEg.koxk±ph Áxrh o vLi`';kaph Áxrh ;kr [kqi varj
¼2½ L=h f'k{k.k % vkgs- ;kps dkj.k R;kyk d¨.kR;kgh loyrh uOgR;k R;kauk loyh
/keZxzaFkkpk vk/kkj Äsowu óh&'kqækauk ,dkp nkouhr cka/kwu ÁkIr >kY;k vlR;k rj r¨ oxZ gh vkÄkMhdMs okVpky d:u
óh;kaukgh f'k{k.kkiklwu oafpr Bsoys- T;¨rhck Qqyus h óh 'kqækauk 'kdyk vlrk vlk ckcklkgsckauk fo'okl okVr¨- Eg.kwu vLi`';kaph
f'k{k.kkps njokts [kqys dj.;klkBh vkiY;k iRuhyk f'kdowu xqykeh R;kaP;k mPp f'k{k.kkusp u"V g¨Ãy vkf.k fodklgh ;kp
ikfgyh Hkkjrh; f'k{khdk ÄMfoyh- 1948 lkyh eqyÈP;k 'kkGsph ekxkZus g¨Ã Eg.kwu ckcklkgsc gs ifgys f'k{k.krK g¨rs-
LFkkiuk d:u L=h f'k{k.kkP;k dk;kZph eqgwrZes< jöyh o ¼6½ lekurslkBh f'k{k.k %
lektØkarhps tud Bjys- vkacsMdjkuh QqY;kauk vkiys xq: vkacsMdj lkaxr vlr dh] loZ tkrh tekrhuk ,dk
ekuys o R;kaP;k fopkjkapk okjlk iw<s usouw nfyrkaP;k f'k{k.kkcj¨cj lekursP;k ikrGhoj vk.kko;kps vlsr rj R;kojhy ,eso mik;
óh f'k{k.kkojgh Hkj fnyk- ckcklkgsckapk óhdMs cÄ.;kpk Eg.kts vlekursps rRo udkjk.ks g¨; vkf.k ts ikrGh[kkyh
–"Vhd¨.k vR;ar mnkŸk g¨rk- ijarq vkti;±r óhP;k ekulhd vkgsr R;kauk vkiwydhph okx.kwd ns.ks- f'k{k.k ÁR;sdkP;k vkokD;kr
fodklkdMs nqyZ{k dj.;kr vkys v'kh [kar O;ä djrkauk vk.krk vkys ikfgts Eg.kwu fuEu oxÊ;kalkBh f'k{k.k tso<s LoLr
vkacsMdj Eg.krkr] ^^óh;kauh x`gy{eh Ogkoh R;kaP;kiq<s óh;kaph o lqy•djrk ;sÃy rso<s djrk vkys ikfgts-
izxrhph ety iq<s ek: u;s-** 1927 yk egkM ;sFks HkjysY;k ¼7½ f'ky lao/kZu %
lR;kxzg ifj"knsle¨j óh;kauk mÌs'kqu dsysY;k Hkk"k.kkr Eg.krkr] fo|s cj¨cjp vkeP;kr f'ky ikfgts- fo|k gs ,d 'kL=
^^vLi`';rk fuokj.;kpk Á“u iq:"kkapk ulwu rqEgk L=h;kapk vkgs ,[kk|k toG fo|sps 'kL= vkgs- o r¨ f'kyoku vlsy rj
vkgs- rqEgh vkEgh iq#"kkauk tUefnyk vkgs- rsOgk rqEgh v'kh r¨ nqlÚ;kaps laj{k.k djsy- i.k f'ky ulsy rj r¨ fo|sP;k
ÁfrKk djk dh] v“kk dyafdr LFkhrhr vkEgh iw<s tx.kkj 'kókus nqlÚ;kapk Äkr djsy- ÁKk] f'ky o d:.kk ;k eqY;kapkgh
ukgh- lekt¨érh dj.;kpk tIrk iq:"kkauh fuf“pr dsyk vkgs- R;kauh iqjLdkj dsyk- Eg.ktsp pkfj«; ÄMfo.ks gs R;kaP;k ers
rlk rqEgh lq)k djk-** [kjs f'k{k.kkps /;s; vkgs-
¼8½ lektijhorZ uklkBh % f'k{k.k la'k¨/ku nfyrkaps f'k{k.k Eg.ktsp ljdkjps f'k{k.k fo'k;d
lkekftd Økarh ÄMowu vk.k.;klkBh f'k{k.kk}kjs R;kph /k¨j.k b- vusd ckchoj vR;ar lq{e o ij[kM fopkj ekaMysys
chts ckydkaP;k ckyi.kkrp :tfoyh tkohr vls R;kps er fnlwu ;srs- R;kaP;k ;k fopkjkpk os/k Äsrkauk Ák- jkenkl okxs'oj
g¨rs ckyds oSpkjhd laLdkjkus Áo`Ÿk >kys rj rs e¨Bsi.kh [kjh Eg.krkr]^^ ák dkGkP;k lanHkkZr vkacsMdjkuh ekaMysys fopkj
lkekftd Økarh o lektijhorZu ÄMowu vk.kw 'kdrkr- vls vktP;k dkGkr ykxw iMrkauk fnlrkr- R;kdkGh R;kauh fnysys
dsY;kus f'k{k.kkeqGs uok lekt fuekZ.k göw 'kdsy- ;koj R;kpk lko/kkursps b'kkjs vktgh vkiY;kyk lko/k djrkr- o R;krwu
xk< fo'okl g¨rk- R;keqGs f'k{k.k gs letkijhorZukps o nqj–"Vh ÁR;;kl ;srs R;kaP;k vH;klkrwu fufj{k.kkrwu gs fopkj
lektØkarhps ÁHkkoh lk/ku B: 'kdrs- vkY;keqGs R;kauk Çpraru eqY; ÁkIr >kys vkgs- **M‚- vkacsMdjkaps
¼9½ f'kLr o fodklklkBh % f'k{k.kkfo"k;kps rRoKkukps Lo:i Qkj osxGs vkgs- lkekftd
O;ähP;k thoukr f'kLrhyk vR;ar egRokps LFkku vkgs- U;k; ekuoh lerslkBh o 'kS{kf.kd gôklkBh y<.kkjs M‚- vkacM s dj
tj thoukr f'kLr ulsy rj O;ähps thou va/kdkje; cuw gs >qatkj ohj Bjrkr-
'kdrs- f'k{k.kkus f'kycÌrk vk.krk ;srs- R;keqGs lkekftd fodkl fu"d"kZ %
o Áxrh ÄMwu ;s.;kr enr g¨rs- O;ähyk R;kaP;ke/;s f'ky ¼1½ M‚- vkacsMdjkauh lähP;k o e¨Qr f'k{k.kkpk eqyea=
;s.;kl o fodkl g¨.;kl f'k{k.kkph xjt vkgs- vls R;kaps fnyk-
fopkj g¨rs- ¼2½ lkekftd U;k; o fo"k;erk fo"k;d caM R;kauh
¼10½ eqY;f'k{k.k % iqdkjys-
f'k{k.kkrwu ekulkpk lok±fxu fodkl lk/krk ;sr¨- ¼3½ M‚- vkacsMdjkauh HkkjrkP;k lkekftd o 'kS{kf.kd
f'k{k.kke/;s Kku vkf.k ÁKk ;kpk lqjsy laxe vlr¨- feGfoysys fopkjkr eÿkph Hkj Äkryh-
Kku mi;¨xkr ;srs rsp [kjs Kku v'kh ckcklkgsckaph /kkj.kk ¼4½ ,dk cktqyk ns'kkps Lokra«;] nqlÚ;k cktqyk nfyrkaph
g¨rh- eqY; lektkr :tok;ph vlsy rj lektkyk uSfrd eqäh v'kk nü y<k;k dj.kkjk ,deso ^Økarhdkjd usrk* Eg.kwu
f'k{k.kkph vR;ar xjt vkgs- fo|syk f'ky vkf.k d:.kk ;kaph R;kaps LFkku bfrgklkr uänys vkgs-
lkFk feG.ks vko“;d vkgs- vls vkacsMdjkaps er g¨rs- ¼5½ M‚- vkacsMdj tUekyk vkys ulrs rj 'k¨f"kr ihMhrkauk
¼11½ tkrhO;oLFksoj Ágkj % okpkp QqVyh ulrh-
tkrhO;oLFksoj ighyk Ágkj e- x©re cq)kauh dsyk- dchukauh lanHkZ %
vkiY;k n¨áke/kqu o.kZ&tkr&/keZ o fo'kerk ;koj Ágkj dsyk- ¼1½ dqaMys] e-ck- % 'kS{kf.kd rRoKku o 'kS{kf.kd lekt'kkó-
Kku Eg.kts Ádk'k gh lqanj O;k[;k cq)kauh dsyh- e- Qqys ;kauh ¼2½ 'ÿs'k] y- % M‚- vkacsMdjkapk oSpkjhd okjlk-
lektO;oLFks ckcr fr[kV ÁfrfØ;k ekaMyh- 'ksrdÚ;kaps U;k; ¼3½ vkacsMdj] M‚- ckcklkgsc % eqduk;d-
gô] fo/kok fookg] 'kkóh; 'ksrhpk iqjLdkj] nk: ca/kh b- Qqysps ¼4½ /kuat;] fdj % M‚- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj-
dk;Z Eg.ktsp lkaLd`frd Økarh g¨rh- ;k egkiq:"kkaP;k LoIukauk ¼5½ jktKs] mYgkl % M‚- vkacsMdj ,d Økarhf'kyfopkj/kkjk-
vf/kd fØ;kf'ky cufo.;kps dke M‚- vkacsMdjkauh dsys Qqys] ¼6½ dq:andj] ujgj % M‚- vkacsMdj ,d eqY;kadu-
'kkgq] vkacsMdj ;k foHkqrh tkrhHksn] vLi`';rk] laifo.;kP;k ¼7½ v=s] Á-ds- % nfyrkaps ckck-
vkanksyukps vxzgh vkgsr- v'kk 'kks"khr oxkZps f'k{k.k >kys ikfgts- ¼8½ iokj] n;k % M‚- ckcklkgsc vkacsdMdj x©jo xzaFk-
gk R;kapk vkxzg g¨rk- ;klkBh R;kapk f'k{k.kkdMs ik.;kpk ¼9½ iokj] uk-x- % f'k{k.k {ks=krhy fopkjoar-
–"Vhd¨.k fo/kk;d g¨rk- f'k{k.k gk lkekftd] vkÆFkd] jktfd;]
Økarhpk eqy/kkj vkgs- R;kps lkax.ks g¨rs- f'kdk] laÄVhr Ogk] 
vkf.k laÄ"kZ djk ;k rhu rRokoj M‚- vkacsMdjkP;k 'kS{kf.kd
fopkjkps lkj vkgs- LokHkheku] Lokoyacu o vkRe¨)kj gs f'k{k.kkps
/;s; g¨;- gs vkacsMdjkaP;k f'k{k.kkpa egRo lkaxwu tkrs-
lkjka'k %
egkekuo M‚- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkps ukao iw<s vkys dh]
ns'kkP;k jkT;ÄVusps f'kYidkj] nyhrkps dSokjh rlsp vk/kqfud
Hkkjrkps ;qx ÁorZd iq:"k v'kh R;kaph Áfrek eu&iVykoj
vadh g¨rs- R;kauh vkiyh 'kS{kf.kd fopkj tjh osxosxG~;k fuehŸkkus
ekaMysyh vlrh rjh R;kpk ,d=hri.ks fopkj dsY;kl R;kaP;k
'kS{kf.kd fopkjkuk ,d f'k{k.krKkP;k fopkjkph cSBd yk•ysyh
vkgs- R;kaP;k ;k fopkjkrwu Lokra«; lerk] ca/kqrk o U;k; ;k
rRokoj vk/kkjhr & fnlwu ;srs- R;kaP;k f'k{k.k fopkjke/kqu R;kauk
vfHkÁsr vlysys f'k{k.k] f'k{k.klaLFkk] f'k{kd] Ák/;kid] fo|kihB
An International,
March 2002
R esearch Paper
Since
Monthly Journal :
MeesOe keâeÙe& ceW meeefnlÙe kesâ hegvejeJeueeskeâve keâe cenlJe

(Fefleneme efJe<eÙe kesâ meboYe& ceW)
Øemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW MeesOe keâeÙe& ceW meeefnlÙe kesâ hegvejeJeueeskeâve kesâ cenlJe keâe DeOÙeÙeve Fefleneme efJe<eÙe kesâ
meboYe& ceW efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ Fefleneme keâer MeesOe ØeefJeefOe DevÙe efJe<eÙeeW keâer MeesOe ØeefJeefJeOe mes efJeMes<e ®he mes efYeVe veneR
nw~ MeesOeeLeea keâes MeesOe keâeÙe& ØeejbYe keâjves mes hetJe& MeesOe keâer Jew%eeefvekeâ ØeefJeefOeÙeeW mes DeJeiele nes peevee ÛeeefnS leLee
Gmekesâ he§eeled Gmes Gmekesâ efJe<eÙe hej hetJe& ceW efkeâS ieS MeesOe keâeÙe& keâe %eeve Øeehle keâj uesvee ÛeeefnS~ Gmes
heeC[gefueefheÙeeW keâe Ùee Deheves efJe<eÙe kesâ meeefnlÙe keâes Skeâ$e keâj Gmes heÌ{ves keâer keâuee mes heefjefÛele nesvee ÛeeefnS~ MeesOe
heef$eÙeeW keâes metÛeeryeæ keâjves, meece«eer keâe JeieeakeâjCe keâjves Deewj meboYe& «ebLeeW kesâ kegâMeue ØeÙeesie keâer efJeefOe mes DeJeiele
nesvee ÛeeefnS~ Fme Øekeâej meeefnlÙe kesâ hetJe&-efvejer#eCe Éeje ner MeesOeeLeea, De%eele leLÙeeW lekeâ hengbÛe mekeâlee nw~
[e@.efovesMe kegâceej SJeb [e@.MeMeer yeeuee
lkfgR; dk iqujkoyksdu fdlh Hkh fo"k; ds 'kks/k dk;Z tkrk] og vkxs c<+rk gh tkrk gSA 'kks/kkFkhZ dks ;g /;ku j[kuk
dk ,d vfr&egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gksrk gSA lkfgR; ds iqujkoyksdu pkfg, fd foKku ds fl)kUrksa dks yksx izk;% 'kk'or% ekurs jgs
ls 'kks/kkFkhZ bl ckr dh tkudkjh dj ldrk gS fd veqd fo"k; gSa] ijUrq vc ;g ekU;rk Hkh [kf.Mr gksus yxh gSA ;s fl)kUr
ij fdl izdkj dk 'kks/k dk;Z gks pqdk gS rFkk dgk¡ ij Hkfo"; ifjfLFkfr&fo'ks"k esa Hkys gh lR; vFkok vdkV~; jgs gksa] ij
ds 'kks/k dh lEHkkouk,¡ T;knk gSaA mudh lR;rk vkSj vdkV~;rk lkoZdkfyd fl) ugha gks ik;hA
Hkkjr esa 'kks/k dk;Z dk vkjaHk vaxztksa ds Hkkjr vkxeu ls izfl) HkkSfrd 'kkL=h MsfoM ckW; dk ;g dguk gS & ^ûbZ l`f"V
vkjaHk gqvk FkkA Þ'kks/kkFkhZ dh Kku dh fiiklk dHkh Hkh rÌr ugha dk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd ;g uk rks iqjkus Øeksa dh udy djrh gS]
gksuh pkfg,] D;ksafd ;gh vr`fIr mls vUos"k.k o 'kks/k ds mÌs'; u gh mudh ekSfyd lPpkbZ ds foijhr tkrh gS o iqjkus Øeksa
dh izkfIr esa lg;ksx djsxhAÞ¼1½ Þ[kkst esa 'kks/kkFkhZ dk Hkko loZFkk dh gekjh le> dks u, lUnHkksZa esa <kyrh gS vkSj blds
uwru l`f"V o l`tu dk gh ugha cfYd] vKkr dks Kkr djus lkFk&lkFk gekjs Kku ds vk;ke dks foLr`r djrh gSAÞ¼3½
dk gksuk pkfg,AÞ¼2½ dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g Hkh gS fd vuqla/kku ds bfrgkl ds 'kks/kkFkhZ dks lkfgR; ds iquZfuj{k.k ds lkFk&lkFk
fy, fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa xqatkbZ'k ikbZ tkrh gS] tks rF; n`f"V ls bfrgkl rFkk mlesa iz;qDRk izfof/k;ksa dk Hkh v/;;u djuk
vks>y gSa] mUgsa Hkh izR;{k djus dh vksj 'kks/kkFkhZ ges'kk layXu pkfg,A ^bfrgkl* 'kCn f}&vFkhZ gSA ,d vFkZ esa og vrhr dh
jgrs gSaA bl izdkj dh [kkst ,d Lor% izokgeku fØ;k gS] ?kVukvksa ds o.kZu dk |ksrd gS] rks nwljs vFkZ esa Lo;a ?kVukvksa
ftldk vkfn rks gS] ij vUr ugha gSA gj ,d 'kks/k vius vki dk bfrgklA bfrgkl jktkvksa ds tUe&ej.k vkSj muds dk;ksZ
esa Hkfo"; ds 'kks/kksa dh uhao j[k nsrk gSA dk dkyØe vuqlkj o.kZu ugha gS] u dksjh dky?kfVr ?kVukvksa
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds 'kks/kksa ds izfr ik'pkR; fo}kuksa dh dk laxzg ek=A bfrgkl rks tkfr ¼ns'k½ ds mn;] mRFkku] rFkk
/kkj.kk dqN lhek rd iwoZxzgksa ls xzflr jgh gSA ik'pkR; fo}kuksa vkolku dh] fo'o dh cgqeq[kh izxfr ds ifjizs{; esa vkykspuk gS
dh /kkj.kk Hkkjrh; iqjk.kksa d fo"k; esa ;g Fkh fd ;s iafMrksa dh rFkk og ekuo&lH;rk ds fodkl dk ys[kk tks[kk gS] tks
diksy dYiuk] fo'okl] Hkksyh Hkkyh turk dks /keZ fo'oklh 'kks/kkFkhZ 'kks/k dks dsoy ?kVukvksa dk dky Øec) lap;u
cukus ds vfrfjDr dqN Hkh ugha gSA ijUrq ogha ij ik'pkR;oknh le>rs gSa] os ekuo eu ds fodkl dh mis{kk djrs gSaA Þlalkj
bfrgkldkj us ,sfrgkfld rF; [kkstdj mudk ;kfu iqjk.kksa dk esa ?kVuk,¡ ?kVrh gSa] ij os vuk;l ugha ?kVrh] muesa dk;Z&dkj.k
egRo fo'o bfrgkl esa Hkkjrh; lanHkksZ esa LFkkfir fd;kA osnksa ds dk lEcU/k gksrk gSAÞ¼4½ izfl) bfrgkldkj VkW;ch dk er gS fd
lEcU/k esa Hkh ik'pkR; fo}kuksa dh Hkzkafriw.kZ iwoZ /kkj.kk Fkh] ijUrq ?kVuk,sa fdlh fof'k"V isVuZ ls ?kVrh gS vkSj muesa ,d y;kRedrk
eSDlewyj tSls fo}kuksa@'kks/kdrkZvksa us mlesa Hkh ,d le`) Kku Hkh [kksth tk ldrh gSA ,sfrgkfld Øe esa izkd`frdrk vkSj
dk Hk.Mkj [kkst fudkyk vkSj vk;Z tkfr dh fopkj xfjek dks uSfrd oSpk;Z Hkh fufgr jgrk gSA iwoZ dky esa ;wjksi o Hkkjr esa
mn~?kkfVr fd;kA Kku ds {ks= esa 'kks/k dk dk;Z ges'kk o fujUrj Hkh ekuo bfrgkl ij /kkfeZdrk dk jax p<+k jgrk Fkk] blfy,
tkjh jgrk gS& 'kks/k Kku dh ,d lhek rd igq¡p dj :d ugha bl nk'kZfud i`"BHkwfe esa fy[ks bfrgkl esa ?kVukvksa dh dk;Z&dkj.k
meer.meer.S.Sme.pewve efMe#eCe mebmLeeve, ieVeewj, meesveerhele (nefjÙeeCee)
lEcU/k] HkkSfrd n`f"V ls ugha ns[kk tkrk Fkk] ijUrq oSKkfud ;qx yksd&lkfgR; ftlds vUrxZr( xhr] dFkk] yksd lkfgR; o
esa] bfrgkl /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa dks xzg.k djds ugha fy[ks tkrs] jhfr&fjoktksa vkfn vkrs gSa] vrhr dh ?kVukvksa dk gh o`gr
vc rks ?kVukvksa dk fujh{k.k&ijh{k.k rdZcqf) ls fd;k tkrk gS ladyu gksrk gSA jktLFkku dk vf/kdka'k bfrgkl duZy VkM+ us
vkSj fu"d"kZ fudkys tkrs gSaA teZu ys[kd gMZ dk er gS fd ijEijk ls izkIr yksd lkfgR; ds vk/kkj ij gh fy[kk FkkA yksd
^êuq"; ds d`R;ksa dks ns'kdky rFkk jk"Vªh; pfj= dh n`f"V ls &lkfgR; ds L=ksrksa ls izkIr rF;ksa dh rqyuk vU; miyC/k
ns[kus dh vko';drk gSAÞ¼5½ Hkwrdkyhu ekuod`r ?kVukvksa dks lkfgR; ;k 'kks/kksa ls izkIr rF;ksa ls rqyukRed vk/kkj ij dh tk
fo'oO;kih] fujis{k] lkoZHkkSe o lkoZdkfyd fu;e dk fun'kZu ldrh gS] rHkh bldh izekf.kdrk o vizekf.kdrk tkuh tk
gh ugha ekuuk pkfg,A ekuo&eu xR;kRed gksrk gS] blfy, ldrh gSA tks rF; izLrj ys[kksa ls izkIr gksrs gSa] 'kks/kdrkZ dks
mls foLe`r ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 'kks/kkFkhZ dks 'kks/k dk;Z ds mudk Hkh dq'kyrk o lko/kkuh iwjd iz;ksx djuk gksrk gSA
fy, lEcaf/kr fo"k; ds fy, vf/kd mi;qDr izfof/k dk iz;ksx dHkh&dHkh iRFkjksa dk dky Hkh Kkr djuk gksrk gS] ,sls esa
djuk pkfg,A iwoZ izdkf'kr 'kks/kksa ls f'k{kk ysuh pkfg, fd fdl 'kks/kkFkhZ dks HkwxHkZ fo'kss"kK rFkk iqjkrRo&fo'ks"kK ls o fyfi
izdkj dh 'kks/k izfof/k;k¡ vf/kd lQy jghA ;fn mfpr izfof/k Kkrk ls Hkh lgk;rk ysuh iM+rh gSA bfrgkldkj dk dk;Z rF;ksa
dk 'kks/kkFkhZ iz;ksx ugha dj ikrk gS] rks ;g 'kks/k dks vlQyrk dk ladyu ;k laiknu ek= ugha gS cfYd mldk iz;ksx vius
dh rjQ Hkh ys tk ldrk gSA vr% 'kks/k dk;Z lss iwoZ miyC/k 'kks/k o bfrgkl ys[ku esa djuk gSA
lkfgR; o 'kks/kksa dk fofHkUu lUnHkksZ ls fuj{k.k o v/;;u djuk lkfgR; ds iqufuZjh{k.k ds vk/kkj ij izkIr lkexzh dk
pkfg,] rkfd iwoZ ds 'kks/kksa dh vfu;ferrkvksa o voxq.kksa dks Hkh 'kks/k esa iz;skx Hkh 'kks/kkFkhZ ds vius pkrq;Z ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
lq/kkjk tk ldsAÞ¼6½ bfrgkl ds 'kks/kkFkhZ ds lkeus ,d dfBukbZ ;g Hkh vkrh gS fd
bfrgkl dh 'kks/k izfof/k vU; fo"k;ksa dh 'kks/k&izfof/k ls fo}kuksa us bfrgkl D;k gS vkSj D;k gksuk pkfg, ( bl iz'u ij
fo'ks"k :i ls fHkUu ugha gSA 'kks/kkFkhZ dks 'kks/k dk;Z izkjaHk djus fofo/k er O;Dr fd, gSA vr% bl er fofHkUurk ds dkj.k og
ls iwoZ 'kks/k dh oSKkfud izfof/k;ksa ls voxr gks tkuk pkfg, ;g fu.kZ; ugha dj ikrk fd bfrgkl dh fdl /kkj.kk dks
rFkk mlds i'pkr~ mls mlds fo"k; ij iwoZ esa fd, x, 'kks/k vaxhdkj djds viuh izfof/k dk fu/kkZj.k djsaA bfrgkl dks
dk;Z dk Kku izkIr dj ysuk pkfg,A mls ik.Mqfyfi;ksa dk ;k lkfgR; dh Js.kh esa j[kus okys fo}ku mlesa vkReijdrk
vius fo"k; ds lkfgR; dks ,d= dj mls i<+us dh dyk ls ¼lCtsfDVfoVh½ dks egRo nsrs gSa] rks bl izdkj ds 'kks/k esa
ifjfpr gksuk pkfg,] 'kks/k if=;ksa dks lwphc) djus] lkexzh dk dYiuk&lkSUn;Z dh Hkh iz/kkurh jgrh gS o rF; xkS.k gks tkrs
oxhZdj.k djus vkSj lUnHkZ&xzUFkksa ds dq'ky iz;ksx dh fof/k gSaA bfrgkl ds lkFk uSfrdrk dkss tksM+ nsus ls 'kks/k fu"d"kZ
vkfn ls voxr gksuk pkfg,A bl izdkj lkfgR; ds iwoZ&fujh{k.k thou ewY;ksa dk vk/kkj cuus yxrs gSa rFkk blds foijhr
}kjk gh 'kks/kkFkhZ] vKkr rF;ksa rd igqp ¡ ldrk gSA tks bfrgkldkj oLrqfu"B n`f"Vdks.k] izfof/k ls Hkh bfrgkl fy[ks tkus yxs FksA
'kks/k ds fo"k; ij igys 'kks/k dk;Z dj pqds gksrs gSa] muls vr% ,sls o.kZu] bfrgkl dh Js.kh esa ugha vkus pkfg,] D;ksafd
'kks/k dk;Z ds nkSjku lEidZ LFkkfir djus dh vko';drk Hkh bfrgkl esa lR;kUos"k.k gksuk pkfg,] lR;&fod`fr ughaA
'kks/kkFkhZ dks eglwl gksrh gSA Þ'kks/kkFkhZ dks lkfgR; ds iqu%fujh{k.k fu"d"kZ %
ds nkSjku izys[kksa dh lkexzh ls dke dh ckr rqjUr Nk¡V ysuh izkd`frd fu;e lkoZdkfyd o loZns'kh; gksrs gSa ( vr%
pkfg, rFkk izkIr rF;ksa dh O;k[;k Hkh vko';drk vuqlkj mUgsa ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa ij ykxw djuk vuqfpr gksxkA lekt
'kks/kkFkhZ dks cuk ysuk pkfg,AÞ¼7½ bfrgkl ds 'kks/kkFkhZ dks vius fo'ks"k ls lEc) euq"; ij tfVy vkSj O;kid ifjfLFkfrtU;
fo"k; ds Kku ds vfrfjDr u`r`Ro&foKku] vFkZ'kkL=] Hkwxksy] izHkko iM+rs jgrs gSaA vkxs pydj os gh ,sfrgkfld dkyksa esa
n'kZu] euksfoKku] lekt foKku] fofo/k Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; dk euq"; ds fopkjksa rFkk vkpj.kksa ds <ax dh vfHkO;fDr dk
bfrgkl vkfn dk Kku lEikfnr djuk gksxk] D;ksasfd bfrgkl fu/kkZj.k djrs gSaA teZu nk'kZfud gsxsy us Hkh yxHkx ,sls gh
jktkvksa ds dk;Zdykiksa dk o.kZu u gksdj jk"Vª vkSj tkfr dk fopkj O;Dr fd, gSA bfrgkl dks D;k gksuk pkfg,] bl
lEiw.kZ fp= gksrk gSA lEcU/k esa Hkh fpUrdksa dk erHksn lekIr ugha gqvk gS vkSj u gha
bfrgkl dh lkexzh dks Hkh 'kks/kkFkhZ dks /;ku ls ,df=r gksxkA la{ksi esa ge ;gh dg ldrs gSa fd bfrgkl dks ns'k dky
djuk pkfg,A bfrgkl lkexzh ds eq[; L=ksr nks gksrs gS ( dh lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd vkfn izo`fŸk;ksa dk
fyf[kr o ijEijkA fyf[kr L=ksr dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k niZ.k gksuk pkfg,A
tk ldrk gS ( lkfgR; ¼vkUrfjd½ 'kkldh; ¼czká½A lkfgfR;d lanHkZ %
L=ksr ls ge mu ?kVukvksa dk p;u dj ldrs gSa] tks lkfgR;dkj ¼1½ 'kekZ] ljuke flag % 'kks/k izfØ;k ,oa foojf.kdk] i`0 27-
}kjk ns[kh&lquh xbZ gS vkSj ftls mlus viuh d`fr;ksa ;k 'kks/kksa ¼2½ HkV~Vkpk;Z] ,- % ,Á©fpt V fgLVªh] i`0 87- ¼3½ jkor] gfjd`".k %
esa vafdr fd;k gSA nwljs Hkkx esa os izi=% vkrs gSa] ftlesa O;fDr] lkeftd 'kks/k dh izfof/k;k¡] i`0 98- ¼4½ feJk] vej % ns'k esa bfrgkl
lekt vkSj jk"Vª ls ysdj vUrjkZ"Vªh; ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu vkrk ys[ku] i`0 108- ¼5½ vkgwtk] jke % Lkkekftd vuqla/kku] i`0 204-
gSA ;fn 'kks/kkFkhZ dks bl ckr dh tkudkjh djuh gS fd vaxzstksa ¼6½ 'kekZ] rstjke % fjlpZ esFkksM+ksykWth bu fgLVªh] i`0 33- ¼7½ dksBkjh]
us Hkkjrh;ksa dks 'kklu fdl izdkj lkSaik rks bldk o.kZu lh-vkj % fjlpZ esFkM ,.M VsfDuDl] i`0 155-
^^bf.M;k gkml] yUnu* ds fjdkMZ ls izkIr gks ldrk gSA 
An International,
March 2002
R esearch Paper
Since
Monthly Journal :
‘ce=ÛÚkeâefškeâced’ veeškeâ kesâ heefjØes#Ùe ceW meeceeefpekeâ ueeskeâeÛeej keâe DeOÙeÙeve

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW ‘ce=ÛÚkeâefškeâced’ veeškeâ kesâ heefjØes#Ùe ceW meeceeefpekeâ ueeskeâeÛeejeW keâe DeOÙeÙeve
efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ meeceeefpekeâ ueeskeâeÛeej mebyebOeer Yeer yengle meer Je=efòeÙeeB Deepe kesâ ueeskeâ-JÙeJenej ceW Âef°ieesÛej
nesleer nQ~ Deepe kesâ ueeskeâ ceW peeefle ØeLee nj #es$e ceW Ûejce hej nw~ keâneR-keâneR efJeJeen Deeefo kesâ mebyebOe ceW FmeceW
mKeueve efoKeeF& oslee nw~ peeefle DeefYeceeve Deewj mebIe<e& kesâ keâF& og<heefjCeece meeceves Dee jns nQ~ ‘ce=ÛÚkeâefškeâced’
keâer Yeebefle ner ceeveJeerÙe iegCeeW keâes Yeer kegâÚ meercee lekeâ cenlJe efoÙee peelee nw~ Deye Yeer kegâÚ Jeie& kesâJeue hetpee
kesâ efueS efveOee&efjle nQ, peyeefkeâ Gmeer Jeie& kesâ ueesie DevÙe JÙeJemeeÙe Yeer keâjles nQ~ ‘ce=ÛÚkeâefškeâced’ keâer lejn
Deepe Yeer Oece& Deewj peeefleÙeeW keâer he=Lekeâ yeefmleÙeeB yeveer ngF& nQ~ efJeJeen kesâ mebyebOe ceW Deye yengle meercee lekeâ
mJeleb$elee Deewj mJesÛÚeÛeeefjlee ØeÙeesie keâer peeves ueieer nw~
[e@.keâceuesMe mevOet
Hkwfedk % /keZ] tks f'kYi vkSj tks fØ;k,¡ yksd/keZ izor gSa] os gh ukV~;
vkfndky ls gh euq"; yksdj×tu gsrq vusd [ksy dgh tkrh gSa %
[ksyrk vk;k gSA dky izokg esa mlds :i ifjofrZr gksrs jgs gSaA ;kfu 'kkL=kf.k ;s /kekZ ;kfu f'kYikuh ;k% fØ;k%
ukVd Hkh ,slk gh ^ØhM+uh;d* gS] tks n`'; Hkh gS vkSj JO; HkhA Yksd/keZizorkfu rkfu ukV~;a izdhfrZre~AA ¼2½
;g /keZ] vFkZ] ;'k dk lk/ku] mins'k;qDr] 'kkL=&Kku lefUor] ukV~;'kkL= esa nks ukV~; :f<+;ksa dh ppkZ gS] ,d ukV~;
turk dks leLr deks± dk vuqn'kZu djkus okyk] lc f'kYiksa dk /kehZ rFkk nwljh yksd /kehZ ;k ykSfddh¼3½ yksd /kehZ yksd dk
izn'kZd] bfrgkl;qDr ukV~; uked iape osn dgk x;k gSA 'kq) vkSj LokHkkfod vuqdj.k gSA ^yksd esa tks ykSfdd vuqHkwfr
ukV;osn ds eq[; va'k pkjksa osnksa ds fy, x, gSaA _Xosn ls gS] mlls fHkUu dksfV dh ;g vuqHkwfr gS*¼4½ bl izdkj ukVd
ikB~; va'k] lkeosn ls xs; va'k ;tqosZn ls vfHku; vkSj vFkoZosn ekuo ds lEiw.kZ thou ls] yksd ls fdlh u fdlh :i esa
ls jlksa dks fy;k x;k gSA iBu] xk;u] vfHku; vkSj buls lEi`Dr jgrk gSA vr% blds 'kkL=h; foospu ds vfrfjDr
vuqHkwr jl vukfn dky ls v|i;ZUr yksdjatu ds lk/ku jgs mldh yksd O;ogkj ls tqM+h izo`fr;ksa dks le>uk vko';d gSA
gSaA fu%l`r gqbZ] ijUrq xs; vkfn pkjksa rÙoksa dk lekos'k buesa ukV~; dh vk/kqfud fo/kkvksa esa fur u, iz;ksx gksus ds
lnSo ik;k x;kA iz'u fopkj.kh; gS fd ukV~; vkSj ukV~;'kkL= mijkUr Hkh laLd`r ukVd viuk izHkko j[krs gSaA mi;qZDr
dks fdlds fy, jpk x;k\ izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa ukV~;'kkL= foospu dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, i= izLrqrd=hZ laLd`r ukVd esa
vfHkusrk ds fy, vf/kd jgk] ukVddkjksa vkSj ukVd ns[kus] yksdkpkj dh izo`fÙk;ksa dks cks/k esa ykuk vko';d ekurh gSA
le>us okys lân;ksa ds fy, de jgkA bls jaxeap dfeZ;ksa dks ê`PNefVde~^ esa of.kZr yksdkpkj %
n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, jpk x;kA ijUrq 'kuS%'kuS% ukV~; vke yksd yksdkpkj dk vFkZ gS dky fo'ks"k esa d`fr ds ik=ksa }kjk d`r
thou ls vf/kd lEc) gksrk x;kA ukVd dh okLrfod izjs .kkHkwfe yksd O;ogkjA ê`PNdfVde~^ ukVd dk dFkka'k ykSfdd gS] tks
vkSj dlkSVh Hkh yksdfpr gSA Hkjreqfu us ukV~;&'kkL= ds ;FkkFkZ thou ds /kjkry ij mdsjk x;k gSA blds dFkk lw= eq[;r%
NCchlosa v/;k; esa vfHku; fof/k;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk LFkkoj taxe e/;e oxhZ; feyrs gSAa ukVd esa tgk¡ lqlLa d`r czkã.k pk#nr]
pjkpj l`f"V dh vUrghu izo`fr;ksa dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gSA jktk ikyd vkSj U;k;fiz; U;k;/kh'k tSls lH; vkSj 'kkyhu ik= g®]
muds vuqlkj ukVd pkgs osn ;k v/;kRe esa mRiUu gks] og rks nwljh vksj Bx] tqvkjh] foV] psV vkSj pk.Mky Hkh gSAa /kwrk tSlh
rHkh fl) gksrk gS tc og yksdfl) gksA ifo= x`gLFku vkSjr dks tgk¡ LFkku feyk gS] og xf.kdkvksa dks Hkh
osnk/;kyksRiUua rq 'kCnPNUN% lefUore~ A LFkku feyk gSA ;gk¡ ds ik= O;fDrxr ykSfdd fo'ks"krkvksa dks fy,
yksd fl)a Hkosr~ fl)a ukV;a yksdLoHkkotUe~A lkekftd] jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd] lkaLd`frd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj
rRekr ukV~;iz;ksxs rq izek.ka yksd b";rsA ¼1½ O;ogkj rFkk dk;Z djus okys gSAa buds }kjk d`r yksdkpkj dks
rnUrj mUgksaus ;g Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gS fd tks 'kkL=] tks 'kks/k i= ds vfxze va'kksa esa Li"V fd;k x;k gSA
ØeeÛeeÙe&, Deej.kesâ.Sme.[er.keâe@uespe Dee@heâ SpÙegkesâMeve, kewâLeue (nefjÙeeCee)
ê`PNdfVde~^ ukVd esa of.kZr&lkekftd yksd kpkj % ôs'kks Hk`fr% lks·L;k thoufefr os';kA
izLrqr ukVd ds fooj.k ds vuqlkj tkfr dBksjrk dk rn~fo'ks"kksa xf.kdk* ¼9½
:i /kkj.k dj pqdh FkhA tkfr;k¡ deZ vk/kkfjr u jgdj tUe ijUrq izLrqr ukVd esa bu nksuksa vFkkZr~ xf.kdk vkSj os';k
vk/kkfjr gks pyh FkhA yksxksa ds O;ogkj esa tkfr vfHkeku esa dksbZ Hksn n`f"Vxkspj ugha gksrkA olUrlsuk ds fufeÙk nksuksa gh
>ydus yxk FkkA 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ;gk¡ fd;k x;k gSA bl dky[k.M esa lekt ds
czkã.k ml dky esa Js"B ,oa lEekfur le>s tkrs FksA izfl) ,oa lEekfur O;fDr Hkh os';kvksa ls lEcU/k j[krs FksA gk¡
mPp pfj= ,oa Kku lkS"Bo ds dkj.k iwtk ds fy, tkuk vkSj ukVd ds uoe~ vad esa tc pk#nÙk dks lEHkzkUr U;k;k/kh'k
nf{k.kk ysuk budk eq[; dk;Z FkkA iwtuh;ksa esa czkã.ktu%¼5½ pfdr gksdj iwNrs gSa ^vk;Z * xf.kdk ro fe=e~ \ ¼10½ A
fdUrq mlh yksd esa 'kfoZyd tSls czkã.k Hkh Fks] tks pksjh vkfn pk#nÙk dks Hkh viuh ml fLFkfr ij yTtk dh vuqHkwfr gksrh
esa fyIr fn[kk, x, gSaA dqN czkã.k O;kikjh Hkh FksA pk#nr ds gSA Li"V gS fd bl O;olk; vkSj bldh d=h dks ?k`f.kr n`f"V
firk foÙk lkFkZokg FksA czkã.k ls fuEudksfV ds dk;ks± dh vis{kk ls ns[kk tkrk gSA blesa fyIr xf.kdk,¡ bl yTtktud fLFkfr
ugha dh tkrh FkhA dFku n`"VO; gS& v;a fg ikrdh foizks u ls ckgj vkuk pkgrh FkhA clUrlsuk vkSj enfudk ds ,sls
c/;ks euqjczhor* ¼6½ dk;LFkksa dks lekt esa vPNh fuxkg ls iz;kl lQy Hkh gq,A rRdkyhu lekt esa ekuoh; ,oa mnkj
ugha ns[kk tkrk FkkA vijkf/k;ksa dks e`R;qn.M ds ifj.kkeLo:i n`f"Vdks.k j[kus okys uo;qod lkekftd ekU;rkvksa ds fo:)
nh tkus okyh 'kwy p<+kus dk dk;Z pk.Mkyksa dks djuk gksrk FkkA tkdj Hkh buls fookg djus dks rS;kj gq,A ukVd ds uk;d
bUgsa lekt esa fuEudksfV dk ekuk tkrk FkkA ml le; i`Fkd&i`Fkd pk#nÙk vkSj ,d vU; ik= 'kfoZyd ,sls gh lkglh O;fDr FksA
tkfr;k¡ viuh cfLr;k¡ vyx cukus yxh FkhA ,sls esa vkoklh; ê`PNdfVde~^ ds foospu ls izrhr gksrk gS fd dbZ v/ke~
LFkkuksa vkSj eksgYyksa ds uke tkfr;ksa ds Åij vk/kkfjr gksus yxs o`fÙk;k¡ Hkh ml yksd esa izpfyr FkhA tq, vkSj efnjkiku dh o`fr
FksA ^l [kyq Jsf"BpRojs olfr* ¼7½ Hkh n`"V gqbZ gSA LFkku&LFkku ij tqvk ?kj vkSj efnjky; [kqys
lekt eas fookg izFkk iw.kZr% ekU;rk izkIr dj pqdh FkhA gq, FksA ê`PNdfVde~* ds foospu ls Li"V gqvk gS fd lekt esa
iq#"kksa ds fy, cgqfookg ;gk¡ rd fd lo.kZ&vo.kZ ds fopkj ds nkl&izFkk Hkh izpfyr FkhA mUgsa /ku ls Ø;&foØ; fd;k tkrk
fcuk Hkh fookg izpyu esa FkkA pk#nÙk vkSj 'kfoZyd tSls czkã.k FkkA 'kfoZyd us /ku nsdj ,d nklh dks eqDr djk;k FkkA
ik=ksa us os';kvksa ls fookg fd, FksA fL=;ksa dh n'kk cgqr vPNh lkekftd yksdkpkj lEcU/kh Hkh cgqr lh o`fÙk;k¡ vkt ds
ugha FkhA j[kSy j[kus dh vkSj lrh gksus dh izFkk bldk izek.k yksd O;ogkj esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSaA vkt ds yksd esa tkfr izFkk
gSA fofnr gksrk gS fd ukVd esa insZ dk o.kZu izkIr ugha gksrkA gj {ks= esa pje ij gSA dgha&dgha fookgkfn ds lEcU/k esa blesa
oju~ /kwrk fcuk insZ ds gh lcds lEeq[k mifLFkr gksrh gSA L[kyu fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA tkfr vfHkeku vkSj la?k"kZ ds dbZ
izLrqr ukVd esa of.kZr yksx vkfFkZd :i ls vR;Ur le`) nq"ifj.kke lkeus vk jgs gSaA ê`PNdfVde~^ dh Hkk¡fr gh ekuoh;
FksA O;kikj lEiUurk iks"kd FkkA ty;kuksa dh lgk;rk ls lqnwj xq.kksa dks Hkh dqN lhek rd egRo fn;k tkrk gSA vc Hkh dqN
jk"Vªksa rd Hkh O;kikj gksrk FkkA le`) O;kikfj;ksa vkSj vkfHktkR; oxZ dsoy iwtk ds fy, fu/kkZfjr gS] tcfd mlh oxZ ds yksx
oxZ dh efgykvksa ds ?kjksa esa Lo.kZ vkHkw"k.kksa ,oa Lo.kZ ØhM+dksa dk vU; O;olk; Hkh djrs gSaA ê`PNdfVde~^ dh rjg vkt Hkh
fo'ks"k laxzg FkkA pk#nÙk dh /keZiRuh /kwrk dh prq%leqnzlkjHkwrk /keZ vkSj tkfr;ksa dh i`Fkd cfLr;k¡ cuh gqbZ gSaA fookg ds
jRuekyk vkSj olUrlsuk ds vkHkw"k.kksa dk mYys[k djuk ;gk¡ lEcU/k esa vc cgqr lhek rd LorU=rk vkSj LosPNkpkfjrk
i;kZIr gSA yf{kr ukVd ds izFke v/;k; dk ukedj.k Hkh iz;ksx dh tkus yxh gSA lEiUu oxZ izLrqr ukVd esa Hkh dyk]
^vy-kj&U;kl gSA yksd midkj ds fy, /kuh O;kikjh ân; ls vkHkw"k.k] izog.k izseh rFkk mudk iz;ksxdrkZ Fkk] vkt Hkh fLFkfr
/ku nku djrs FksA pk#nr us dbZ fogkj] ljk;] nsoky;] rMkx] ;Fkkor gSA ml dky dh os';k vkSj xf.kdkvksa dks vR;Ur
dwiksa ;gk¡ rd fd miuxjksa dk Hkh fuekZ.k djk;k FkkA O;kikfj;ksa le`) n'kkZ;k x;k gS] vk/kqfud yksd esa Hkh blh ;k blls feyrs
ds lkFk&lkFk ,d vU; oxZ Hkh vfr lEiUu Fkk] og Fkk os';kvksa tqyrs O;olk; ls lEc) fL=;ksa dh vkfFkZd lEiUurk dk
dk lewgA vusd /kfudksa dk cgqr lk /ku os';kvksa vkSj xf.kdkvksa ikjkokj ugha gSA ml dky esa Hkh vkSj vkt Hkh bl deZ dks gs;
ij O;; gksrk FkkA os lk{kkr /kuh'k dqcsj ds rqY; FkhA os gkFkh] n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk gSA /kuk<;ksa esa tq,] efnjky; xeu] nkl
xkM+h rFkk vU; izog.k Hkh j[krh FkhA Hknz] tkuh"ks dL; j[kus dh izFkk rc Hkh Fkh] vkt Hkh yf{kr dh tk ldrh gSA
rr~ i z o g.kZ e fr vL;f; pk#nÙkL;A olUrls u k#<k lUnHkZ %
iq.;dj.Md ØhfMrqa uh;r bfr izog.kokgdsu dfFkre~A¼8½ ¼1½ ukV~;'kkL=] 26@113- ¼2½ oghA ¼3½ lkfgR; niZ.k] 6@4-
'kklu ds }kjk yksxksa dh lqfo/kk gsrq jktekxZ cuk, x, Fks] ¼4½ ukŒ 'kkŒ dh Hkkjrh; ijEijk vkSj nŒ:Œ] i`- 48- ¼5½ e`Œ dŒ] vad
fdUrq dfri; yksxksa ds fud`"V yksdkpkj ds dkj.k turk bu 9- ¼6½ e`Œ dŒ] vad 10- ¼7½ e`Œ dŒ] vad 10- ¼8½ e`Œ dŒ] 9-39-
ekxks± ij fuHkZ;rk ls xeu ugha dj ldrh FkhA jktekxks± ij ¼9½ e`Œ dŒ] i`- 129- ¼10½ e`Œ dŒ] i`Œ 364-
pksj] Bx] Mkdqvksa] os';kvksa dk vkpj.k ukVd esa n`f"Vxkspj gqvk

gSA n'k:id dh voyksd Vhdk ds vuqlkj os';k vkSj xf.kdk
esa Hksn n'kkZ;k x;k gS %
An International,
March 2002
R esearch Paper
Since
Monthly Journal :
ceOÙeceJeieeaÙe heefjJeejeW ceW KeeodÙe meece«eer kesâ GheYeesie ØeJe=efòe keâe

efJeMues<eCeelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve
Øemlegle MeesOehe$e, ceOÙeceJeieeaÙe heefjJeejeW ceW KeeodÙe meece«eer kesâ GheYeesie ØeJe=efòe keâs efJeMues<eCeelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve mes
mecyebefOele nw~ DeOÙeÙeve ogie& veiej kesâ meboYe& ceW efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ DeOÙeÙeve nsleg ØeMveeJeueer keâe GheÙeesie efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~
Fme DeOÙeÙeve ceW Ùen %eele efkeâÙee ieÙee nw efkeâ KeeodÙe meece«eer kesâ GheYeesie ØeJe=efòe kesâ Øeefle ueesieeW keâe Âef°keâesCe efkeâme
Øekeâej mes nw~ KeeodÙe meece«eer cetue DeeJeMÙekeâleeDeeW ceW Meeefceue nesleer nw~ ØelÙeskeâ heefjJeej keâe cegefKeÙee Deheveer DeeÙe keâe
efpelevee efnmmee KeeodÙe meece«eer hej JÙeÙe keâjlee nw, Gleveer ner cee$ee ceW meblegef° Yeer Øeehle keâjvee Ûeenlee nw~ keâeÙe& kesâ
DeeOeej hej Yeer GheYeesie ØeJe=efòe efveYe&j keâjleer nw~ Ùeefo keâeÙe& DeefOekeâ heefjßece Jeeuee nes, lees JÙeefòeâ keâer Yeespeve «enCe
keâjves keâer #ecelee yeÌ{ peeleer nw~ DeeÙeg kesâ Devegmeej Yeer KeeodÙe meece«eer kesâ GheYeesie ceW heefjJele&ve Dee peelee nw~
[e@.Deevebo kegâceej efJeÕekeâcee&* SJeb ßeerceleer veerlee efceßee**
izLrkouk % izR;sd O;fDr ,d foosd'khy izk.kh gksrk gSA og viuh

O;fDr dh ewy vko';drkvksa esa ls ,d gS&HkkstuA izR;sd vk; dks O;; djus ls iwoZ bl ckr ds fy, vklo'r gksuk
O;fDr mPp Lrj dk ,oa vf/kd xq.koRrk ;qDr [kkn~; lkexzh pkgrk gS fd mls larqf"V ,oa ykHk dh izkfIRk gks jgh gS ;k ughaA
xzg.k djuk pkgrk gS] fdUrq O;fDr viuh vk; dks /;ku es nqxZ uxj ds e/;eoxhZ; ifjokjksa ds laca/k esa fy, x,
aj[krs gq, O;; djrk gSA rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u fuEu fcanqvksa ds
[kkn~; lkexzh ij O;; ifjokj ds miHkksx izo`fÙk ij fuHkZj varxZr fd;k x;k gS %
djrk gSA miHkksx izo`fÙk mPp Lrj dh gS] rks [kkn~; lkexzh ij ¼1½ D;k vki vf/kd olk ;qDr Hkkstu xzg.k djrs gSaA
vR;f/kd O;; gksxk] ogha ;fn [kkn~; lkexzh e/;e rFkk fuEu ¼2½ ifjokj esa cqtqxksZa ds izfr [kkn~; lkexzh ds mi;ksx dk
Lrj dh gS] rks O;; Hkh e/;e rFk fuEu Lrj dk gksxkA Lrj lgh gS ;k ughaA
[kkn~; lkexzh ij O;; ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds Åij Hkh ¼3½ Hkkstu fuekZ.k ds fy, fdl bZa/ku dk lgkjk fy;k
fuHkZj djrk gSA ifjokj NksVk gS] rks [kpZ Hkh de gksrk gS] ogha tkrk gSA
ifjokj dh la[;k vf/kd gksus ij [kpZ dh vf/kdrk gks tkrh gSA ¼4½ [kkn~; lkexzh esa fdl oLrq dk mi;ksx vf/kd fd;k
O;fDr dh vk; c<+us ij mlds miHkksx izo`fÙk esa o`f) gksus tkrk gSA
yxrk gSA O;fDr Lo;a rFkk ifjokj ds fy, vf/kd ikSf"Bdrk ¼5½ Hkkstu] 'kkdkgkjh vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ;k
;qDr ,oa vf/kd dher dh [kkn~; lkexzh [kjhnus yxrk gSA ekalkgkjhA
vf/kd dher okyh pht tSls nw/k] esok] ?kh ;g lHkh oLrq,¡ tks ¼6½ D;k vkidh [kkn~; lkexzh xq.koÙkk ;qDr gSA
[kkn~; lkexzh esa 'kkfey gks tkrh gSaA v/;;u {ks= % izLrqr 'kks/ki= esa v/;;u {ks= nqxZ uxj
ewyHkwr Hkkstu esa pkoy] nky] xsgw¡] rsy] elkys vkfn dks fy;k x;k gSA nqxZ uxj ds 80 ifjokjksa ds ek/;e ls bl
oLrqvksa dh vusd oSjkfV;ka ns[kus dks fey tkrh gSaA vkt ds fo"k; ij tkudkjh izkIr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
le; esa iwoZ dh rqyuk esa ckgj Hkkstu xzg.k djus dk pyu v/;;u i)fr % izLrqr v/;;u esa fydVZ fof/k dh
dkQh c<+ x;k gSA ckgj ds Hkkstu esa vf/kd rsy&elkys gksrs lgk;rk ls tkudkjh izkIr dh xbZ gSA iz'uksa dk mÙkj ifjokj ds
gSa] tks LokLF; dks gkfu igq¡pkrs gSaA ckgj Hkkstu xzg.k djus ls eqf[k;k }kjk izkIRk fd;k x;k gS] pwafd ifjokj ds laogudrkZ
iwoZ dqN ckrksa dk ?;ku j[kuk vko';d gks tkrk gS] tSls& }kjk laiw.kZ ifjokj dk ikyu iks"k.k fd;k tkrk gS] vr% buds
[kkuk rktk gks] mÙke xq.koÙkk ;qDr inkFkksZ ls cuk gks foØsrk }kjk iznku fd;k x;k fu.kZ; vf/kd fo'olfu; gksrk gSA
Lo;a LoPN vkSj LoLFk gks bu phtksa dk /;ku j[kdj ge vius mn~ns'; %
LokLF; dks fcxM+us ls cpk ldrs gSaA vkt ds ;qx esa iSfdax ¼1½ miHkksx ds izfr tkudkjh izkIr djukA
okyh [kk| lkexzh] [kqyh dh vis{kk vf/kd mi;ksx dh tkrh gSA ¼2½ cqtqxksZa ds izfr [kkn~; lkexzh ds Lrj dh tkudkjh
*ØeeÛeeÙe&, MeemekeâerÙe keâuee SJeb JeeefCepÙe ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, yesjer, efpeuee-ogie& (ÚòeermeieÌ{) **MeesOeeLeea
izkIr djukA [kkn~; lkexzh ds vf/kd mi;ksx ds laca/k esa v/;;u
¼3½ [kkn~; lkexzh esa feykoV dh tkudkjh izkIr djukA fd;k tk,] rks Li"V gksrk gS fd 82-5 izfr'kr ifjokjksa esa xsgw¡ dk
¼4½ le; ds vuqlkj miHkksx izo`fÙk esa o`f) gksrh gSA mi;ksx vf/kd gksrk gSA pkoy mi;ksx djus okyksa dk izfr'kr
¼5½ Hkkstu vk;q ,oa LokLF; ds vuq:i gksuh pkfg,A dsoy 17-5 gSA
ifjdYiuk % rkfydk 5 % 'kkdkgkjh Hkkstu mi;ksx gksrk gS ;k ekalkgkjh
¼1½ orZeku esa yksx mi;ksx izo`fÙk ds izfr tkx:d gks jgs Ø- Hkkstu vko`fÙk izf r'kr
gSAa
1 'kkdkgkjh 66 82-50
¼2½ cqtqxksZa ds [kkn~; lkexzh dk lgh Lrj gksukA
¼3½ [kkn~; lkexzh esa feykoV ds izfr yksx tx:d gks 2 ekalkgkjh 14 17-50
jgs gSaA ;ksx 80 100
¼4½ vk; esa o`f) ds mijkar gh O;; esa o`f) mi;qDr gSA rkfydk 5 ls Li"V gksrk gS fd 82-5 izfr'kr ifjokjksa esa
¼5½ Hkkstu ds }kjk gh O;fDr dk LokLFk fufeZr gksrk gSA 'kkdkgkjh Hkkstu mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ogha 17-5 izfr'kr yksx
rkfydk 1 % olk ;qDr Hkkstu xzg.k fd;k tkuk ekalkgkjh Hkkstu dk mi;ksx djrs gSA
Ø- olk ;qDr Hkkst u vko`fÙk izf r'kr rkfydk 6 % [kkn~; lkexzh esa xq.koÙkk ikbZ tkrh gS
1 gk¡ 11 13-75 Ø- xq.koRrk vko`fÙk izf r'kr
2 ugha 69 86-23 1 gk¡ 61 76-25
;ksx 80 100 2 Ukgha 19 23-75
rkfydk 1 ds fo'ys"k.k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd olk ;qDr ;ksx 80 100
Hkkstu djus okyksa dk izfr'kr 13-75 gS] ogha olk ;qDr Hkkstu rkfydk 6 ds fo'ys"k.k ls ;g Li"V gS fd ifjokjksa esa
ugha djus okyksa dk izfr'kr 86-23 gSA xq.koÙkk ;qDr Hkkstu vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ftldk
rkfydk 2 % cqtqxksZa ds [kkn~; lkexzh lacaf/kr n'kk izfr'kr 76-25 gS] ogha de xq.koÙkk ;qDr Hkkstu xzg.k djus
[kkn~; lkexzh dk okyksa dh la[;k 23-25 gSA
Ø- vko`fÙk izf r'kr lq>ko %
Lrj
1 gk¡ 72 90 ¼1½ Hkkstu esa olk dh vf/kd ek=k ugha gksuh pkfg,A
¼2½ Hkkstu fu;fer le; ij fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
2 ugha 8 10
¼3½ vk; dks ,d ctV cukdj O;; fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
;ksx 80 100 ¼4½ ckgj dh rqyuk esa ?kj ij Hkkstu djuk T;knk mfpr gSA
rkfydk 2 ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ifjokj esa cqtqxksZ ds [kkn~; fu"d"kZ %
lkexzh ij vf/kd /;ku fn;k tkrk gS] ftldk izfr'kr 90 gS] lkj :i esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd iz'ukoyh }kjk tks
ogha de /;ku nsus okyksa dk izfr'kr 10 gSA tkudkjh izkIr dh xbZ gS] mlesa [kkn~; lkexzh ds miHkksx ls
rkfydk 3 % Hkkstu fuekZ.k gsrq bZa/ku dk mi;ksx lacaf/kr rF;ksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA ftlds vk/kkj ij
Ø- bZa/ku vko`fÙk izf r'kr iwNs x, iz'uksa ls ladfyr vkadM+ksa ij rkfydk dk fuekZ.k fd;k
x;k gSA
1 ?kjsyw xSl 74 92-5
nqxZ uxj ds lanHkZ esa miHkksx izo`fÙk dk tks v/;;u fd;k
2 pwYgk 6 7-5 x;k gS] mlls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd izR;sd ifjokjksa esa viuh
3 Lksy j dqdj 0 0 lhfer vk; ls vf/kd xq.koÙkk ;qDr [kkn~; lkexzh izkIr djus
;ksx 80 100 dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
rkfydk 3 ds v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ?kjsyw xSl dk lanHkZ %
mi;ksx djus okyksa dk izfr'kr 92-5 gS] tks lokZf/kd gSA ogha ¼1½ 'kekZ] ds-ds- % dq:{ks=] fnlEcj 2013 esa izdkf'kr vkys[kA
pwYgs dk mi;ksx 7-5 izfr'kr yksx djrs gSa rFkk lksyj dqdj (2) www.merahihd.blog.com
dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA ¼3½ cSaxyksj ;wfuoflZVh ds ,xzhdYpj lkbal }kjk cSaxyksj ij
rkfydk 4 % [kkn~; esa vf/kd mi;ksx fd, x, v/;;u ds vuqlkjA
¼4½ ubZnqfu;k] lsgr] 24 tqykbZ 2015 ds vad lsA
Ø- mi;ksx vko`fÙk izf r'kr
(5) https.11www.noh.gov>publication
1 xsg w¡ 66 82-50 (6) www.hihdkrishibhoomi.in/new sihdctail
2 Pkoya 14 17-50 ¼7½ feJ ,oa iqjh ¼2012½ % Hkkjrh; vFkZ'kkL=] fgeky;k ifCyf'kax
;ksx 80 100 gkmlA

An International,
March 2002
R esearch Paper
Since
Monthly Journal :
hesÙepeue keâer Megælee SJeb mJeemLÙe

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e hesÙepeue keâer Megælee SJeb mJeemLÙe mes mecyebefOele nw~ Yeejle keâer efmLeefle osKeW lees
Ùeneb nj meeue otef<ele heeveer mes Deewmeleve 3 keâjesÌ[ 77 ueeKe JÙeefòeâ peuepeefvele yeerceeefjÙeeW DeLee&led keâe@ueje,
heesefueÙees, hesefÛeMe, šeÙeheâeF[ SJeb nshesšeFefšme mes ØeYeeefJele nesles nQ Deewj keâjerye 15 ueeKe yeÛÛeeW keâer
Dekesâues [eÙeefjÙee kesâ keâejCe ce=lÙeg nes peeleer nw~ Fmekesâ Deefleefjòeâ heeveer ceW efceues heäueesjeF[ SJeb Deemexefvekeâ
Deeefo mes nesves Jeeueer yeerceeefjÙeeb pewmes keâer heäuÙetjesefmeme mes 6 keâjesÌ[ 60 ueeKe, keQâmej mes 1 keâjesÌ[ leLee yeÌ[er
mebKÙee ceW ueesie lJeÛee mebyebOeer jesieeW mes ØeefleJe<e& ØeYeeefJele nesles nQ~ Yeejle peue keâer iegCeJeòee kesâ ceeceues ceW
122 osMeeW ceW mes 120 JeW mLeeve hej Deelee nw~ hesÙepeue GheueyOe keâjeves keâer oMee ceW peue mebmeeOeve
ceb$eeueÙe, Menjer efJekeâeme SJeb iejeryeer GheMeceve ceb$eeueÙe, mJeemLÙe SJeb heefjJeej keâuÙeeCe ceb$eeueÙe, kesâvõerÙe
Øeot<eCe efveÙeb$eCe yees[&, veiej efvekeâeÙe SJeb je°êrÙe leLee Debleje&°êrÙe efJekeâeme mebmLeeSB efJeefYeVe YetefcekeâeSB
efveYeeleer nQ~ Fmekesâ yeeo Yeer ueesieeW keâes Megæ SJeb ceevekeâÙegòeâ heeveer GheueyOe keâjevee yengle yeÌ[er Ûegveewleer nw~
[e@.(ßeerceleer) keâ®Cee vescee
is ;ty gh thou dk vk/kkj gSA iznwf"kr ikuh vusd Hkkjr dh 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj] jk"Vªh; LoPNrk
izdkj dh chekfj;ksa dks tUe nsrk gSA chekfj;ksa esa ijks{k :i ls dojst 46-9 izfr'kr gS] tcfd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ;g vkSlr dsoy
chekfj;ksa dk gh gkFk gksrk gSA izfr ?kaVs 1000 cPpksa dh e`R;q ek= 30-7 izfr'kr gSA vHkh Hkh ns'k dh 62 djksM+ 20 yk[k dh
vfrlkj ds dkj.k gksrk gSA ;w-,l-vks-ds }kjk gky gh esa izdkf'kr vkcknh ;kuh jk"Vªh; vkSlr 53-1 izfr'kr yksx [kqys esa 'kkSp
fjiksZV ds vuqlkj fo'o ds vYifodflr ns'kksa esa yxHkx 15 djus dks etcwj gSA dsoy xzkeh.k gh ugha] cfYd 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa
djksM+ O;fä;ksa dks LoPN ,oa ihus ;ksX; ty miyC/k ugha gSA Hkh 'kkSpky; dk vkHkko gSA blls Hkh ty iznw"k.k c<+ jgk gSA
bu ns'kksa esa djksM+ks yksxksa dh ekSr nwf"kr ty ls lacaf/kr gkykafd ljdkj dh vksj ls jk"Vªh; LoPNrk vfHk;ku ds rgr
chekfj;ksa ds dkj.k gks tkrh gSA bl fjiksZV ds vuqlkj fo'o esa bl leL;k ds lek/kku dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA okLro esa
dsoy 75 izfr'kr 'kCnksa vkSj 40 Qhlnh xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa gh LoPN ty dk 'kq) gksuk blfy, Hkh t:jh gS fd D;ksafd blds
is;ty miyC/k gSA vr% ljdkj dks is;ty dh 'kq}rk ij ek/;e ls gh iwjs 'kjhj esa iks"kd rRo tSls fd foVkfeu] feujy
fo'ks"k /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA vkSj Xywdkst izokfgr gksrs gSA [kkuk [kkus ds ckn mls ipkus dh
'kq) vkSj lkQ ty dk eryc gS fd og ekuo LokLF; fØ;k esa ikuh dh vg~e Hkwfedk gksrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;fn
ds fy, gkfudkjd v'kfq);ksa vkSj jksx iSnk djus okys thok.kqvksa 'kjhj dks LoPN ty u feys] rks tks dqN Hkh [kk;k ;k fi;k gS]
ls eqä gksuk pkfg,] ojuk ;g gekjs ihus ds dke ugha vk og fujFkZd gh ugha] cfYd tkuysok lkfcr gks ldrk gS] D;ksafd
ldrk gSA ipkus dh fØ;k esa ;fn gekjs 'kjhj esa v'kq) ty ekStwn gS] rks
iz/kkuea=h Jh ujsUnz eksnh us nks vDVwcj] 2014 dks LoPN og vU; [kk;h xbZ lkexzh dks Hkh nwf"kr dj nsrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr
Hkkjr vfHk;ku dh 'kq:vkr djrs gq, is;ty LoPNrk ij fo'ks"k esa is;ty dk 'kq) gksuk csgn t:jh gSA gj O;fDr dks izfrfnu
tksj fn;kA bruk gh ugha ljdkj ufn;ksa] jsyos] LV'kuksa] i;ZVu de ls de 12 fxykl 'kq) is;ty xzg.k djuk pkfg,A T;knk
dsUnzksa vksj vU; lkoZtfud LFkkuksa dh lQkbZ ij Hkh fo'ks"k /;ku ikuh ihus ls Ropk esa Ik;kZIr ueh cuh jgrh gS vkSj mldh ped
ns jgh gSA iz/kkuea=h Jh ujsUnz eksnh us LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku dh cjdjkj jgrh gSA ikuh ihus ls otu Hkh fu;af=r jgrk gSA
'kq:vkr djrs gq, 2019 rd LoPN Hkkjr fufeZr djus dk y{; I;kl cq>kus ds vykok] [kkuk cukus tSls reke dke ikuh fcuk
j[kk gSA ljdkj us ,d ckj fQj ,d lky ds Hkhrj ns'k ds lHkh laHko ughas gSA dbZ ykxksa dh utj esa ikuh dh 'kq)rk t:jh
Ldwyksa esa ckyd&ckfydkvksa ds fy, vyx 'kkSpky; miyC/k ugha gksrh] ysfdu vkidh ;g lksp vki ds fy, vkSj vkids
djkus dk Hkjkslk Hkh fnyk;k gSA bu lHkh iz;klksa ds ihNs flQZ ifjokj ds y, [krjukd lkfcr gks ldrh gSA ugkus ls ysdj
vkSj flQZ ,d gh edln gS fd gj O;fDr dks 'kq) Iks;ty fey ihus ds ikuh rd dh 'kq)rk ek;us j[krh gSA tgka v'kq) ikuh
lds] rkfd mldk LokLF; Bhd jgsA ihus ls vla[; jksxksa dks fuea=.k feyrk gS] ogha v'kq) ikuh ls
meneÙekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (DeLe&MeeŒe efJeYeeie), MeemekeâerÙe ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, yecnveer-yebpej, ceC[uee (ceOÙeØeosMe)

Ropk laca/kh chekfj;ksa dks U;kSrk feyrk gSA vxj vkadM+ksa dh dsoy ;gh ugha gS fd VkW;ysV~l cuk fn;k tk,¡] cfYd blds
ekus rks ihus ds ikuh esa 2]100 fo"kSys rRo ekStwn gksrs gSaA ,sls fy, ikuh vkSj ey&mRltZu dh ,d iz.kkyh fodflr fd,
esa csgrjh blh esa gS fd ikuh dk bLreky djus ls igys bls tkus dh Hkh t:jr gSA buds vHkko esa VkW;ysV Hkh fdlh dke
iwjh rjg ls 'kq) dj fy;k tk,] D;ksafd lqj{kk esa gh lko/kkuh ds ugha jg tkrsA ;kuh 'kkSpky; dk lapkyu vkSj lqfo/kkvksa dk
gSA j[kj[kko Hkh t:jh gSA
,d fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd gj vkB lsds.M esa ,d cPpk ikuh gj lky ne rksM+rs gSa] 1-36 fefy;u cPps %
ls lacaf/kr chekjh ls ej tkrk gSaA gj lky 50 yk[k ls vf/kd Hkkjr esa gj o"kZ 1-39 fefy;u cPpksa dh ekSr gksrh gSA
yksx vlqjf{kr ikus ds ikuh] v'kq) ?kjsyw okrkoj.k vkSj eyew= blesa djhc nks yk[k cPpksa dh e`R;q Mk;fj;k ds dkj.k gksrh gSA
dk vuqfpr <ax ls fuiVku djus ls tqM+h chekfj;ksa ls ej tkrs gkykafd Hkkjr esa f'k'kq e`R;q nj ¼vkbZ,evkj½ vkSj ik¡p o"kZ ls
gSaA ,slh fLFkfr es 'kq) is;ty ladV ,d pqukSrh Hkh gSA bl de vk;q ds f'k'kq dh eqR;q nj esa fujarj deh vk jgh gSA
pqukSrh ls fuiVus ds fy, lHkh dks vius LFkj ij Hkkxhnkjh MCY;w,pvks ds 2012 ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj] izR;sd o"kZ ik¡p o"kZ
fuHkkuh gksxhA lu~ 1992 esa fo'o LokLF; laxBu dh vksj ls ls de vk;q ds f'k'kqvksa dh e`R;q esa 11 izfr'kr e`R;q Mk;fj;k ds
,d n'kd dh fLFkfr is'k dh xbZ fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd o"kZ 1981 dkj.k gksrh gSA ,d vuqeku ds eqrkfcd ;fn LoPN is;ty
&1990 dh vof/k esa ty vkSj LoPNrk ij 133-9 fcfy;u vkSj lQkbZ O;oLFkk eqgS;k djkbZ tk,] rks izR;sd 20 lsd.M esa
vesfjdh MkWyj dk fuos'k fd;k x;k] ftlesa ls 55 izfr'kr ty ,d cPps dh tku cpk;h tk ldrh gSA bu vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kkvksa
ij vkSj 45 izfr'kr LoPNrk ij [kpZ fd;k x;kA esa lq/kkj dj :X.krk vkSj chekfj;ksa dks 80 Qhlnh rd de
tgk¡ rd ikuh dh 'kq)rk dk loky gS] rks izfr O;fä fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkFk gh] rsth ls c<+rh f'k'kq e`R;qnj dks
izfrfnu 20 ls 40 yhVj ikuh ?kj ls mfpr nwjh ij miyC/k ?kVk;k tk ldrk gSA
gksuk vko';d gSA lqjf{kr is;ty vkiwfrZ ds lkFk gh mldk Iks;ty dk ekud % MCY;w,pvks ds eqrkfcr is;ty
j[kj[kko Hkh cgqr ek;us j[krk gSA LoPNrk dk laca/k Luku] ,slk gksuk pkfg,] tks LoPN] 'khry] Lokn;qä rFkk xa/kjfgr gksA
diM+s vkSj jlksbZ ds crZu /kksus dh lqfo/kkvksa ls Hkh gS] ftUgsa ih,p eku 7 ls 8-5 ds e/; gksA
LoPN vkSj leqfpr ukyhnkj gksuk pkfg,A eyew= fuiVku vkSj Tky esa ekStwn gkfudkjd inkFkZ %
o;Ld vkSj cPpksa nksuksa ds ey dk nwj LFkku ij fuiVku fd;k ikjk] rkack] lhlk] dSMfe;e] lsyhfu;e] csfj;e] ukbVªkbM~l]
tkuk pkfg,] ftlls og tylzksrksa] Hkkstu ;k yksxksa ds laidZ esa QyksjkbM~l ,oa lYQkbM~lA
u vk ldsA ew= ls lacaf/kr jksxksa ds lapj.k dh Jà[kyk dks tytfur chekfj;ksa dh jksdFkke ds mik; %
rksM+us ds fy, O;fäxr vkSj ?kjsyw LoPNrk ds vPNs ekudksa dk ikuh thou gSA ,sls esa ikuh ds nwf"kr gksus dk eryc gS]
gksuk vfuok;Z gSA thou dk [krjkA ikuh dh otg ls tku Hkh pyh tkrh gS]
ikuh dh xq.koÙkk esa lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh % tytfur jksx ekuo vFkok i'kq ey vFkok jksxtud cSDVhfj;k
ikuh esa iznw"k.k u gks blds fy, lkeqnkf;d Lrj ij vFkok nwf"kr ikuh dks ihus ds dkj.k gks ldrs gSaA buesa gStk]
mik; djus pkfg,A gS.MiEi ls ty fudkl ds fy, iq[rk Vk;QkbM] vehfc;k vkSj thok.kq ,oa vU; vfrlkjh; jksx
ukfy;k¡ cuk,¡ ,oa mlds ikl xUnxh u gksus nsaA [kqys dq,¡ ds 'kkfey gSA
ikuh dks Cyhfpax ikmMj Mkydj fu;fer :i ls thok.kq jfgr nwf"kr ty ls jksxtud thoksa ls mRiUu jksx %
dj ikuh dks dke esa ysaA izkbosV VSadjksa }kjk forfjr ty esa ¼1½ fo"kk.kq&ihfy;k] iksfy;ks] xSLVªks&baVjkbfVl] tqdke]
forj.k ls vk/kk ?kaVk iwoZ VSadj dh {kerk ds vuqlkj Cyhfpax pspdA
ikmMj dk ?kksy cukdj MkysaA tylaxzg dh Vadh ds vklikl ¼2½ thok.kq&vfrlkj] isfpl] fe;knh cq[kkj] vfrToj]
LoPN okrkoj.k j[ksaA gStk] dqdqj [kkalh] lwtkd] mina'k] tBjka=] 'kksFk] izokfgdk]
cPpksa ds lanHkZ esa LoPNrk dh fLFkfr % {k; jksxA
Hkkjr esa 14 lky dh mez ds cPpksa esa ls 20 Qhlnh ls ¼3½ izksVkstksvk&ik;fj;k] isfpl] fuanzkjksx] eysfj;k]
vf/kd cPps vlqjf{kr ikuh] vi;kZIr lQkbZ ds dkj.k ;k rks vfefc;ksfll] :X.krk] ft;kfMZ;ksfll :X.krkA
chekj jgrs gSa ;k ekSr dk f'kdkj gks tkrs gSaA blh rjg lQkbZ ¼4½ d`fe Qkbysfj;k] gkbMªsfVM flLV jksx rFkk isV esa
ds vHkko ds dkj.k Mk;fj;k ls gksus okyh EkkSrksa esa 90 Qhlnh foHkUu izdkj ds d`fe dk vk tkuk ftldk LokLF; ij cqjk
ikap lky ls de mez ds cPps gksrs gSaA Mkbl fjiksZV 2013&14 izHkko iM+rk gSA
ds vuqlkj] vHkh Hkh ns'k ds djhc 20 izfr'kr izkFkfed Ldwyksa ikuh dks 'kq) djus ds izeq[k mik; %
esa yM+fd;ksa ds fy, vyx ls 'kkSpky; ugha gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ijaijkxr rduhd ls 'kq) ikuh %
ljdkj us LoPNrk vfHk;ku ds rgr LFkkuh; Lrj ij iapk;rksa ihus ds ikuh dks ijaijkxr rjhds ls 'kq) djds tytfur
dks ftEesnkjh nh gSA ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; ds vkadM+sa chekfj;ksa dks dqN gn rd de fd;k tk ldrk gSA ikus ds
crkrs gSa fd 2013&14 esa 80-57 izfr'kr yM+fd;ksa ds Ldwy esa ikuh dks LoPN diM+s ls Nku ysuk pkfg, vFkok fQYVj dk
muds fy, vyx 'kkSpky; Fks] ysfdu leL;k dk lek/kku iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A dq,a ds ikuh dks dhVk.kq jfgr djus ds
fy, mfpr ek=k esa Cyhfpax ikmM+j dk mi;ksx izHkkoh jgrk gSA
oSls le;≤ ij yky nok Mkyrs jguk pkfg,A ikuh dks
mcky ysaA fQj BaMk dj vPNh rjg ls fgykdj ok;q la;qä
djus ds mijkUr bldk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A blh rjg ihus ds
ikuh dks /kwi esa] izdk'k esa j[kuk pkfg,A rkacs ds crZu esa j[ksa rks
;g vU; crZuksa dh vis{kk lokZf/kd 'kq) gksrk gSA ,d xSysu
ikuh dks nks xzke fQVdjh ;k chl cwan fVªpj vk;ksMhu ;k
Cyhfpax] ckyw ;qä crZu ls Nkudj Hkh ikuh 'kq) fd;k tk
ldrk gSA lEiUUk yksx gSykstu dh xksfy;ka Mkydj Hkh ikuh
lkQ j[krs gSA
ikuh dks mckydj %
ikuh dks lkQ vkSj ihus ;ksX; cukus ds fy, vc <s+jksa
rjhds ekStwn gS] ij ikuh dks lkQ djus dk lcls iqjkuk rjhdk
mls mckyuk gSA nqfu;k Hkj esa bl ijaijkxr rjhdk dks yk[kksa
yksx viukrs gSaA ikuh dks iwjh rjg ls LoPN vkSj dhVk.kqjfgr
cukus ds fy, de ls de mls 20 fefuV mckyuk pkfg, vkSj
mls lkQ daVsuj esa j[kuk pkfg,] ftldk eq¡g ldjk gks] rkfd
mlesa fdlh izdkj dh xanxh u tk,A mcys gq, ikuh dks lcls
csgrj ekuk x;k gSA
dSaMy okVj fQYVj %
ikuh dks lkQ djus ds fy, nwljk eqQhn rjhdk gS]
dSaMy okVj fQYVjA blesa le;≤ ij dSaMy cnyus dh
t:jr gksrh gS rkfd ikuh csgrj rjhds ls lkQ gks ldsA
Hkkjr esa is;ty dh fLFkfr %
Hkkjr dh fLFkfr ns[ksa rks ;gk¡ gj lky nwf"kr ikuh ls
vkSlru 3 djksM+ 77 yk[k O;fä tytfur chekfj;ksa ;kuh
dkWyjk] iksfy;ks] isfp'k] Vk;QkbM ,oa gsisVkbfVl ls izHkkfor
gksrs gS vkSj djhc 15 yk[k cPpksa dh vdsys Mk;fj;k ds dkj.k
e`R;q gks tkrh gSA blds vfrfjä ikuh esa feys ¶yksjkbM ,oa
vklsZfud vkfn ls gksus okyh chekfj;ka tSls fd ¶Y;wjksfll ls
6 djksM+ 60 yk[k] dSalj ls 1 djksM+ rFkk cM+h la[;k esa yksx
Ropk jksxksa ls izfro"kZ izHkkfor gksrs gSaA
jk"Vªh; ifjokj LokLF; loZ{s k.k 2005&06 ds vuqlkj djhc
vk/ks 'kgjh ifjokjksa esa ?kj ds vUnj ikbi ds ikuh dh vkiwfrZ gksrh
gSA 80 izfr'kr ls vf/kd 'kgjh xjhc ifjokjksa esa ikuh uy] gSM a iai
;k vU; lzkrs ksa ls Hkjdj j[kk tkrk gS] tks fd vf/kdka'kr igys ls
gh nwf"kr gksrk gSA Hkkjr ty dh xq.koÙkk ds ekeys esa 122 ns'kksa
esa ls 120 osa LFkku ij vkrk gSA is;ty miyC/k djkus dh n'kk
esa ty lalk/ku ea=ky;] 'kgjh fodkl ,oa xjhch mi'keu ea=ky;]
LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ea=ky;] dsUnzh; izn"w k.k fu;a=.k cksMZ]
uxj fudk; ,oa jk"Vªh; rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; fodkl laLFkk,¡ fofHkUu
Hkwfedk,a fuHkkrh gSA blds ckn Hkh yksxksa dks 'kq) ,oa ekud;qDr
ikuh miyC/k djkuk pqukSrh gSA
lanHkZ %
¼1½ nSfud U;wt] lekpkj i=&if=dk,¡A
¼2½ bfM;k VqMs ekfld if=dkA
¼3½ dq#{ks= ekfld if=dkA

An International,
March 2002
R esearch Paper
Since
Monthly Journal :
Oeej efpeues kesâ eflejuee yuee@keâ kesâ %eevehegje ceW mebÛeeefuele keâmletjyee
ieeBOeer yeeefuekeâe efJeÅeeueÙe (Úe$eeJeeme) keâe cetuÙeebkeâve
Øemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW De.pe.pee. yeenguÙe Jeeues ceOÙeØeosMe kesâ efpeues Oeej ceW eflejuee yuee@keâ kesâ
%eevehegje ceW mebÛeeefuele keâmletjyee ieebOeer yeeefuekeâe efJeÅeeueÙe (Úe$eeJeeme) keâe GösMÙe meefnle ÛeÙeve keâj
Fmekeâe mece«e cetuÙeebkeâve efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ Fve efJeÅeeueÙeeW ceW keâ#eeer 6JeeR ceW DeOÙeÙevejled Úe$eeDeeW keâe keâ#ee
5JeeR kesâ DeeOeej hej 2013-14 ceW keâ#ee 7JeeR ceW DeOÙeÙevejled Úe$eeDeeW keâes keâ#ee 6JeeR kesâ DeeOeej hej
me$e 2014-15 ceW GheueefyOe hejer#eCe efueS~ efve<keâ<e& ceW heeÙee efkeâ keâmletjyee ieeBOeer yeeefuekeâe efJeÅeeueÙe
ceW ØeJesMe hetJe& hejer#ee keâe DeeÙeespeve veneR efkeâÙee peelee~ Ùes Úe$eeSB Deb«espeer Je ieefCele efJe<eÙe ceW DelÙeefOekeâ
keâcepeesj nQ~ Fve Úe$eeDeeW keâes Úe$eeJeeme ceW ceewefuekeâ Je DeOÙeÙeve nsleg heÙee&hle megefJeOeeSB oer ieF& nQ~ Fve
megefJeOeeDeeW mes Fve Úe$eeDeeW ceW heÌ{ves nsleg ®efÛe peeie=le ngF& nw~ Fvekeâer peerJeveMewueer Je JÙeefòeâlJe keâe efJekeâeme
ngDee nw, uesefkeâve efMe#ee kesâ Øeefle FveceW Dehesef#ele heefjCeece Øeehle veneR ngS nQ~
DeÛe&vee Dejesje
izLrkouk % xq.koRrk ;qDr f'k{kk nsuk gSA dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky;
HkweaMyhdj.k ds bl ;qx esa rsth ls gks jgs fodkl esa f'k{kk ¼Nk=kokl½ ;kstuk ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; ds lg;ksx ls
dh Hkwfedk lcls egRoiw.kZ gSA f'k{kk og lk/ku gS] tks O;fDr ds 2004 esa 'kq: dh xbZA ;g ;kstuk loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku ds
O;fDrRo dks laokjrh] fu[kkjrh rFkk iz[kj cukrh gSA vr% blds vUrxZr lapkfyr dh tkrh gS] ftlesa 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM++h
fy, vko';d gS fd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk bl izdkj dh gks tks gqbZ yMfd;k¡ tks ik¡poha d{kk ls igys ;k mlds ckn Ldwy
O;fDr ds lokZaxh.k fodkl] lkekftd vkSj jk"Vªh; izxfr rFkk NksM+ pqdh gSa] dks f'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA
lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr ds mRFkku dk ekxZ iz'kLr djsA f'k{kk gekjs vuqlwfpr tutkfr] fiNM++ ] vYila[;d o xjhch js[kk
csgrj thou dh vfuok;Z 'krZ gSA Kku ds f{kfrt f'k{kk gh ds uhps dh os ckfydk,¡ tks ?kj dh etcwfj;ksa] lkekftd
[kksyrh gSA ;g gekjs orZeku dks laokjrh gS vkSj Hkfo"; ds vlqj{kk ,oa iwokZxzgksa ;k vU; fdlh dkj.ko'k viuh ikWpoha rd
liuksa dks lkdkj djrh gSA Lora=rk izkfIr ds le; lk{kjrk dh dh i<+kbZ ;k mlds ckn dh i<+kbZ ugha dj ldha vkSj f'k{kk ls
'kkspuh; fLFkfr dk voyksdu djrs gq, ;g laoS/kkfud izfrc)rk oafpr gSaA ,slh fd'kksfj;ksa dks i<+kus dh ;kstuk bl fo|ky; esa
n'kkZ;h xbZ fd 1960 rd 6 ls 14 o"kZ ds lHkh ckyd gSA ;g ;kstuk fo'ks"kdj 'kSf{kd n`f"V ls fiNM+s gq, [k.M+ksa ds
ckfydkvksa ds fy, vfuok;Z o fu%'kqYd f'k{kk iznku dh tk,xh] fy, gS] bu [k.Mksa esa yM+fd;ksa dk lk{kjrk nj jk"Vªh; vkSlr
ijUrq ge vHkh rd bl y{; dk vkaf'kd Hkkx gh izkIr dj ik, ls dkQh de rFkk tgk¡ tula[;k nwj&nwj clh gS] ftl otg
gSAa ls ;g bykds mPp izkFkfed fo|ky; [kksys tkus dh ;kstuk ds
f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2009 uke ls u, dkuwu dks nk;js esa ugha vkrsA
f'k{kk esa ykxw fd;k gSA bl dkuwu] ftls f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj v/;;u ds mn~ns'; %
fu;e dgk tkrk gS] ds ek/;e ls 6 ls 14 o"kZ ds cPpksa dks f'k{kk ¼1½ dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky;ksas ds Hkouksa dh fLFkfr]
izkIr djus dk ekSfyd vf/kdkj fey x;k gSA vf/kfu;e esa nSfud O;oLFkkvksa dk ewY;kadu djukA
fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk dk izko/kku gSA fu%'kqYd ls rkRi;Z ¼2½ ckfydkvksa dks iznku dh tkus okyh lqfo/kkvksa dk
fdlh Hkh cPps }kjk ,slh dksbZ Qhl@'kqYd@O;; ns; ugha gksxk ewY;kadu djukA
tks fd mldh izkjafHkd f'k{kk iw.kZ djus esa ck/kd gksA ¼3½ d{kk NVaoh esa ¼l= 2013&14½ izos'k yh xbZ Nk=kvksa
dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ ;kstuk % ds Kku o Lrj dk ewY;kadu djukA
dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ dk mn~ns'; ¼4½ d{kk lkroha esa ¼l= 2014&15½ ukekafdr Nk=kvksa dh
vkoklh; fo|ky;ksa }kjk lekt dh lqfo/kk fofgu ckfydkvksa dks 'kSf{kd izxfr dk ewY;kadu djukA
MeesOeÚe$ee, yejkeâleGuueen efJeÕeefJeÅeeueÙe, Yeesheeue (ceOÙeØeosMe)
'kks/k midj.k % 'kks/kdrkZ us izLrqr 'kks/k dk;Z esa fuEu ukekafdr Fkha] ftuesa ls 35 us miyfC/k ijh{k.k fn, rFkk l=
'kks/k midj.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gS % 2014&15 esa d{kk lkroha esa 37 Nk=k,¡ ukekafdr Fkha] ftuesa ls
¼1½ izos'k iwoZ ijh{kk] ¼2½ miyfC/k ijh{k.k] ¼3½ iz'ukoyh 34 Nk=kvksa us miyfC/k ijh{k.k fn,A 34 Nk=k,¡ os Fkha] ftUgksaus
,oa ¼4½ voyksdu lwphA d{kk NVoha rFkk d{kk lkroha nksuksa esa miyfC/k ijh{k.k fn,A
vk¡dM+ksa dk ladyu % vk¡dM+ksa dk ladyu izkFkfed o l= 2013&14 esa d{kk NVoha esa 35 Nk=kvksa esa ls 11 ¼31-
f}rh;d lkexzh ls fd;k x;k gSA 42 izfr'kr½ Nk=k,¡ rFkk l= 2014&15 esa d{kk lkroha esa 34 esa
U;kn'kZ % e/;izns'k ds /kkj ftys ds frjyk CykWd ds ls 14 ¼41-17 izfr'kr½ Nk=k,¡ rhuksa fo"k;ksa ¼fgUnh] vaxzst+h o
Kkuiqjk ¼Nk=kokl½ esa lapkfyr dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; xf.kr½ esa mRrh.kZ FkhaA
dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA l= 2013&14 ls l= 2014&15 esa Nk=kvksa ds mRrh.kZ
v/;;u dk egRo % izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa dLrwjck xk¡/kh gksus dk izfr'kr vf/kd gSA
ckfydk fo|ky; ds ewY;kadu }kjk Hkou dh fLFkfr] nSfud Nk=kvksa ds 'kSf{kd fodkl gsrq fd, tk jgs iz;klksa dk
O;oLFkkvksa dk ewY;kadu ckfydkvksa dks iznku dh tkus okyh fooj.k %
lqfo/kkvksa rFkk miyfC/k ijh{k.k }kjk Nk=kvksa ds 'kSf{kd Lrj dh fo|ky; esa ckfydk izksQkby la/kkfjr dh xbZ gS] ftlesa
oLrqfLFkfr Li"V gksxhA mudh ekgokj o okf"kZd xfrfof/k;ksa o 'kSf{kd izxfr dk fooj.k
¼v½ /kkj ftys esa lapkfyr dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; fn;k x;k gSA 'kSf{kd fodkl gsrq mipkjkRed f'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk
¼Nk=kokl½ dh lkekU; tkudkjh % dh xbZ gSA mipkjkRed f'k{k.k ds nkSjku vf/kdka'kr% x`gdk;Z
/kkj ftys ds frjyk CykWd ds Kkuiqjk esa dLrwjck xk¡/kh fn;k tkrk gS vkSj mldk ewY;kadu Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA dLrwjck
ckfydk fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ lapkfyr gks jgk gSA ;g eq[;ky; xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ esa vdknfed xfrfof/k;ksa
ls 05 fd-eh- nwjh ij gSA dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; tSls izfr;ksfxrkvksa] ekfld ewY;kadu] frekgh] N%ekgh o okf"kZd
¼Nk=kokl½ esa 200 LFkkuksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k gSA l= ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA l= lekIr gksus ij vizSy] ebZ o twu
2013&14 o l= 2014&15 esa 200 Nk=kvksa dk ukekadu gSA ekg esa vkxkeh l= esa ckfydkvksa ds izos'k gsrq vfHkizsj.kkRed
/kkj ftys ds lHkh dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ f'kfoj o xzh"e dkfyu f'kfoj dk lapkyu fd;k tkrk gSA
Lo;a fufeZr 'kkldh; Hkou esa lapkfyr gks jgs gSaA 'kks/kdrkZ ds fu"d"kZ %
izFke lEidZ ¼l= 2013&14½ ds le; dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; funsZ'kkoyh ds vuqlkj
fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ esa 200 ¼100 izfr'kr½ Nk=k,¡ rFkk f}rh; vf/kdre Nk=k,¡ 11 ls 14 o"kZ dh vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh
lEidZ ¼l= 2014&15½ ds le; 195 ¼97-5 izfr'kr½ Nk=k,¡ nwjLFk xk¡oksa dh gSA tgk¡ ek/;fed fo|ky; ikap fd-eh- ls
Nk=kokl esa mifLFkr FkhA vf/kd nwjh ij gS] ukekafdr gSA dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky;
Nk=kvksa dks nh tkus okyh vkfFkZd lqfo/kkvksa dk fooj.k% ¼Nk=kokl½ ds lqpk: :i ls lapkyu gsrq ,d okMZu] ,d
Nk=kvksa dks nh tkus okyh vkfFkZd lqfo/kkvksa esa Hkkstu lgk;d okMZu] ,d ys[kkiky] nks eq[; jlksbZ;k] 200 Nk=kvksa
laca/kh i;kZIr lqfo/kk,¡ iznku dh tk jgh gaSA lqcg ,d le; ij N% lgk;d jlksbZ;k] ,d iw.kZdkyhu lqj{kkdehZ o nks
uk'rk] fnu ,oa jkr esa Hkkstu dh i;kZIr O;oLFkk gSA Nk=kokl lQkbZdfeZ;ksa dh fu;qfDr gSA okMZu] lgk;d okMZu us jkT;
esa nw/k izfrfnu fn;k tkrk gSA ekSleh Qy miyC/k gksus ij f'k{kk dsUnz Hkksiky o ftyk f'k{kk dsUnz ls izf'k{k.k izkIr fd, gSaA
lIrkg esa ,d ;k nks ckj fn, tkrs gSaA dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk xr o"kZ ,d eq[; jlksbZ;s dks jkT; f'k{kk dsUnz ls ik¡p fnu dk
fo|ky; esa ekg esa ,d ckj 'kkldh; MkWDVj ;k ,-,u-,e- }kjk izf'k{k.k fn;k x;k gSA Nk=kokl esa inLFk okMZu vf/kdka'kr%
LokLF; ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA l= izkjaHk gksus ij izR;sd Nk=k 'kkldh; fo|ky;ksa esa pkj dky[k.M ysrh gS A f'k{k.k ds le;
dks fdrkcas o ys[ku lkexzh x.kos'k o cLrs vkfn fn, tkrs gSaA f'kf{kdk,¡ ,d lkFk 40&50 Nk=kvksa dks i<+krh gSaA ;g Nk=k,¡
blds vfrfjDr izfrekg@rhu ekg esa ys[ku lkexzh nh tkrh i<+kbZ esa vR;kf/kd detksj gS vkSj vf/kd la[;k esa gksus ds
gSA 'kSf{kd Lrj lq/kkjus gsrq mipkjkRed f'kf{kdkvksa dh O;oLFkk dkj.k f'kf{kdk,¡ mu ij O;fDrxr :i ls /;ku ugha ns ikrhA
dh xbZ gSA lqj{kk gsrq dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; esa blfy, mipkjkRed f'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk gksus ij Hkh visf{kr
iw.kZdkfyd iq:"k pkSdhnkj dh O;oLFkk gSA Nk=kokl esa ifj.kke izkIr ugha gks jgs gaSA izfro"kZ vizSy ekg esa vfHkizjs .kkRed
lkQ&lQkbZ gsrq lQkbZ dehZ fu;qDr gaaSA dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk f'kfoj dk lapkyu dj ikydkas dks mudh ckfydkvksa dks
fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ esa [ksy dk eSnku gS rFkk buMksj o fo|ky; Hkstus gsrq vfHkizsfjr fd;k tkrk gS o ebZ ekg esa ,d
vkmVMksj [ksy lkexzh dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA ekg dk xzh"edkyhu f'kfoj dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa
l= 2013&14 esa d{kk NVoha o l= 2014&15 esa d{kk 'kkykR;kxh o 'kkykvizos'kh ckfydkvksa dks f'k{kk dh eq[; /kkjk
lkroha esa v/;;ujr Nk=kvksa ds miyfC/k ijh{k.k dh ls tksM+us ds fy, iz;kl fd, tkrs gSaA dgha&dgha dLrwjck
rqyukRed fLFkfr % xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ esa xzh"edkyhu f'kfoj dk
/kkj ftys esa lapkfyr dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; lapkyu ugha fd;k tkrk] D;ksafd funsZ'kkoyh ds vuqlkj blds
¼Nk=kokl½ esa l= 2013&14 eas d{kk NVoha esa 35 Nk=k,¡ fy, 50 ckfydkvksa dk gksuk vko';d gSA xzh"edkyhu f'kfoj esa
Hkkx ysus okyh vf/kdka'k ckfydk,¡ dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky;
esa izos'k ysrh gSA ;fn vkoaVu LFkku fjDr ugha gks] rc 'ks"k MeesOe-he$e Yespeves mebyebOeer efveÙece
Nk=kvksa dks vU; 'kkldh; Nk=kokl esa izos'k fn;k tkrk gSA (1) MeesOe-he$e 1500-1700 MeyoeW mes DeefOekeâ veneR nesvee ÛeeefnS~
dqN dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ esa vfHkizjs .kkRed (2) efnvoer SJeb ceje"er ceeOÙece kesâ MeesOehe$eeW keâes ke=âefleosJe 10
f'kfoj dk vk;kstu ugha fd;k tkrk gSA okMZu o lgk;d okMZu (Kruti Dev 010) ceW šeF&he keâjJeekeâj ‘hespeceskeâj 6.5’ ceW YespeW~
vkfn xk¡o&xk¡o tkdj ikydksa ls lEidZ dj mUgsa viuh (3) Deb«espeer ceeOÙece kesâ MeesOehe$e šeF&cme vÙet jesceve (Times New Roman),
ckfydkvksa dks fo|ky; Hkstus gsrq vfHkizsfjr djrh gaSA dLrwjck SefjÙeue heâeWš (Arial) ceW šeF&he keâjJeekeâj ‘hespeceskeâj 6.5’ Ùee ‘ceeF›eâesmeeheäš
xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; esa d{kk lkroha ¼l= 2014&15½ esa Je[&’ ceW Yespes pee mekeâles nQ~
v/;;ujr Nk=kvksa dk d{kk NVoh ds vk/kkj ij miyfC/k (4) MeesOehe$e keâer efJeefOe - (1) Meer<e&keâ (2) Syemš^skeäš (3) keâer-Je[&dme
ijh{k.k leku fo"k;ksa ¼fgUnh] vaxzsth o xf.kr½ ds fy, x, (4) ØemleeJevee/ØeJesMe (5) GösMÙe (6) MeesOe heefjkeâuhevee (7) MeesOe
vf/kdka'k Nk=k,¡ fgUnh fo"k; i<+us o fy[kus esa l{ke Fkha] ysfdu ØeefJeefOe SJeb #es$e (8) meebefKÙekeâerÙe lekeâveerkeâ (9) efJeJesÛeve Ùee efJeMues<eCe
vaxzsth o xf.kr fo"k;ksa esa mudk izn'kZu vlarks"ktud FkkA (10) megPeeJe (11) efve<keâ<e& SJeb (12) meboYe& «ebLe metÛeer~
miyfC/k ijh{k.kksa ds ifj.kkeksa dh rqyuk esa ;g ik;k fd Nk=kvksa (5) meboYe& «ebLe metÛeer Fme Øekeâej oW -
dh 'kSf{kd izxfr fo'ks"kr% fgUnh fo"k; esa gqbZ gS] ysfdu vaxzsth For Books :
o xf.kr esa visf{kr izxfr ugha gqbZA (1) Name of Writer, "Name of Book", Publication, Place of
Publication, Year of Publication, Page Number/numbers.
lq>ko %
For Journals :
¼1½ dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; ¼Nk=kokl½ esa izos'k (2) Name of Writer, "Title of Article", Name of Journal,
ds le; mudk ewy fo"k;ksa esa miyfC/k Lrj tkuus gsrq izos'k iwoZ Volume ....., Issue ....., Page Numbers.
ijh{kk vko'; yh tkuh pkfg,A Web references :
¼2½ xf.kr o vaxzsth fo"k; esa v/;kiu gsrq f'kf{kdkvksa dks http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/interpret/exhibits/hill/hill.html
fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k fn;k tkuk pkfg,A (6) iegpejeleer ceeOÙece kesâ MeesOehe$e njske=â<Cee (Harekrishna),
¼3½ iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk l?ku ekWuhVfjax o fujh{k.k šsjeheâeWš Je®Ce (Terafont Varun), šsjeheâeWš DeekeâeMe (Terafont
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A Aaksah) ceW šeF&he keâjJeekeâj ‘hespeceskeâj 6.5’ ceW Yespes pee mekeâles nQ~
¼4½ d{kk ikapoh ,oa vkBoha cksMZ ijh{kk yh tkuh pkfg,A (7) MeesOehe$e keâer meeheäškeâe@heer efjmeÛe& efuebkeâ kesâ F&-cesue DeeF&[er
¼5½ f'k{kk foHkkxkas dh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vuqRrh.kZ u djus dh researchlink@yahoo.co.in hej Yespeves kesâ yeeo ne@[&keâe@heer, MeesOehe$e kesâ
uhfr dks cnyuk pkfg,A ceewefuekeâ nesves kesâ Iees<eCee he$e kesâ meeLe nmlee#ej keâj ‘efjmeÛe& efuebkeâ’ kesâ
lanHkZ % keâeÙee&ueÙe keâes Øesef<ele keâjW~
¼1½ vkj-bZ-,l-;w] Vh-,l-th- bZ-M+h-lh-vkbZ-,y- ¼2009½ *ûs'kuy ‘efjmeÛe& efuebkeâ’ keâer meomÙelee keâe Megukeâ Yegieleeve je°êrÙeke=âle yeQkeâeW Éeje meerOes
bosY;w'ku vkWQ d-xk-ck-fo- Ldhe % 12 izns'kksa ds lanHkZ esa** ,CLVªsDV~l šêbmeheâj Ùee pecee efkeâÙee pee mekeâlee nw~ yeQkeâ keâe efJeJejCe efvecveevegmeej nw-
vkWQ fjlpZ LVM~hl bu ,fyesUVªh ,tqds'ku ¼2003&2009½] ifCy'kj yeQkeâ : mšsš yeQkeâ Dee@heâ FefC[Ùee yeÇebÛe : Deesu[ heueeefmeÙee, Fvoewj,
fjlpZ bosY;q,'ku ,.M LVM~hl ;wfuV VSDuhdy LiksVZ xzqi QkWj loZ keâes[ - SBIN 000 3432 Keeles keâe veece : efjmeÛe& efuebkeâ,
f'k{kk vfHk;ku bZ-Mh-lh-vkbZ-,y- ¼bafM;k½ fy-A Keelee vebyej - 63025612815
¼2½ ;kno eksuk ¼2010½ % *^mÙkjizns'k ds bykgkckn ftys esa Yegieleeve keâer cetue jmeero, MeesOe-he$e SJeb meer[er kesâ meeLe keâeÙee&ueÙeerve
lapkfyr d-xk-ck-fo- & ,d rqyukRed v/;;u**] izkFkfed f'k{kd] jk-
heles hej Yespevee DeefveJeeÙe& nw~
'kS-v-iz-i-] vizSy 2010] i`"B 25&35-
¼3½ 'kekZ }kjdk izlkn ¼2007½ % ^*dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk
fo|ky; dh ckfydkvksa ds Bgjko dh oLrqfLFkfr dk v/;;u ,oa
mipkj eqjSuk tksu ds lanHkZ esa**] 'kks/k izca/k] cjdrmYyk fo'ofo|ky;]
HkksikyA
(4) www.ssa.mp.gov.in
(5) www.educationportal.mp.gov.in/KGBV
(6) www.dhar.nic.in


17 Research Paper PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

17 Research Paper PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

An International,

OCTAPACE Culture Profile in Universities of Madhya Pradesh

SUVARNA LAPALIKAR & AARTI PATEL

(I) Introduction : (3) Trust : Trust is maintaining secretes or

St. Paul Institute of Professional Studies, Indore (Madhya Pradesh)

Green Human Resource Management : A Future Direction

Introduction : environmental and social tasks, duties and responsibilities

Assistant Professor, Ahir College, Rewari (Haryana)

A Comparative Study of Value Patterns of Different

Introduction : healthy and humanity, value education is important.

A Study of Gender and Literature

Introduction : Sex is an ascribed status because a person gets it by birth

Govt. High School, Palri (Haryana)

[e@.yeeyeemeensye Deebyes[keâj ÙeebÛes Mew#eefCekeâ efJeÛeej

Øee.[e@.jefJe meesheeve [eKeesjs

ßeerceleer keâeskeâerUeyeeF& ceefnuee ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, oÙee&hetj (ceneje°^)

MeesOe keâeÙe& ceW meeefnlÙe kesâ hegvejeJeueeskeâve keâe cenlJe

[e@.efovesMe kegâceej SJeb [e@.MeMeer yeeuee

‘ce=ÛÚkeâefškeâced’ veeškeâ kesâ heefjØes#Ùe ceW meeceeefpekeâ ueeskeâeÛeej keâe DeOÙeÙeve

ceOÙeceJeieeaÙe heefjJeejeW ceW KeeodÙe meece«eer kesâ GheYeesie ØeJe=efòe keâe

[e@.Deevebo kegâceej efJeÕekeâcee&* SJeb ßeerceleer veerlee efceßee**

izLrkouk % izR;sd O;fDr ,d foosd'khy izk.kh gksrk gSA og viuh

hesÙepeue keâer Megælee SJeb mJeemLÙe

meneÙekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (DeLe&MeeŒe efJeYeeie), MeemekeâerÙe ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, yecnveer-yebpej, ceC[uee (ceOÙeØeosMe)

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen