Name: Jubelee Claire Merced Section: BSED 2-English Date: 1/30/20

Language Stratification

I. Phonemes
Phoneme – is the smallest unit of sound.
Capable of conveying a distinct meaning, such as the s of sing and the r of ring.
IPA – International Phonetic Alphabet
A. Phonology – is the study of sounds and how sounds are organized.
Example: parking lot
B. Phonetics – is the study of sound production.
Example: G /g/
1. Branches of Phonetics
a. Articulatory Phonetics – Production of sound
b. Acoustic Phonetics – Properties of Sound
c. Auditory Phonetics - Perception of sound
II. Syllables
A. Syllables – are the combination of two phonemes.
It is composed of onset, nucleus, coda.

B. Diphthong – compound phonemes or two simple phonemes bend together with one
syllable that they seem to be one sound.
Examples: “oy” “ow”
III. Morphemes
Morphemes – the smallest unit of a language word having a distinct meaning.
Examples: state (1), interstate (2)
A. Two Types of Morphemes

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 1. Free Morpheme - A morpheme that can stand alone. A simple word consisting
of one morpheme or root word
Examples: the, and, for, it
2. Bound Morpheme – A morpheme which need to be attached to something else
morphemes that must be attached to another morpheme to receive meaning.
Examples: Unkindness
a. Inflectional – expresses grammatical changes by altering word forms like
singular words might take inflectional morpheme “s” to make the plural.
- Don’t alter the part of speech.
- Usually appear only as suffixes in English.
b. Derivation – New words formed from old ones, but the two are considered
separate words in relation to their meaning.
- Part of speech and basic meaning is changed like run and
re-run.
- Appear as the both affixes and suffixes in English.

Affixes

a. Prefix – beginning
b. Suffix – ending
c. Circumfix – beginning and ending
d. Interfix – middle
IV. Words – combination of sounds or phonemes that carry meaning.
A. Content words (open class) – It has clear lexical meaning.
Examples: Nouns, adjectives, verb, adverb
B. Function words (closed class) – It has no clear lexical meaning but it has a
functional purpose on language.
Examples: Conjunction, preposition, pronouns
V. Phrase – a group of words that doesn’t express complete thought or a fragment.
A. Types of Phrase
1. Absolute Phrase
2. Appositive Phrase
3. Gerund Phrase

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 4. Infinitive Phrase
5. Noun Phrase
6. Participial Phrase
7. Prepositional Phrase
8. Verb Phrase
9. Adjective Phrase
10. Adverb Phrase
VI. Clause – is part of the sentence that may not express a complete thought.
- It contains subject and verb.
- It has both subject and verb that may or may not express complete thought.
A. 2 Types of Clause
1. Dependent clause – A group of words that has both a subject and a verb but cannot
stand alone as a sentence.
- It is introduced by subordinating conjunction.
- It is also called as a subordinate clause.
2. Independent Clause - A group of words that has both a subject and a verb and can
stand alone as a sentence.
VII. Sentences – It has a subject and predicate and expresses complete thought.
A group of words with logical arrangement of words.
A. Sentence According to Structure
1. Simple - 1 independent clause
2. Compound – 2 independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions
3. Complex – an independent and at least one dependent clause
4. Compound Complex – 2 independent clauses joined by coordinating
conjunctions and at least one dependent clause
B. Sentence According to Function
1. Declarative - stating
2. Imperative – request or command
3. Interrogative – asking questions (?)
4. Exclamatory – strong emotions (!)
VIII. Paragraph – A group of sentences that works together to develop a paragraph.
It is a distinct division of phrases connected to form a sentence then paragraph.
Types are descriptive, narrative, expository, and persuasive.

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