Understanding Math10 (Teacher's Guide) PDF

Unit
1
Sequences, Series the
Binomial Theorem,
and Polynomial
Functions
Content Standards:
The learner should demonstrate understanding of:

a. Sequence, its General Term and Factorial Notation
b. Summation Notation
c. Arithmetic Sequences and Series
d. Geometric Sequences and Series
e. The Binomial Theorem
f. Polynomial Expressions and Equations
g. Evaluation of a Polynomial Function
h. Synthetic Division, Remainder, and Factor Theorems
i. Zeros/Roots of a Polynomial Function/Equation
j. Rational Zero Theorem and Graph of a Polynomial Function
2 3
Sequence, Its General Term
Lesson 1.1 and Factorial Notation
Chapter 1 Objectives:
1. Determine the terms of a sequence given the general
term.
Sequences, Series and 2. Find the general term of a sequence.

3. Evaluate a given factorial.
the Binomial Theorem Practice Exercises 1.1

Understanding Math page 8
A. Write the first five terms and the tenth term of the indicated sequence.
1. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 ; t10 = 19
2. -1, 2, 5, 8, 11 ; t10 = 26
Leonard of Pisa (Fibonacci) 3. 3, 5, 9, 17, 33 ; t10 = 1025
Also referred to as Leonard of Pisa, Fibonacci was an Italian number 4. 1, 1, 1, 1 , 1 ; t10 = 1

theorist. It is believed that Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci was born in the 2 4 8 16 32 1024
13th century, in 1170 (approximately) and that he died in 1250. Fibonacci 5. {-3, 3, -9, 15, -33} ; t10 = 1023
was born in Italy but obtained his education in North Africa. Very little is
6. 1, 1 1, 7, 1 1 , 31 ; t10 = 1 1
known about him or his family and there are no photographs or drawings

of him. Much of the information about Fibonacci has been gathered by his 2 4 8 16 32 1024
autobiographical notes which he included in his books.
However, Fibonacci is considered to be one of the most talented 7. 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 ; t10 = 1
2 5
mathematicians for the Middle Ages. Few people realize that it was
Fibonacci that gave us our decimal number system (Hindu-Arabic 8. 1, 1, 3, 2, 5 ; t10 = 5
3 2 5 3 7 6
numbering system) which replaced the Roman Numeral system. When
he was studying mathematics, he used the Hindu-Arabic (0-9) symbols 9. 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1 , 3 1 ; t10 = 3 3
2 4 8 16 32 1024
instead of Roman symbols which didn’t have 0’s and lacked place value.
In fact, when using the Roman Numeral system, an abacus was usually 10. 4, 2, 28, 82 , 244 ; t10 = 59050 or 2362
required. There is no doubt that Fibonacci saw the superiority of using 3 3 63 255 1023 1048575 41943
Hindu-Arabic system over the Roman Numerals. He shows how to use our 11. 1, √2, √3, 1, √5 ; t10 = 0.032
current numbering system in his book Liber abaci. 4 9 8 25
4 5
12. 0, 10, 26, 48, 76 ; t10 = 306 or 1.54 B. Write an expression for the most apparent nth term of the sequence
7 17 31 49 199 and use it to find the next three terms.
13. 1 , 4 , 7 , 10, 1 ; t = 28
2 5 10 17 2 10
101 31. tn = 2n - 1 ; 11, 13, 15
14. 11, 10 1 , 10 1 , 10 1 , 10 1 ; t10 = 10 1 32. tn = 4n - 2 ; 22, 26, 30

2 3 4 5 10
15. 2, 2 1 , 3 1 , 4 1 , 5 1 ; t10 = 10 1 33. tn = n2 - 1 ; 35, 48, 63
2 3 4 5 10
16. -1, 2, -3, 4, -5 ; t10 = 10 34. tn = 12 ; 1 , 1 , 1
n 36 49 64
3, 3, 3 , 1 , 1 30 1 35. tn = 4n - 1 ; 23, 27, 31

17. ; t10 = or
2 2 8 3628800 120960
36. tn = 3n + 2 ; 20, 23, 26
18. 1, 1, 2, 6, -5 ; t10 = 10
37. tn = -n + 2 ; -3, -4, -5
19. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ; t10 = 11
38. tn = -4n + 1 ; -23, -27, -31
20. 1, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ; t10 = 1
6 20 42 72 110 420 39. tn = 1 + 1 ; 1 + 1 , 1 + 1 , 1 + 1
n 6 7 8
21. 3, 11, 27, 59, 123 ; t10 = 4091 40. tn = 21 2 6
2
; , , or
7
2 8
2 6
n 6 7 8 720
22. 6, -3, 15, -27, 63 ; t10 = -1917 41. tn = (-1)n (2n) ; 12, -14, 16
23. -3, 9, 81, 6561, 43046721 ; t10 = 1.002 x 10245 42. tn = (-1)n (3n) ; 18, -21, 24
24. 128, 33, 9.25, 3.3125, 1.8281 ; t10 = 3628800 43. tn = (-1)n + 1 (2n) ; -12, 14, -16
44. tn = (-1)n + 1 (3n) ; -18, 21, -24

25. 128, 33, 9.25, 3.3125, 1.8281 ; t10 = 3628800
45. tn = (-1)n ; 1, -1, 1
26. 3, 2 1 , 2 3 , 2 3 , 2 17 ; t10 = 2 1133
3 7 17 37 2723
46. tn = (-1)n + 1 ; -1, 1, -1
27. 2, 3, 10, 1001, .004 x 10 12
;
47. tn = (-1) ; 1 , -1, 1
n

n 6 7 8
28. 4, 11, 116, 13451, 180929396 ;
48. tn = n or 1 ; 1 , -1 , 1
(-1) n n

2 2 64 128 256
29. -2, 25, 484, 231361, 5.35 x 1010 ; 49. tn = xn ; x6, x7, x8

30. 4, 4, 6, 12, 30 ; t10 = 28350 50. tn = (-1)n + 1 x2n - 1 ; -x11, -x13, -x15
6 7
C. Classify each formula as recursive or explicit. If it is an explicit
formula, change it to a recursive formula and vice versa. Then write
Lesson 1.2 Summation Notation
the first three terms of the sequence.
Objectives:
51. recursive ; tn = 2n + 2 ; 4, 6, 8 1. Expand and evaluate terms in summation notation.
2. Write sums in summation notation.
52. explicit ; t(n + 1) = tn + 2 ; t1 = 5 ; 5, 7, 9 3. Find partial sums.
53. recursive ; tn = (-1)n (3) ; -3, -3, -3

54. explicit ; Practice Exercises 1.2
55. recursive ;
56. explicit ;
57. recursive ; A. Find the sum.
58. explicit ;
1. 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 28 12. -1 + - 1 + 0 + 1 = -1 2
3 5 15
59. recursive ;
60. explicit ; 2. 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 + 17 + 20 = 75 13. 1 + (-3) + 9 + (-27) = -20
D. Evaluate 3. 6(9) = 54 14. 50(100) = 5000
4. (7 - 3 + 1)(6) = 30 15. (584 - 253 + 1) 1 = 166

61. 1440 2
62. 144 2
5. 1 + 2 + 5 + 10 + 17 + 26 = 61 16. (318 - 149 + 1) 5 = 68
63. 1
15
6. 11 + 26 + 47 + 74 = 158 17. 1 - 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 37
64. 56 2 3 4 5 6 60
65. 45 7. 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 73 18. 12 + 24 + 48 + 96 = 180

2 5 10 17 85
66. 3991680
8. 1 1 +1 1 + 1 1 = 47 19. 1 + (-1) + 1 + - 1 + 1 = 1
67. 126 or 1 2
3 4 5 60 2 6 24 2
114 19
68. 3360 9. 4 + 8 + 14 + 22 = 48 20. 3(3) + 5 + 3(4) + 5 +
(3 - 2) (4 - 2)
69. 2
10. 6 + 14 + 24 + 36 + 50 = 130 3(5) + 5 = 25 5
70. 252 (5 - 2) 6
11. -1 + - 1 + 0 + 1 = -1 2
3 5 15
8 9
Communicating Math page 15 Applying and Connecting Math page 16
B. Use sigma notation to write the given sum. C. Find the indicated partial sum for the given sequences.
21. ∑9k = 1 1 36. 69

2k
22. ∑10k = 1 4 37. 72

1+k
23. ∑8k = 1 2 k + 5 38. 100

8
24. ∑6k = 1 1 k
2
39. 270
6
25. ∑6k = 1 (-1)k + 1 • 2k 40. 9 1

3
41. 1 127
26. ∑6k = 1 (-1)k + 2 • 1k

128
3
27. ∑20k = 1 (-1) 2

k+1 42. 1.4914

k
1 43. 1.1903
28. ∑10k = 1
k(k + 1)
□ 44. 6 3
29. ∑ □ 10
k=1
2k + 1
45. 3 17
30. ∑5k = 1 (-1)k 2k 90
46. 248
31. ∑ 6 1 315
k =1
k2
47. 167
32. ∑ 6 (-1)k + 1 840
k =1
k2
48. 11 1
33. ∑6k = 1 k + 1 16
k+2
49. 34
34. ∑ 5 k
k =1
2k + 1
50. 4,997
35. ∑ n 1
k =1
k(k + 1)
10 11
Arithmetic Sequences and B. Find the common difference for each arithmetic sequence and then
Lesson 1.3 Series write the next three terms.
11. d = 4 ; 19, 23, 27

Objectives:
1. Determine the common difference for an arithmetic 12. d = 5 ; 24, 29, 34
sequence.
2. Find a term for an arithmetic sequence. 13. d = 6 ; 17, 23, 29
3. Find the arithmetic mean of a given sequence.
4. Find partial sums of arithmetic sequences.
5. Solve problems on arithmetic sequences. 14. d = 6 ; 19, 25, 31
Practice Exercises 1.3 15. d = 0.23 ; 4.07, 4.3, 4.53
16. d = -6 ; 635, 629, 623

A. Find a formula for the nth term of each arithmetic sequence. 17. d = e ; 3e, 11e , 13e
6 4 12 12
1. tn = 7n + 18 18. d =  ; 5,  , 7
12 12 2 12
2. tn = -10n + 48 19. d = 3 ; 4, 4 3 , 5 1
4 4 2
3. tn = -5n + 2 20. d = -2 ; -1 2 , -2 1 , -3
3 3 3
4. tn = 4n - 20 C. Write the first five terms of each arithmetic sequence with the
given first term and common difference.
5. tn = 6n + 1
21. 9, 12, 15, 18, 21
6. tn = -8n + 21
22. -10, -6, -2, 2, 6
7. tn = -n + 5
2 23. -15, -20, -25, -30, -35
8. tn = -n + 9 24. 23, 16, 9, 2, -5

4
9. tn = 0.4n + 3.9 25. 7.8, 11.3, 14.8, 18.3, 21.8
10. tn =  (n)
26. 12.3, 9.6, 6.9, 4.2, 1.5
12
12 13
E. The general term of an arithmetic sequence is given. For each problem
27. 3 , 2 1 , 3, 3 3 , 4 1 write the first five terms, the 10th term and the 20th term.
2 4 4 2
28. , , - , - , -1 1
4 3 1 7 41. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 ; t10 = 21 ; t20 = 41
5 10 5 10 5
42. -1, 2, 7, 14, 23 ; t10 = 98 ; t20 = 398
29. 8 2 , 4 1 , 0, -4 1 , -8 2
3 3 3 3
30. 15.26, 19.6, 23.94, 28.28, 32.62 43. 1, 4 , 3, 8, 5 ; t10 = 20 ; t20 = 40
3 2 5 3 11 21
44. 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4 ; t10 = 3 ; t20 = 19
Communicating Math page 24 4 5 6 7 4 22
45. 0, 1, -2, 3, -4 ; t10 = 9 ; t20 = 19
D. Use the formula for the general term to find the indicated term.
46. 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 ; t10 = 28 ; t20 = 58
31. tn = t1 + (n - 1)d
47. 4, 7, 12, 19, 28 ; t10 = 103 ; t20 = 403
t21 = 5 + (21 - 1)(3) = 65
48. 1, 6 , 12, 19, 28 ; t10 = 103 ; t20 = 403
32. t20 = 3 + (20 - 1)(5) = 98 5
49. 1, 7 , 9 , 11, 13 ; t10 = 23 ; t20 = 43
6 7 8 9 14 24
33. t14 = 9 + (14 - 1)(-4) = -43
50. 2, -3, 4, -5, 6 ; t10 = -11 ; t20 = -21
34. t14 = 8 + (14 - 1)(-6) = -70

F. Find the indicated partial sum for the given sequence.
35. t22 = 4.15 + (22 - 1)(-0.05) = -3.1
51. Sn = n 2t1 + (n - 1)d
2
36. t15 = 5 + (15 - 1)(0.75) = 15.5
S10 = 10 2(4) + (10 - 1)(3) = 175
2
37. t12 = 3 + (12 - 1) 3 = 39 or 9 3
2 4 4 4 52. S9 = 9 2(5) + (9 - 1)(4) = 189
2
38. t11 = 1 + (11 - 1) 3 = 6 1 53. S8 = 8 2(13) + (8 - 1)(-4) = -8
5 5 5 2
39. t10 = 1 2 + (10 - 1) 2 = 23 or 7 2 54. S7 = 7 2(17) + (7 - 1)(-5) = 14
3 3 3 3 2
40. t9 = 1 + (9 - 1) 1 = 3 55. S6 = 6 2 1 + (6 - 1) 1 = 7
12 12 4 2 3 3
14 15
10 1 65 H. Find the arithmetic mean(s) of each pair of numbers.
56. S10 = 2(1) + (10 - 1) =
2 2 2
2 4 6 3 51 71. 2
57. S4 = + + + = 2
4 5 6 7 120
72. 8,7
4 7 10 13 16 97
58. S5 = + + + + =7
2 4 6 8 10 120 45
73.
1 1 1 -76 56
59. S4 = -1 + - + = 7
3 5 7 105 74. -7, 13
1 1 1 1 1 9129 23 38
60. S5 = + + + + = 75. ,
3 5 7 9 11 10395 10 10
76. 29, 38, 47
Applying and Connecting Math page 25
5 4 11
77. , , ,
G. Find the indicated partial sum for the given sequences. 6 3 6
78. 22, 27, 32, 37
61. tn = 4n - 2; {2, 6, 10, 14, 18}, S20 = 800
79. 89, 77, 65, 53
62. tn = 3n + 47; {50, 53, 56, 59, 62}, S15 = 1065 1 2 1 2
80. 14 , 13 , 13, 12 , 11 ,
14-2n 1 2 1 3 3 3 3
63. tn = ; {4, 3 , 2 , 2, 1 }, S10 = 10
3 3 3 3 I. 81. 20th term
64. tn = 0.75n + 8.75; {9.5, 10.25, 11, 11.75, 12.5}, S12 = 163.5
82. 15th term
65. tn = 4n - 1; {3, 7, 11, 15, 19}, S16 = 528 83. 25th term
66. tn = 5n - 9; {-4, 1, 6, 11, 16}, S18 = 693 84. 17th term
67. tn = 1044 + 47; {50, 53, 56, 59, 62}, S15 = 1065 85. 3240 seats
68. tn = 275 - 6; {6, 18, 30, 42, 54}, S9 = 1800 86. 870 bricks
69. tn = 12n - 6; {6, 18, 30, 42, 54}, S15 = 1176 87. P154,000
7-n 3 5 3 1 1 88. P350,000

70. tn = ; { , , 1, , }, S6 = 5
4 2 4 4 2 4
89. 1980 meters
90. a) t25 = 148 c) 201 st customer
a) t80 = 258 d) 483 customers

16 17
Geometric Sequences and B. Find the common ratio for each geometric sequence and then write the
Lesson 1.4 Series next three terms.
11. r = 4 ; 768, 3072, 12288

Objectives:
1. Determine the common ratio for a geometric 12. r = 3 ; 324, 972, 2916
sequence.
2. Find a term for a geometric sequence. 13. r = -2 ; -112, 224, -448
3. Find partial sums of geometric sequences.
4. Find the geometric means of a pair of numbers.
5. Solve problems involving geometric sequence. 14. r = 3 ; -405, -1215, -3645
Practice Exercises 1.4 15. r = 2 ; 34.4, 68.8, 137.6
16. r = 1 ; 3, 1, 1
Understanding Math page 36 3 3
A. Find a formula for the nth term of each geometric sequence. 17. r = 3 ; 81 , 243 , 729
4 256 1024 4096
1 n-1 18. r = 1 ; 2, 2, 2
1. tn = 120 3 27 81 243
2
19. r = 3 ; 243 , 729, 2187
2. tn = 4(3) n-1 2 16 32 64
20. r = √5 ; 25√5, 125, 125√5
3. tn = -7(-1) n-1
C. Write the first five terms of each geometric sequence with given first
term and common ratio.
4. tn = 5(-1)n - 1
21. 9, 27, 81, 243, 729
1 n-1
5. tn = 6
2
22. -10, -20, -40, -80, -160
4
6. tn = (2)n - 1
3 23. -15, 5, - 5 , 5 , -5
3 9 27
1 n-1
24. 25, 5, 1, 1 , 1
7. tn = 1
2
5 25
8. tn =  (3)n - 1 25. 4, 6, 9, 13.5, 20.25
12
b 1 26. 12, -6, 3, - 3 , 3
n-1
9. tn =
c c 2 4
3y y n-1
27. - 3 , -1, - 2 , - 4 , -8
10. tn = 2 3 9 27
2 2
18 19
28. 5 1 , 2 3 , 1 3 , 11, 11
E. The general term of an arithmetic sequence is given. For each problem
2 4 8 16 32 write the first five terms, the 10th term and the 20th term.
29. x + 1, -x2 - x, x3 + x2, -x4 - x3, x5 + x4
41. 8, 4, 2, 1 ; t7 = 1 , t10 = 1
8 64
30. y - z, y - 1, y2 - 1 , y3 - 12, y4 - 13
z z z z z z z
42. 300, -30, 3, - 3 ; t7 = 3 , t10 = - 3
10 10000 10000000
43. 5, 25, 125, 625 ; t7 = 78125 , t10 = 9765625

Communicating Math page 37
44. 4, -6, 9, 13.5 ; t7 = 45 9 , t10 = -153 99

D. Use the formula for the general term to find the indicated term. 16 128
45. 2, 2x + 1, 22x + 1, 23x + 1 ; t7 = 26x + 1 , t10 = 29x + 1

31. tn = 2(8)n - 1 , t8 = 4194304
46. 4, 1.2, 0.36, 0.108 ; t7 = 2.916 x 10-3 , t10 = 7.8732 x 10-5
32. tn = 15(3)n - 1 , t9 = 98415
47. 1, -√3, 3, -3√3 ; t7 = 27 , t10 = -140.30
33. tn = 12 1 , t10 = 3
n-1
48. 2, 6, 18, 54 ; t7 = 1458 , t10 = 39366
2 128
34. tn = 2 2 , t7 = 128 49. 162, -81, 81, - 81 ; t7 = 81 , t10 = 81

n-1

9 3 6561 2 4 32 256
50. 10, 102x - 1, 104x - 3, 106x - 5 ; t7 = 1012x - 11 , t10 = 1018x - 17

35. tn = 5 - 1 , t8 = - 5
n-1

2 128
F. Find the indicated partial sum for the given sequence.
36. tn = 2 1 2
n-1
, t8 =
3 5 234375
51. 118096
37. tn = 6 2 , t7 = - 128
n-1

3 243 52. 436905
38. tn = 54 - 1 , t9 = - 2
n-1
53. 16
3 243
39. tn = 111 1 1 , t7 = 1
n-1
54. 156.2496
9 10 9000
55. 1 121
40. tn = 1 (10)n - 1 , t8 = 10000000

243
3 3
20 21
56. 1 63
H. Find the geometric mean(s) of each pair of numbers.

64
71. 12
57. 381
72. 35.5 or 420.89
58. 53 10
27
73. 1
59. 7 7
8
74. 30, 12
60. 399 39
64
75. 24, 60, 150
76. 6, 3, 3
Applying and Connecting Math page 39 2
77. 8, 32, 128
G. Find a formula for tn for the given geometric sequence, then write the
first five terms and find the sum of the first n terms.
78. 6, 12, 24, 48
61. tn = 2(4)n - 1 ; 2, 8, 32, 128, 512 ; 699050
79. 18, 12, 8, 16
3
62. tn = 81 1
n-1
; 81, 27, 9, 3, 1 ; 121.48
3 80. 1, , , 8 , 16
2 4
5 25 125 625
63. tn = 16 - 3 ; 16, -24, 36, -54, 81 ; 362 21
n-1

2 32 I. Problems
64. tn = 125(0.4)n - 1 ; 125, 50, 20, 8, 3.2 ; 208.28
81. P = 500(1.25)5 = 1526 pupils
65. tn = 3(-3)n - 1 ; 3, -9, 27, -81, 243 ; -44286
82. 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, 16000 ; P16000
66. tn = 27 2 ; 27, 18, 12, 8, 16 ; 76 7
n-1

3 3 27 83. 2, 4, 8, . . . 1024 ; diameter = 2048 cm
67. tn = 5(4)n - 1 ; 5, 20, 80, 320, 1280 ; 1747625
84. P = 800000(1 - 0.20)5 = P262144
68. tn = -3(-2)n - 1 ; -3, 6, -12, 24, -48 ; 1023
85. A = 100(1 + 0.12)24 = P1517.86
69. tn = 8 (3)n - 1 ; 8 , 8 , 8, 24, 72 ; 324
86. Total Compensation = 50,000(1 - 1.1 ) + 107179.44(11)
9
9 9 3
1 - 1.1
70. tn = 6 2 ; 6, 4, 8 , 16, 32 ; 16 230
n-1

3 3 9 27 243 Total Compensation = P1857947.69
22 23
87. S29 = 1(1 - 2 ) = P536870.91 ; S30 = P1073741.82 Lesson 1.5

29

1-2 S31 = P2147483.64
The Binomial Theorem
88. S10 = 20(1 - 2 ) = 20460 ; S11 = 40920
10

1-2 Objectives:
89. S6 = 50(1 - 0.8 ) = 184.46
6
1. Expand a binomial raised to a power.
1 - 0.8 2. Evaluate factorial expressions and binomial coefficients.
3. Expand binomials using the binomial theorem.
90. S25 = 48(1 - 0.5 ) = 96 cm
25

1 - 0.5
Practice Exercises 1.5
A. Expand and simplify each expression.
1. 8a3 + 12a2b + 6ab2 + b3
2. c4 - 12c3d + 54c2d2 - 108cd3 + 81d4
3. e5 + 10e4f + 40e3f2 + 80e2f3 + 80ef4 + 32f5
4. 1024g10 - 3840g8h + 5760g6h2 - 4320g4h3 + 1620g2h4 - 243h5
5. 729m12 + 2916m10n + 4860m8n2 + 4320m6n3 + 2160m4n4 + 576m2n5 + 64n6
6. 64p6 - 576p5q2 + 2160p4q4 - 4320p3q6 + 4860p2q8 - 2916pq10 + 729q12
7. r + 3r s + 27r s + 54r2s3 + 81s4

8 6 4 2

16 2 2
8. 8u - 2u v + u v + v
9 6 2 3 4 6

27 2 2 8
9. 243x10 + 810x8y3 + 1080x6y6 + 720x4y9 + 240x2y12 + 32y15
10. 256a8b4 - 768a9b5 + 864a10b6 - 432a11b7 + 81a12b8

24 25
B. Find the specified term of each binomial expansion. E. Find the term involving the partial term in the given binomial expansion
11. 216a2 26. 8064a10
12. 720b2 27. 43740b6
28. 165c
7
13. 240c2d4
4
29. 105d
3
14. 5103ef6
2
15. -2048y11 30. 5e 4
3
C. Find the specified term of each binomial expansion. F. Simplify using the binomial theorem.
16. 64g6 + 576g5 + 2160g4 31. 112 - 189 + 135 - 540 + 1215 - 1458x3 + 729x6
x x x6 x3
17. (3h)20 + 20(3h)19(-2) + 190(3h)18(-2)2 32. 118 + 12 + 60 - 160 + 240 + 192x2 + 64x6
x x14 x10 x6 x2
18. 4096m24 + 24576m22 + 67584m20 33. x3 - 6x2 + 15x - 20 + 15 - 62 + 13
x x x
19. p33 - 22p30q2 + 220p27q4 32 400
34. 5 + 3 + 2000 + 5000x + 6250x3 + 3125x5
x x x
20. 6561 + 17496r2s + 20412r4s2 35. 1 2 + 1 + 6 + 16x + 16x2
2x x
D. Write the last three terms of each binomial expression. G. 36. a. 495 b. 495
21. -28160s4t9 + 11264s2t10 - 2048t11 37. a. 1140 b. 1140
22. 9u + 9u + 1
2
38. 126, 720
32 256 512
23. 91v w - 14vw26 + w28
2 24
39. 3360p18
81 9
24. 22y z
2 10
- 4yz11 + z12 40. a. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512
3 b. 2n
25. a b - ab + b
2 6 7

c. sum of all entries = 2n , where n indicates
28 56 256 the power to which the binomial is raised
26 27
H. Expand and simplify. Chapter Test

41. 2m5 + 20m3n2 + 10mn4 I. The general term of a sequence is given. For each sequence, write the
first 5 terms, the 10th term and the 15th term.
42. 14p6q + 70p4q3 + 42p2q5 + 2q7
1. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 ; 21, 31
43. r6 - 3r4s2 + 3r2s4 - s6
44. t8 - 4t6 + 2t4 - 4t2 + 1 2. 4, 7, 12, 19, 28 ; 103, 228
45. x6 + 6x5y +15x4y2 + 20 x3y3 + 15x2y4 + 6xy5 + y6 3. 2, 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ; 11 , 16

2 3 4 5 10 15
4. 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ; 11 , 16
3 4 5 6 7 12 17
5. 5, -8, 11, -14, 17 ; -32, 47
II. Find the indicated term of each sequence.
1. 35
2. -480
3. 644
III. Write an expression for the general or nth term of each sequence.
1. tn = 7n
2. tn = 1
n

2
3. tn = 1.1n + 0.1
IV. Find the indicated partial sum for each sequence.
1. 144
2. S5 = 1 + 3 + 9 + 2 + 15 = 8 31
2 5 7 70
3. S6 = 5 + 10 + 20 + 40 + 80 + 160 = 315
28 29
V. Expand and Evaluate.
4. n = 24, d = 12
23
1. 1, 4, 7, 10, 13
2. -10, -6, 0, 8, 18, 30 5. S77 = 33649, t1 = 855
3. 0, 3 , 14 , 4, 36 , 50 , 66
2 5 7 8 9
VIIII. Certain values of the elements t1, d, tn, n and S are given. Find the
VI. Find the indicated term of each arithmetic sequence. missing elements.
1. 31 1. d = 6, S25 = 2175
2. 416 2. t1 = 10, S41 = 4510
3. -3 3. t61 = 288, d = 71
15
VII. Use the given information to evaluate each arithmetic series. X. Insert the specified number of arithmetic means.
1. S40 = 1640 1. 7, 10, 13, 16
2. d = 3 , S65 = 195 2. 17 , 25 , 33 , 41 , 49 , 57 , 65 , 73
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
3. d = - 1 , S15 = 19
3. 1 , 4, 11 , 7 , 17

66 66
2 5 10 5 10
VIII. Use the information given for the arithmetic sequence to find the
XI. Find the first 5 terms of the geometric sequence.
quantities indicated.
1. 5, 25, 125, 625, 3125

1. n = 21
2. 18, 12, 8, 16 , 32
2. t1 = -300 3 9
3. d = 1
3. -3, 15, -75, 375, -1875

2
30 31
XII. Find the general term and the indicated term for each sequence. XVI. Write the last three terms of each binomial expression.
1. tn = -3(5)n - 1 , t8 = -234375 1. -270s6t3 + 405s3t4 - 243t5
2. tn = -12 1 , t10 = - 3 2. 512u + 256u + 512

n-1 2

2 128 243 729 19683
3. tn = 333 1 1 1 3. 91v w - 14vw + w42

n-1 2 36 39
, t8 =
3 10 30000 25 5
4. 288y2z7 + 576yz8 + 512z9

XIII. Find the indicated term of each geometric sequence.
5. 112a b - 16ab + b
2 6 7 8

18225 10935 6561
1. 21 1
3
2. 54 XVII. Find the term involving the partial term in the given binomial
expansion.
3. 3
64 1. -15120a4
XIV. Insert the indicated number of geometric means.
2. 30375b4
1. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64
3. 63c
6

16
2. 2, 6, 18, 54
59. 105d
3

2
3. 6, 9, 27
2 60. 5e
4

768
XV. Find the sum Sn of each geometric series described.
1. 33.7392
2. 0.22222
3. 1093
4. 2 670
2187
33
Polynomial Expressions
Lesson 2.1 and Equations
1. Explain why a given expression is or is not a
polynomial.
2. Apply the basic arithmetic operations on polynomials.
3. Factor polynomial expressions.
Polynomial Functions
4. Solve polynomial equations.
Practice Exercises 2.1a

A. Some of the following expressions are polynomials. For each expression

that is a polynomial, give the leading coefficient, the constant term and
the degree of the polynomial.
Leading Coefficient Constant Team Degree

1. 2 -1/2 3
Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia 2. 3 √3 2
3. not a polynomial
Nicolo Tartaglia was born in Brescia, Lombardy, at the very beginning
4. not a polynomial
of the sixteenth century. He was by tradition self-educated, but went on
5. not a polynomial
to become a teacher of mathematics. He is regarded as one of the more
important contributors to the progress of mathematical knowledge in the 6. 7 1 4
sixteenth century and, in particular, the development of algebra. He died in 7. 1 -1/3 3
Venice in 1557, at the age of 57, alone and poor in spite of his considerable 8. 3 -5 2
mathematical accomplishments. Our knowledge of these achievements is 9. 4 -2 2
derived principally from his published works. He is credited above all 10. 1 -3 3
with solving the complexities of 3rd degree equations (cubic equations). 11. not a polynomial
He also translated Euclid into contemporary Italian. Perhaps from the 12. 1 0 3
perspective of his time, his most important contribution would have been
13. not a polynomial
the application of mathematical knowledge to the study of ballistics and
fortifications.

34 35
B. State the degree of the following expressions and identify the leading 35. -4n3 + 5n - 1
coefficient and constant.
36. -3p2 + 18p - 8
Degree Leading Coefficient Constant
37. 6q3 - 5q2 - 9q + 2
16. 0 none 25
17. 2 1 -1 38. r2 - r + 3
18. 3 -2
39. 7 s2 - 7 s
1
19. 2 3 3 24 10
118 t2 + 254 t + 7 or 59 t2 + 127 t + 7
20. 4 7 9 40.
170 780 18 85 390 18
21. 2 3 -10
22. 3 3 4
23. 3 12 -2
24. 2 5 5 D. Solve:
25. 2 1 -1
41. Perimeter = 2x2 + 8x - 5
C. Find the sum or difference of the following polynomials.
42. Perimeter = 8x2 + 6x + 8
26. 5b2 - 4b - 2
43. Perimeter = 10x2 - x + 20
27. -2c2 + 25c + 6
44. Difference = 6x2 - 2x + 13
28. -5d2 + 7d - 6
45. a. 55 , b. 475 , c. 1355
29. -4e2 + e + 13
E. Simplify:
30. f2 - f + 7
8 46. 6a2 - 15a + 15
31. -6g3
47. -87b3 + 91b2 - 35b
32. 5h2 - 8h + 20
48. -11c4 - 9c3 + 4c2
33. 3k2 - 6k + 27
49. -3d3 - 3d2 - 10d + 12
34. 5m3 - 2m2 - 13m + 12
50. 3e3 - 3e2 + 14e
36 37
51. 20f2 + 49f + 21 d. x6 - 1 = (x - 1)(x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1)
e. xn - 1 = (x - 1)(xn - 1 + xn - 2 + . . . + x0)
52. 12g2 - 13g - 35
65. a. x3 + 1
53. 56h - 53h + 12
2
b. x5 + 1
c. x7 + 1
54. 8j3 + 27 d. x2n + 1 + 1 = (x + 1)(x2n - x2n - 1 + . . . 1)
66. Area =  2v + 4v - 8
2
55. 6k3 - 13k2 + 21k - 10
2
56. 6m3 + 11m2 - 2m + 20 Area = (v4 + 4v3 - 4v2 - 16v + 16)cm2
57. 2n6 + 4n5 - n4 + n3 + 2n2 - n + 1 67. Volume = 125w3 - 150w2 + 60w - 8
58. 42p4 - 25p3 - 5p2 + 5p - 2 68. Area = 4y - 8 2y2 - 3y + 5 + 3y2 + y - 4

2
59. 16 Area = 10y3 - 24y2 + 10y - 4 sq. units
60. -r3 + 26r2 + 3r + 45 69. a. Lateral Area = 2� (z + 2)(z2 + 3z - 2)

Lateral Area = (2z3 + 10z2 + 8z - 8)� sq. cm
b. Volume = � (z + 2)2(z2 + 3z - 2)
Volume = (z4 + 7z3 + 14z2 + 4z - 8)� cm3
F. Solve:
70. s2 + s2 = (√8x2 - 24x + 18)2
61. a. Volume = (2s + 1)(3s - 5)(2s - 3)
S = 2x - 3
Volume = 12s3 - 32s2 + 11s + 15 cubic meters P = 4(2x - 3)
P = 8x - 12 mm
b. TSA = 2(2s + 1)(3s - 5) + 2(2s + 1)(2s - 3) + 2(3s - 5)(2s - 3)
TSA = 32s2 - 60s + 14 sq. meters G. Find each of the quotients in simplest form.
62. Area = 1 (2t2 - 3t + 5)(4t - 7) 71. 2a2 - 3a - 4

2
Area = 4t3 - 13t2 + 20.5t - 17.5 72. 58b5 - 2b3 - 9b
7
63. Volume = 64u3 - 144u2 + 108u - 27 73. -5c2 + 2c - 62
13
64. a. x3 - 1 74. 32d - -
2 d 2
b. x4 - 1 2 3
c. x5 - 1 75. 10e + 23
38 39
76. f2 - 5f + 6
Practice Exercises 2.1b
77. g + 3g + 2
2
78. 2h2 - h - 1 A. Factor each of the following completely.
79. 6j2 + 5j - 4 + 5
2j - 1 1. 4a(b - 3a2)
80. 4k2 + 5k - 6 + 10
4k - 3
m-5 2. 2cd(2c2 - 3d2 + 4cd)
81. 2m + 1 +
9m2 - 24m + 16
82. 2n - 3 + 2 2n - 2 3. (3e + 4f)(3e - 4f)
n - 5n + 6
83. p + 1 + 22p + 3
3p + 7p + 2 4. (3 + 7gh)(3 - 7gh)
84. 3q - 4 + 7q - 14
q2 + q - 6 5. (9m + 8n)(9m - 8n)
-3r2 - 3r + 3
2 2
85. -2r2 - 3r - 5 + 6. (3p + 2q)2
2 2 2r3 - 2r2 + 1
7. (5r - 2s)2
8. (uv - 8)2
9. (2tw + 1)2
10. x + b
2

2a
11. x(5x + 2y)(5x - 2y)
12. 2y2(3y + 2z)(3y - 2z)
13. (z2 + 9)(z + 3)(z - 3)
14. (3a + b)(9a2 - 3ab + b2)

40 41
15. (c - 4d)(c2 + 4cd + 16d2) 29. (g - 4h)(g + 4h + 1)
16. (2e + f)(2e - f)(4e2 - 2ef + f2)(4e2 + 2ef + f2) 30. (j + 5 + 2k)(j + 5 - 2k)
17. (m + 2n)(2g - h) 31. (4m + n)(1 - 3m)
18. (p + 2q + 4)(p + 2q - 4) 32. (p + 3q + r + 1)(p + 2q - r - 1)
19. (6r + 2s - 3t)(6r - 2s + 3t) 33. (s2 + st - t2)(s2 - st - t2)
20. (2u - 3v - 3)2 34. (u2 + 3uv - v2)(u2 - 3uv - v2)
21. (3w + 2x)(w - 4x) 35. (w2 + 4w + 8)(w2 - 4w + 8)
22. (y + z + 2)(y - z + 4) 36. (x2 + 2x + 3)(x2 - 2x + 3)
23.[(2x + 3y) - 3z][(2x + 3y)2 + (2x + 3y)(3z) + 9z2] 37. (y2 + y + 2)(y2 - yz + 2)
24. (z + 2)(-3z + 4w)(z + 2w) 38. (y2 + yz - 3z)(y2 - yz - 3z)
25. 3x2y(x + 2y)(x2 - 2xy + 4y2) 39. (b - c)(a - d)
40. (3f - g)(5e + 3)

B. Factor the following polynomials completely.
26. (a + 3)(b - c)
27. (d - 4)(d - e)
28. (2f + 5)(f2 - 2)

42 43
18. (3a - 7)2
Practice Exercises 2.1c
19. (4b - 7)(3b - 1)
Factor each of the following if possible. Write prime if it cannot be factored. 20. prime
1. (a - 6)(a - 2) 21. (2d + 5e)(2d - e)
2. (b + 3)(b + 14) 22. (6f - g)(f - 3g)
3. (c + 2)(c - 14) 23. (3h - 4k)(h - 4k)
4. prime 24. (7m + 2n)(m - 6n)
5. (e + 2)(e - 18) 25. (4p - 3q)(2p - 7q)
6. (f + 12)(f - 3) 26. prime
7. (g + 12h)(g - 2h) 27. [4(s - 2t) - 3][(s - 2t) + 2]
8. (k + 2j)(k - 24j) 28. (u - 7)(u - 8)
9. (m - 4n)(m - 12n) 29. prime
10. (p - 3q)(p + 16q) 30. prime
11. (r + s - 3)(r + s - 4)
12. [(2t - 1) + 12][(2t - 1) - 3]
13. [(u - 3v) + 9][(u - 3v) - 2]
14. (w - 5)(w + 4)
15. prime
16. (2y - 3)(y - 3)
17. (3z + 1)(z + 2)

44 45
Practice Exercises 2.1d 17. - 13 , - 1

51 3
18. 2
5
19. 3
Find all real solutions of each equation.
5
1. {-1, 0, 3}
20. {-12, 2}
2. 0, 3 , 6 -3 ±√21
2 21.
6
3. {0, -3}
22. no integral solution
4. - 5 , 0, 5 23. {-3, 1}
2 2
5. {-1, 1, 3} 24. {212}
6. {±√-3, -2} 25. {-3, -1}
7. {-3, -1, 1, 3} 26. {-2, 3}
±√7
8. ±√-1,
6 27. - 3, 5
3
9. - 1, - 1
5 3 28. {-3, -√3, 1, √3}
10. - 3, 2
29. {-6, -3, 3}
5
11. - 125 , 1 -1 ±√17
30. -2, ,3
8 2
12. - 64
27
13. {-4}
14. 841
36
15. {-1, 3}
16. 1 , 21
2 2
46 47
Evaluation of a Polynomial 11. - 5 , 1
Lesson 2.2 Function 2 3
12. 1, 4
Objectives: 13. 2 , 5
5 2
1. Evaluate a polynomial function.
2. Perform basic operations on polynomial
14. 0
functions.
15. 3
Practice Exercises 2.2 C. If a and b are real numbers, find:

16. a. 6a + 1
b. 7 - 6a
A. Evaluate the following functions.
c. 18b + 2i - 5
1. 13 ; -2 - 10i ; 1 - i ; 18a2 - 15a + 16
d. 12b - 6√3 - 5
2. 16√3 - 48 ; 20 ; 16x - 16x2
e. 6a
3. 17 ; 75 ; -75 ; -183 b
4. -9 ; 129 ; -65 ; 15
9 17. a. -4a - 1
5. -59 ; 13 ; 14 + √2 ; -13 - 9i
16 4 b. 4a + 5
c. 3 - 12b - 8i
B. For what value(s) of x is the given function not defined.

d. 3 - 8b + 4√3
6. -7
2
e. - 4a
7. 8 b
3
8. ±3
18. a. a2 + 2
9. ±5
b. a2 - 2a + 3
10. -2, 0, 2
c. 9b2 + 12bi - 6b - 4i - 1
48 49
d. 4b2 - (4√3 + 4)b + 6 + 2√3 24. -5
e. a + 2ab - 2a
2
25. 13
b
26. 48
19. a. 2a + 7a - 2
2
27. -1152
b. 2a - 11a + 7
2
28. 36
c. 18b + 24bi + 9b + 6i - 15
2
29. 6
d. 8b2 - (8√3 - 6)b - (1 + 3√3)
30. -372
e. 2a + 4ab + 3b
2
b
20. a. 4a 2+ 12a + 11
2
E. Find:
4a + 8a + 3
b. 4a2 - 20a + 27
2
31. 4x2 + 2x - 10
4a - 16a + 15
32. -4x2 + 16x - 7
c. 36b + 48bi + 12b + 8i - 13
2
36b2 + 48bi - 17
33. -12x2 + 19x - 6
16b2 - (16√3 - 8)b + (15 - 4√3)
d.
16b2 - 16√3 b + 11 34. -4x2 + 5x - 9
4(a + b)2 + 4(a + b) + 3 - 4b2 + 4b + 3
4(a + b)2 - 1 4b2 - 1 35. -4x2 - 4x + 2
e.
b 36. 6x2 + 6x + 9
Communicating Math page 79 37. -6x2 + 3x - 20
D. If x = –1 , y = 2 , and z = –3, evaluate each of the following functions. 38. 6x2 - 5x + 7
21. 5 39. 6x2 - 14x + 18
22. 35 40. 12x2 - 10x - 5
23. -78 41. 2x2 - 9x - 10

50 51
42. 14x2 - 17x + 17 G.
43. -14x2 - 17x + 17 61. 6x2 - 13x - 5 ; 88
44. 6x2 + 6x + 9 62. -6x2 + 19x + 7 ; -5 + 19√2
45. -4x2 + 7x - 1 63. -4x2 + 24x - 35 ; -11 + 6i
F. 64. 18x3 - 33x2 - 28x - 5 ; -28
46. p x - 3 ; 5 65. 12x3 - 56x2 + 55x + 25 ; 25

2 2
x
47. q - 3 ; 1 66. -12x3 + 68x2 - 81x - 35 ; -60
2
√x
48. p ; ±4 67. -12x3 + 68x2 - 81x - 35 ; -21
2
49. r
√x
; 3 68. -8x3 + 68x2 - 190x + 175 ; 379 + 214√3
2 2
50. r(√x - 3) ; ±3 69. 8x3 - 76x2 + 238x - 245 ; -1089
51. q(√x - 3) ; 0 70. 2x - 5 ; -3 - 2i
52. s(x + 1) ; -9 71. 3x + 1 ; 7 + 9i
72. -3x - 4 + 23 ; 21
53. s(2x - 5) ; -6
-2x + 7
54. s(2√x + 1) ; 11 73. 7 - 2x ; 19
3x + 1 6
55. t x - x + 3 ; 2
2
74. 7 - 2x ; 6 + 2i
4
56. t(x2 - 8x + 18) ; 5 + 4i 75. 2x - 5 ; 1 + 2√2
57. t(x - 2√x + 3) ; -1 - 4i
58. t(4x2 + 2) ; 30 - 16√3
; 3
x - 2√x + 3
59. p
2 2
60. q(2x2 - 4x + 4) ; 2 1
8
52 53
Lesson 2.3 Synthetic Division 14. q3 + 2
15. 3r2 - 4
Objectives: 16. 2s3 + s2 - 2s + 3

2s - 1
Use synthetic division to divide a polynomial by a
first-degree binomial. 17. 2t2 - 8t + 1
18. 2u2 - (1 + 4i)u + 2i

19. v2 + (-2 + 2i)v - 4i
20. w2 + (3 + i)w + (-3 + 3i) - 3i

A. Divide using synthetic division. w-i
1. 3a2 + 11a + 1 Applying and Connecting Math page 86
2. 2b2 - b - 1 + 2 B. Given are division problems that has been done synthetically, Find the
b +1 divided, divisor, quotient and remainder.
3. 2c + c + 5 + 12
2
c-2
dividend divisor quotient remainder
4. 3d2 + d + 3
21. -2x3 + 3x2 + 7x -40 x+3 -2x2 + 9x - 20 20
5. e +e-1
3
22. x4 - 2x3 + 5x2 + 2 x-2 x3 + 5x + 10 22

6. 3f - 9f + 7f - 6
3 2
23. 2x3 - 3x2 - 44x + 105 x+5 2x2 - 13x + 21 0

7. g + g + 3g + 1
3 2
24. x4 - 4x3 + 2x2 - 7x + 35 x-3 x3 - x2 - x - 10 5

8. 2h - 5h - 3
2
25. 2x4 - 4x3 - 7x2 + 6x - 48 x+2 2x3 - 8x2 + 9x -12 -24
9. 6j2 + j - 4 + 6
j+3 26. -4x4 - 7x3 + x2 - 5x - 12 x+1 -4x3 - 3x2 + 4x - 9 -3
10. k2 - 5 27. x4 - 3x2 + 5 x-2 x3 + 2x2 + x + 2 9
11. m2 - 2m + 3 - 5
28. -3x4 - 12x3 + 4x + 16 x+4 -3x3 + 4 0
2m + 1
12. 2n2 - 2n + 1 29. 6x3 - 19x2 + 5x x-3 6x2 - x + 2 6
13. 2p3 + 3p2 + 2p - 2 30. x4 - 2x3 + 3x2 - 11 x-1 x3 - x2 + 2x + 2 -9

54 55
The Remainder and Factor B. Find the value of k for which the binomial x – c is a factor of the
Lesson 2.4 Theorems polynomial.
16. -9 26. 5
Objectives:
17. -63 27. -5
Use the remainder and factor theorems to find factors
of polynomials.
18. 41 28. 11
19. -57 29. 6

20. -7 30. 17
21. 0
A. Find the remainder when P(x) is divided by the binomial that follow it
22. 26
using synthetic division.
23. 21
1. 56 9. 64
24. -5 4
9
2. 225 10. 511 25. 16
3. 3 11. - 7
8
Communicating Math
12. 4 1
page 91
4. -5
4
C. Find the value of k so that the remainder is zero.
5. -360 13. 3
31. 10 36. -13
6. 1074 14. -4 32. -13 37. 0
7. 5 15. 9 33. -5 13 38. -3

16
34. 4 39. -11
8. -19
35. -8 40. -7
56 57
D. Determine the value of k necessary to meet the given condition. 58. Yes
41. 3 59. Yes
42. 7 60. No
43. -3 F. Determine the value of k for which the binomial x-c is a factor of the
polynomial function.
44. - 1
2
61. -11
45. 15
62. 84
46. -13
63. 14
47. -25
64. 57
48. 19
65. -16
49. 11
66. -13 1
50. -5 5
67. -9
68. -22
E. Determine if the binomial is a factor of P(x)
69. 11
51. No
70. -11
52. No
G. Solve
53. No
71. 0
54. Yes
72. 2
55. No
73. 1
56. Yes
74. p = 3 , q = -5 , pq = -15
57. Yes
75. p = 3 , q = 2
58 59
Zero(s) / Root(s) of a Polynomial 7. degree = 3 , {-2, -1, 5}
Lesson 2.5 Function/Equation
8. degree = 3 , - 3 , -1, 5
2
Objectives: 9. degree = 3 , non-factorable
Use the remainder and factor theorems to find factors

of polynomials.
10. degree = 3 , {-3, -2, 4}
11. degree = 3 , {-3, 2, 4}

Practice Exercises 2.5 12. degree = 3 , {-5, -3, -1}
13. degree = 3 , {-2, 1, 3}
A. State the degree of the polynomial function, find its zero(s) and give its
multiplicity. - 1 ± i√3
14. degree = 4 , -1 multiplicity 2,
2
1. degree = 9 , -4 multiplicity 2 15. degree = 4 , non-factorable
4 multiplicity 3
3 multiplicity 4
2. degree = 11 , 8 multiplicity 5
-3 multiplicity 3 B. Write an equation in general form that has the following roots.
2 multiplicity 1
-6 multiplicity 2 16. P(x) = x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6
3. degree = 9 , 4 multiplicity 3 17. P(x) = x3 - 3x2 - 18x + 40

-7 multiplicity 2
3 multiplicity 1 18. P(x) = x3 + 7x2 + 7x - 15
12 multiplicity 3
19. P(x) = x4 - 5x2 + 4
4. degree = 7 , 3 multiplicity 2
-3 multiplicity 4 20. P(x) = 36x4 - 13x2 + 1
5 multiplicity 1
21. P(x) = x3 - 5x - 2
5. degree = 9 , -2 multiplicity 3
3 multiplicity 2 22. P(x) = x3 - 7x2 + 13x - 3
5 multiplicity 4
23. P(x) = x4 - 2x3 - 3x2 + 2x + 2
6. degree = 3 , {-3, -2, 1}
60 61
24. P(x) = 2x4 - 13x3 + 21x2 - x - 7
42. 1, 1 ±√3i
25. P(x) = x4 + 3x3 - 19x2 - 47x - 10
43. - 1 , 2, 1 - √2i
26. P(x) = x3 - 6x2 + 10x - 8 2
44. non-factorable
27. P(x) = x3 - x2 + x + 39
45. 1 , -2, -3 + i
28. P(x) = x4 - 2x3 + x2 + 8x - 20 2
29. P(x) = x4 - 4x3 - 2x2 + 12x - 55
30. P(x) = x4 - 12x3 + 38x2 - 12x - 143
C. Determine the zero(s) of each of the following polynomial functions,

given a zero.
31. -3, -2
32. 2, 3
33. 2, 3
34. -4, 2, 4
35. 3 ± √5
36. 3 ± √3
37. ± 2√2
- 3 ± √5
38.
2
- 5 ± √17
39.
2
40. ± 2i
41. 4, -i
62 63
Lesson 2.6 The Rational Zero Theorem Communicating Math page 102
B. List the possible rational roots of each equation.

Objectives:
1. Find the number of positive real zeros, and complex 11. ± 1, 2, 3, 6
zeros for a polynomial function.
2. Identify all possible rational zeros of a polynomial 12. ± 1, 2, 4
function using the Rational Zero Theorem.
13. ± 1, 2, 4, 8
14. ± 1 , 1, 5 , 5
2 2
Understanding Math 15. ± 1 , 1, 3 , 2, 4
page 102

2 2
16. ± 1 , 1, 3 , 2, 3, 6
A. List the possibilities for the nature of the roots of each polynomial

function. 2 2
1. 1, 1, 2 17. ± 1 , 1 , 1, 2, 4
4 2
2. 2, 0, 2 or 0, 0, 4 18. ± 1 , 2 , 1, 4 , 2, 4
3 3 3
3. 0, 0, 2 or 0, 0, 4 19. ± 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 1, 2
6 3 2 3
4. 4, 0, 0 ; 2, 0, 2 ; 0, 0, 4 20. ± 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
5. 1, 2, 2, or 1, 0, 4
6. 3, 0, 2 ; 1, 0, 4
C. Find the rational roots for each function.
7. 3, 2, 0 ; 1, 2, 2 ; 3, 0, 2 ; 1, 0, 4 21. - 1 , 3 , 7
2 2 2
8. 1, 3, 2 ; 1, 1, 4
22. 2 ,
- 3 ± √17

3 4
9. 3, 1, 0 ; 1, 1, 2
23. 0 , - 1 , ± 1
3 2
10. 2, 3, 0 ; 2, 1, 2 ; 0, 3, 2 ; 0, 1, 4
24. -2 , 4 , -3 ± i
3 2
64 65
25. 0 , 4 , 5 ±
√3 i Graph of a Polynomial
5 2 Lesson 2.7 Function
26. 3 , ± 2 ,
- 3 ± √13

3 2
27. 1 , 2 , 3 Objectives:
2 3 2
1. Identify general shapes of the graphs of
28. 2 , 2 , 5 polynomial functions.
5 2
2. Graph a polynomial function.
29. - 1 , 3 , 5
2 2 2
30. ± 3 , ± 1 Practice Exercises 2.7
2
A. Each graph is a cubic or a quartic function. Describe the zeros of each

polynomial.
1. 3 real numbers
2. 2 real numbers ; one zero, multiplicity 2
3. 1 real number, 2 imaginary numbers
4. 3 real numbers
6. 1 real number, 2 imaginary numbers
7. 4 real numbers,
9. 4 real numbers

66 67
Communicating Math page 109 Applying and Connecting Math page 111
C. Sketch the graph of each polynomial function.

B. A table of values of function P are given. Describe the real zeros of
P(z).
21.
11. The zeros are between -3 and -2, -1 and 0, and 0 and 1. Cubic a -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
function with 3 real zeros. P(a) -8 0 0 -2 0 12 40
12. The zeros are between -2 and -1, 0 and 1, and 3 and 4. Cubic 22.
function with 3 real zeros. b -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(b) 0 14 12 0 -16 -30 -36 -28 0
13. Two real zeros between -1 and 0 and 0 and 1. Two imaginary zeros.
14. The zeros are between -2 and -1, -1 and 0, 0 and 1, and 1 and 2. 23.
Quartic function c 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P(c) -15 0 3 0 -3 0 15
15. The zeros are between -2 and -1, -1 and 0, 0 and 1, and 1 and 2.
Quartic function 24.
d -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
16. The zeros are between -2 and -1, -1 and 0, and 1 and 2. Cubic
function. P(d) -98 0 24 -10 -6 12 100
17. The zeros are between -2 and -1, 0 and 1, and 1 and 2. Cubic 25.
function. e -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(e) -1920 0 288 0 -288 -360 -240 -72 0 -48 0
18. The zeros are between -2 and -1, -1 and 0, and 0 and 1. Cubic
function.
26.
19. The zeros are between -3 and -2, 1 and 2, and 2 and 3. Cubic q -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
function. F(q) 2310 -1620 -3240 -3360 -2646 -1620 -660 0 540 204 0 0
20. The zeros are between -4 and -3, -2 and -1, -1 and 0, 0 and 1, and 1 27.
and 2. Quintic function. r -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
F(r) -40 20 18 -10 -28 0 110
28.
s -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
F(s) -25 0 9 8 3 0 5
68 69
29. Chapter Test

t -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
F(t) -30 0 12 12 6 0 0
1. Find :
30. a. 5x2 + x + 3
u -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
F(u) -27 0 14 12 0 -16 -18 -36 -28 0 54 b. 6x2 - 6x + 6

c. 7x2 + x - 1
31.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 d. 3x2 - 10x + 8
G(x) -40 -12 0 2 0 0 8
e. x2 + 4x + 2
32.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
2. Multiply :
G(x) -84 -25 0 3 -4 -9 0
a. 2x4 - 15x2 + 26x - 15
33.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 b. x6 - 1
8
G(x) 0 0 12 12 0 0 60
c. x6 + x4 + 1 x2 - 1
4 9
34.
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 3. Divide :
G(x) -15 0 3 0 -3 0 15
a. x3 + x2 - 5x - 5
35.
b. x2 + 4x + 4
x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
G(x) -10 0 0 -4 -6 0 20 c. 2x3 + 4x2 + 10x - 22 - 100
x-2
4. f(0) = -3
f(-2) = -39
f(5) = 192
70
5. a. even function
Unit
b. odd function
c. neither
2
d. even function
e. even function
6. a. -1, 2, 3
b. -2, 2
7. a. none Circles
b. -2
c. 2
and
8. a. ± 1 , ± 2 , ± 1 , ± 4 , ± 2 , ± 4
3 3 3
b. ± 1 , ± 1 , ± 3 , ± 1 , ± 3 , ± 3
4 2
1
4
1 2
2
c. ± , ± , ± , ± , ± 1 , ± 3 , ± 2 , ± 3 , ± 6
1
Coordianate Geometry
6 3 2 3 2
9. a. P(x) = x3 - 3x2 - 4x + 12
Content Standards:
b. P(x) = 6x3 + x2 - 4x + 1
c. P(x) = 5x3 - 12x2 - 11x + 6 a. Circle and its Parts
b. Central Angles, Inscribed Angles and their Arcs
10. a. k = 16
c. Tangents to Circles
b. remainder = -31 d. Relationships among Chords, Radii, and Arcs
e. Angles Formed by Chords, Secants, and Tangents
c. x - 1 = 0 f(1) = (1)3 - (1)2 - 4 + 4 f. Circles and Lengths of Segments
x = 1 f(1) = 0 g. Distance and Midpoint Formulas
h. Equation of a Circle
73
Lesson 3.1 A Circle and its Parts
1. Define a circle and its parts.
2. Find the measure of a radius, diameter and
an arc of a circle.
Circles Practice Exercises 3.1

Maurits Cornelis Escher was born in
Leeuwarden, Holland on June 17th, 1898. He Understanding Math page 123
was a master artist and creative visionary. He
was fascinated by a wide range of mathematical
A. Identify what part of the circle are the following.
concepts and incorporated them directly into his
work. Escher himself affirmed that, “Although I
am absolute innocent of training or knowledge in 1. center
the exact sciences, I often seem to have more in
common with mathematicians than with my fellow 2. point of tangency
artists.” Although Escher had no formal training
in mathematics, his work displayed an innate 3. intersection of PT and US
understanding of mathematical principles including
the geometry of space and the logic of space. His 4. intersection of VR and VT
contributions to both the realms of mathematics and
Maurits Cornelis Escher art were significant.
5. radius
In 1936, Escher traveled to Granada, Spain and became intrigued by the
Moorish mosaics in the Alhambra. His interest in these mosaics inspired his studies 6. diameter
in transformational geometry, focusing on the regular divisions of the plane,
also known as “tessellations.” Tessellations are patterns of closed shapes that 7. chord
completely cover the plane without overlapping and without leaving gaps. While
mathematicians had shown that only the triangle, square, and hexagon could be 8. tangent
used for tessellations, Escher “exploited these basic patterns in his tessellations,
applying what geometers would call reflections, glide reflections, translations, and 9. central angle
rotations to obtain a greater variety of patterns” (Platonic Realms 2007). In addition,
his extensive research in the geometry of space was years ahead of its time. He
10. inscribed angle
unknowingly contributed to the understanding and development of crystallography
by creating his own categorization system covering all possible combinations of
shape, color, and symmetrical properties of color-based division; this information 11. semicircle
was published in his now publicly-recognized paper “Regular Division of the Plane
with Asymmetric Congruent Polygons” in 1941. 12. minor arc, intercepted arc of PSU
74 75
13. major arc 29. always true
14. tangent 30. sometimes true
15. secant D. Refer to circle P to answer the following.
B. Determine whether a given point is in the interior, exterior or on the 31. point P
circle if GM is a radius of circle G which has a length of 15 mm.
32. AC , CE , or GR
16. interior of the circle
33. 11, 5 mm
17. exterior of the circle
34. no, it is a secant
18. on the circle
35. AS , AQ , or SQ
19. interior of the circle
36. points on the circle
20. exterior of the circle
37. right triangle
Communicating Math page 124 38. CT , QR , or SR
39. ACB and ARE

C. Tell whether the given statement is always, sometimes, or never true.
40. CAE , ECA , AEC or SRQ
21. always true
E. Draw your own circle and illustrate the following.
22. never true
23. sometimes true G

D F
24. always true E
25. always true A
26. always true
27. never true B C
28. always true

76 77
F. In circle T, m SQ = 48o and RS is a diameter. Determine whether each 65. 69.4°
arc is a minor arc, a major arc, or a semicircle, then find the degree
measure of each arc. 66. 69.4°
51. 48° 67. 138.8°
52. 132° 68. 110.6°
53. 90° 69. 290.6°
54. 90° 70. 290.6°
55. 138° H. Fill in the blanks.
56. 222° 71. 54 mm
57. 312° 72. 87.6 mm
58. 228° 73. 29 1 dm

3
59. 270° 74. 14.56 inches
60. 270° 75. 67 ft
76. 37.5 mm
77. 19.3 cm
G. Refer to circle O, if m PN = m MN , m KL = 3x + 20, m KP = 2x - 38,
and KM and PL are diameters, find the value of x and the measure of 78. 21 1 dm
4
each arc.
79. 14.08 inches
61. 39.6°
80. 2 5 ft
6
62. 41.2°
63. 138.8°
64. 41.2°
78 79
Central Angles, Inscribed 11. 72°
Lesson 3.2 Angles and their Arcs.
12. 30°
13. 58°
Objectives:
1. Differentiate central angles from inscribed angles.
2. Find the measure of an arc intercepted by central
14. RSP RTP
angles and inscribed angles.
15. 51°
Practice Exercises 3.2 Communicating Math page 132
Understanding Math page 130 C. Find the value of each variable.
16. a = 218° , b = 109°

A. a. Find the indicated measure of each arc/angle in circle G.
17. c = 60.5° , d = 31.5° , e = 88°
1. 84°, 180°, 96°, 48°, 228°
18. f = 39° , g = 51° , h = 90°
2. 90°, 32°, 152°, 118°, 242°
19. k = 24° , m = 66° , n = 43°
3. 45°, 45°, 315°, 135°, 315°
20. p = 109° , q = 202° , r = 56°
b.
21. s = 21° , t = 75° , u = 150°
4. b + (4b - 10) = 180, b = 38 , xy = 38°
22. 3v + 15 = v + 75 , v = 30° , w = 75°
5. 3c - 5 = 2c = 50 , c = 55 , xy = 160°
23. 5x + 54 = 2(4x + 3) , x = 16° , y = 46°
6. (d + 40) + (3d + 20) + (2d + 60) = 360 , d = 40 , xy = 80°
24. x2 = 1 (9x + 5) , x = 5
B. In circle O, PR is a diameter. 2
25. 2z2 = 21z - 40 ; z = 5 , z = 8
7. PQR 2
8. RS
9. QOP PQ , QOR QR
10. QR
80 81
Applying and Connecting Math page 133 28.
D. Write a two column proof. Statements Reasons
1. In circle C, m WZ = m XY 1. Given
26.
2. m WXZ = ½ m WZ 2. Theorem 3.2
Statements Reasons
1. In circle A, 1. Given m XWY = ½ m XY
PQ QR PR 3. m WXZ = m XWY 3. Transitive Property
2. m PRQ = ½ m PQ 2. Theorem 3.2 4. WXZ XWY 4. Def. of congruent
angles
m QPR = ½ m QR
5. WX XW 5. Identity
m PQR = ½ m PR 6. XZ WY 6. The diameters of
the same circle are
3. m PRQ = m QPR = m PQR 3. Transitive Property
congruent.
4. ∆PQR is an equiangular triangle 4. Def. of equiangular
7. ∆WXZ ∆XWY 7. SAS Theorem
triangle
5. ∆PQR is an equilateral triangle 5. An equiangular
triangle is equilateral
E.
27.
29. A rectangle is inscribed in a circle if a pair of sides is equidistant
Statements Reasons from the center. A square is inscribed in a circle if two pairs of sides
are equidistant from the center.
1. ST // UV 1. Given
2. U S 2. Alternate interior 30. m EH = m FG because EGH GEF. The angles are congruent
angles of parallel lines because they are alternate interior angles formed by parallel lines.
are congruent. The two arcs are equal because of theorem 3.2
3. m U = m S 3. Def. of congruent angles 31.

a. True, however they can also intercept congruent arcs.
4. m U = ½ m SV 4. Theorem 3.2
b. True, an angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.
m S = ½ m TU
5. SV TU 5. Transitive Property c. True, the angles of a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle are

supplementary.

82 83
32. Isosceles trapezoid, it has a pair of parallel sides and the distances
between the endpoints of the parallel sides are always equal.
Lesson 3.3 Tangents to Circles
33. m J = 115 , m K = 90 , m L = 65 , m M = 90
Objectives:
34. Let x be the measure of smaller angle 1. Know the theorems are corollaries related to tangents
to circles.
3x - 15 be the measure of larger angle 2. Determine the measure of angles and line segments
related to tangents.
x + (3x - 15) = 180
x = 48.75
3x - 15 = 131.25
The angles are 48.750 , 48.750 , 131.250 , and 131.250. Understanding Math page 140
The quadrilateral is a rhombus.

A. Refer to the given figure. Tell whether GN is tangent to circle O at M.
35. Given: m Q = 75 Find: m S = 105
mQR = 90 mRS = 80 1. 52 + 122 = 132, YES
mST = 70 mQT = 120
m QRT = 60 2. 52 + 112 ≠ 132, NO
m QTR = 45
m SRT = 35 3. 3.22 + 4.12 = 52, NO
m RTS = 40
m QRS = 95 4. 2.52 + 2.52 = 2.5√2, YES
m QTS = 85
5. 122 + 122 = (12√2)2, YES
6. 4.22 + 3.82 = 4.52, NO
7. 12 + 12 = 22, NO
8. 32 + (3√3)2 = 62, YES
9. 92 + 122 = 152, YES
10. 142 + 482 = 512, NO

84 85
Communicating Math page 140 24. Perimeter of ABCD = 2(24 + 26 + 28 + 25) = 206 mm
B. For each of the following, find the value of x. (2 decimal places) 25. a. AB2 = 202 - 82 , AB = 18.33 cm
b. PB2 = 102 + 18.332 , PB = 20.88 cm
11. (x + 7)2 = 72 + 122 , x = 6.89 c. CB = AB = 18.33 cm
12. (x + 12)2 = 122 + 162 , x = 6.44 d. DB = AB = 18.33 cm
13. x2 + 122 = (12 + 8)2 , x = 16
14. (x + 7)2 = 72 + 242 , x = 18 26. a. The diameter of the circle passes through all the midpoints of
15. (x + 6)2 = 62 + 62 , x = 2.49 the parallel chords.
16. x2 + 142 = (x + 10)2 , x = 4.8 b. Infinite number of chords can be drawn.
17. (8 + x)2 = 82 + 152 , x = 9 One diameter can be drawn.
18. x2 = 182 - (9 - 6)2 , x = 17.75 c. Two, one tangent internally and the other tangent externally.
19. Area of Square = 302 = 900 mm2

Unshaded Area = �(15)2 = 706.86 mm2 27.

Shaded Area = 900 - 706.86 = 193.14 mm2 OA OB CE DE CD
a. 5 mm 13 12 12 24 mm
20. Area of Square = 60 = 3600 mm 2 2
b. 8 17 mm 15 15 mm 30

Unshaded Area = 193.14 + 4� (15)2 = 3020.57mm2

Shaded Area = 3600 - 3020.57 = 579.43 mm2 c. 7 25 mm 24 24 48 mm
C. d. 9 mm 41 mm 40 40 80
21. a.
A b, c. not possible
A
e. 11 mm 61 60 mm 60 120
B B
22. 28.
A OA = 15 cm a b c
o OP = 39 cm
P RT 24 mm 21 63
B PA2 = 392 - 152 , PA = 36 cm RS 12 6 mm 28 mm
PB = 36 cm
ST 12 mm 15 mm 35
23. a. concentric circles
b. tangent circles externally OR 10 20 16 mm
c. tangent circles internally PS 5 mm 8 12 mm
d. tangent circles internally
e. intersecting circles OT 26 mm 29 65
86 87
13 28 32.
OP 12 mm Statements Reasons
(OR)2 + (RT)2 = (OT)2
PT 13 17 mm 37 mm (PS)2 + (ST)2 = (PT)2 1. KL is tangent to circle at M, 1. Given
KM LM
29. 2. JM JM 2. Identity
OQ PR OP QR
3. JM KL 3. Theorem 3.3
a. 7 cm 5 cm 15 cm 9cm
4. rt. Δ JKM rt. Δ JLM 4. LLTheorem
b. 12 cm 8 cm 29cm 21 cm
5. JK JM 5. CPCTC
c. 9 cm 7cm 65 cm 63 cm
d. 10cm 6 cm 34 cm 30 cm
e. x x – 1 4x + 1 4x x=3 33.
Statements Reasons
1. AB , AD , DE are tangents to 1. Given
circle O at B,C and E AB // DE
30.
2. Draw radii OB, OC and OE 2. By Construction
AB BC CD BD ED CE
3. OB AB , OC AD ,OE ED 3. Theorem 3.3
a. 12 6 cm 10 16 8 cm 6
4. OBA , OCA, OCD , and 4. Angles formed by
b. 24 12 20 32 cm 16 12 cm OED are right angles perpendicular lines are
c. 46 2/3 20 29 cm 49 21 cm 20 right angles
d. 18 2/3 14 50 64 cm 48 14 cm 5. ABOC and DEOC are squares 5. Def. of a square
e. 6 3 2x – 1 8 x+1 x 6. OA bisects BAC 6. A diagonal of a square

OD bisects EDC bisects opposites angles.
7. m AOC = 45, m ODC = 45 7. Def. of angle bisector
31.
Statements Reasons 8. m AOC = 90 8. The sum of the angles of
1. GF and GH are tangent to circle 1. Given a triangle is 180o.
E at F and H 9. AOC is a right angle 9. Def. of a right angle
2. EF EH 2. Radii of the same 10. AO OD 10.Def. of perpendicular
circle are congruent. lines
3. GE GE 3. Identity
4. rt. Δ GEF rt. Δ GEH 4. Hy L Theorem
5. GF GH 5. CPCTC
88 89
35.
Statements Reasons Relationship among Chords,
1. Circle P and Q with common 1. Given
Lesson 3.4 Radii and Arcs
tangents RS and TU
2. RV TV , UV SV 2. Corollary 3.3.2
Objectives:
3. VRT VTR, VUS VSU 3. In a triangle, angles 1. Know and explain the theorems and corollaries on
opposite congruent sides chords of a cicrle
2. Determine the relationship among chords, radii, and
are congruent. arcs.
4. RVT SVU 4. Vertical angles are
congruent Practice Exercises 3.4
5. m RVT + m VRT + m VTR 5. The sum of the angles of
= 180 a triangle is 180o. Understanding Math page 150
m SVW + m VUS + m VSU

= 180 A. Find the value of y. If your answer is not an integer round it of to
6. m RVT + m VRT + m VTR 7. If two angles are the nearest tenth.
= m SVU + m VUS + m VSU congruent then their
1. y2 = 10 - 8
2 2
measures are equal , y=3
2 2
7. m RVT = m SVU 8. If two angles have equal
2. y2 = 26 - 10
2 2
m VRT = m VTR measures then they are , y = 12
congruent 2 2
m VUS = m VSU
3. y2 = 30 + 82 , y = 17
2
8. ΔVRT ΔVSU 9. AA Similarity
2
4. y2 = 2√122 - 82 , y = 8√5
5. intercepted are of y = 360 - (218 + 71) = 71

y = 11
6. y = 17, the two chords are equidistant from the center
7. y = 26 - [8 + √262 - 242 ] = 8
8. ½(y) = sin 65 , y = 16.12

15 2
9. y = 10 - [√102 - 72 ] , y = √51or 7.14
10. y = √262 - 202 , y = √276 or 16.61

90 91
25. QT2 = 242 + 322 , QT = 40

11. y = √82 + 152 , y = 17
26. sin QRP = 7 , m QRP = 16.3

25
12. y = √132 - 122 , y = 5
27. sin SPR = 90 - 16.3 = 73.7

28. sin TPR = 180 - 73.7 = 106.3
B. a. Solve.
29. mQS = 73.7
13. EB = EA = 35
30. mRT = 106.3
14. OE = 37 - 35 , OE = 12
2 2 2
15. EC = 37 - 12 , EC = 25 c.
31. PB2 = 16.52 - 9.752 , PB = 13.31 mm

16. AC2 = 352 + 252 , AC = 43.01
32. QB2 = 132 - 9.752 , QB = 8.6 mm
17. BD2 = DE2 + EB2 , BD2 = 492 + 352 , BD = 60.22
33. PA = 21.9 - 13 = 8.9 mm
18. sin COB = 35 , m COB = 71.1
37 34. QC = 21.9 - 16.5 = 5.4 mm
19. m OBA = 90 - 71.1 = 18.9
35. AC = 21.9 - 8.9 - 5.4 = 7.6 mm
20. m BOD = 180 - 71.1 = 108.9

d.
b.
36. PQ = 2AQ , AQ2 = 4042 - 2912 , AQ = 280.241
21. QU = 1 (48) = 24 PQ = 560.482
2
22. PU2 = PR2 - RU2 , PU2 = 252 - 242 , PU = 7 QR = 2BR , BR2 = 4042 - 1822 , BR = 360.863
QR = 721.365
23. SU = 25 - 7 = 18 RS = 2RC , RC2 = 4042 - 2262 , RC = 334.873

RS = 669.746
24. RS2 = 182 + 242 , RS = 30
92 93
42. x2 = 1002 - 602 , x = 80 , chord = 160 mm or 16 cm
SP = 2SD , SD = 404 - 322 , SD = 243.992
2 2 2
SP = 487.984 43. x12 = 102 - 82 , x1 = 6

PQRS = PQ + QR + RS + SP
PQRS = 560.482 + 721.365 + 669.746 + 487.984 x2 = 102 - 62 , x2 = 2
PQRS = 2439.58 mm
37. ∆POQ , Area = ½ (PQ)(OA) = ½ (560.482)(291) The distance between the two chords is 14 cm or 2 cm.
Area = 81550.131 mm 2
44. r2 = 48 + 36
2 2
∆OQR , Area = ½ (QR)(OB) = ½ (721.365)(182) , r = 30 cm

2 2
Area = 65644.215 mm2
45. r2 = 96 + 142 , r = 50 m
2
∆QRS , Area = ½ (RS)(OC) = ½ (669.746)(226) 2

Area = 75681.298 mm2
∆OSP , Area = ½ (SP)(BD) = ½ (487.984)(322)

Area = 78565.424 mm2
Area of PQRS = 301441.07 mm2
C. Problem Solving.
38. x2 = 152 + 122 , x = 19.21 mm
39. x2 = 172 - 152 , x = 8 cm
40. x2 = 252 - 72 , x = 24 , chord = 48 cm
41. x2 = 202 - 122 , x = 16

94 95
D. Write a two-column proof. 48.
Statements Reasons
46.
1. In circle Q, mMR = mNS 1. Given
Statements Reasons 2. MR NS 2. Theorem 3.6
1. QS is a diameter of circle O 1. Given 3. MNR NMS 3. Corollony 3.2.1
PQ RQ
4. MN NM 4. Identity
2. OP OR 2. Radii of the same
circle are congruent 5. ∆MNR ∆NMS 5. SAS Theorem

3. OQ OQ 3. Identity
49.
4. ∆OPQ ∆ORQ 4. SSS Theorem
5. OPQ ORQ 5. CPCTC Statements Reasons

1. In circle R, mPS = mQT 1. Given
2. PS QT 2. Segments with
47.
equal measures are
congruent
Statements Reasons
3. PS QT 3. Theorem 3.6
1. PA , PB , PC , and PD are radii of 1. Given
circle P , PF AD , PE BC , 4. PQU STU 4. Corollony 3.2.1
APD BPC
QPU TSU
2. PA PB 2. Radii of the same
circle are congruent 5. ∆PQU ∆STU 5. AA Similarity

PD PC
3. ∆APD ∆BPC 3. SAS Theorem
4. AD BC 4. CPCTC
5. PF PE 5. Theorem 3.9

96 97
50. Angles Formed by Chords,
Lesson 3.5 Secants and Tangents
Statements Reasons
1. S is the center of semi-circle 1. Given
Objectives:
JKN , SK bisects JL ,
SM bisects LN 1. Find angles formed by chords, secants, and tangents.
2. Determine the relationship of chords, secants, and
tangents.
2. JLN is a right angle 2. An angle inscribed in
a circle is a right angle
3. JL LN 3. Def. of a right angle Practice Exercises 3.5
4. SK JL , SM LN 4. Converse of Theorem
3.7
5. SK SM 5. Transitive Property A. Assume the lines that appear tangent are tangent. Find the value of each
variable.
1. 54° 6. 108.5° , 66°
2. 42.5° 7. 72° , 108°
3. 64° , 128° 8. 50° , 65°
4. 65° 9. 56°
5. 110° , 31° 10. 27° , 90° , 20°
B. a. b.
11. 19° 14. 10°
12. 42° 15. 136°
13. 111° 16. 4°
17. 33°
18. 73°
98 98
c. g. Applying and Connecting Math page 160
19. 61° 35. 56° C. Problem Solving.
20. 30° 36. 28° 41.
21. 119° 37. 62° Statements Reasons
22. 17.5° h. 1. Circle P with XW YZ 1. Given

2. TY TZ 2. Theorem 3.7
d. 38. 42°
3. XT XT 3. Identity
23. 108° 39. 24° 4. rt. ∆XTY rt. ∆XTZ 4. L Congruence
24. 36° 40. 90° 5. XY YZ 5. CPCTC
6. XY XZ 6. Theorem 3.6
25. 108°
e. 42.
26. 27° Statements Reasons

27. 27° 1. Circle with PQ RS , 1. Given
OA PQ , OB RS
28. 108°
2. OA OB 2. Theorem 3.9
29. 72° 3. ∆AOB is isosceles 3. Def. of isosceles
30. 27° triangle
f. 4. OAB OBA 4. Base angles of an

isosceles triangle are
31. 104° congruent

32. 12°
33. 140°
34. 58°
100 101
43. 44.
Statements Reasons Statements Reasons
1. KL NM 1. Given 1. PQRS is a square 1. Given
2. KL NM 2. Theorem 3.6 2. PQ QR RS SP 2. Def. of a square
3. Identity 3. m PTQ = ½m PQ 3. Theorem 3.2

3. LM ML
4. mKM mKL + mLM 4. Arc Addition Postulate m QTR = ½m QR
mNL mNM + mML m STR = ½m RS
5. KNM = ½KM 5. Theorem 3.2 4. m PTQ = m QTR = m STR 4. Replacement

5. TQ and TR trisect PTS 5. Def. of a trisector
NKL = ½NL
6. KNM NKL 6. Replacement 45.
7. NKM LMK 7. Corollony 3.2.1
8. KN // LM 8. If two lines form Statements Reasons
congruent alternate 1. VY is a diameter, UV WV 1. Given
interior angles, then
they are parallel. 2. VUY is a right angle 2. Corollony 3.2.2
9. KLMN is an isosceles 9. Def. of an isosceles VWY is a right angle

trapezoid trapezoid
3. VY VY 3. Identity
4. rt. ∆VUY rt. ∆VWY 4. HyL Theorem

102 103
46. 51. AP + BP = 10
BQ + CQ = 14
Statements Reasons AR + CR = 16
AP = AR , BP = BQ , CQ = CR
1. Circle O with radii 1. Given AP + BQ = 10
OA and OC , BD OA , BQ + CR = 14
BE OC , AB CB , AP + CR = 16
2. OA OC 2. Radii of the same AP = 6 mm , BQ = 4 mm , CR = 10 mm
circle arc congruent
52. x2 + 3x - 40 = 0 CR = 25 cm
3. OB OB 3. Identity (x - 5)(x + 8) = 0 AP = 13 cm
4. ∆AOB ∆COB 4. SSS Theorem x = 5 BP = 7 cm
5. BAD BCE 5. CPCTC 53. AC2 = 202 + 212 , AC = 29 dm , a + b = 20

AP = 14 dm b + c = 21
6. rt. ∆ADB rt. ∆CEB 6. Hy.A Theorem
BQ = 6 dm a + c = 29
7. BD BE 7. CPCTC CR = 15 dm a = 14 , b = 6 , c = 15

54. x2 - 8 = 2x , x = 4 , AP = 16
D. Solve the following :
AB = 24
AC = 37
47. m HPG = 158 a. m EGH = 101°
b. m KHG = 79°
55. AB = 20 , BC = 29 , AC = 37 , a = 14
c. m EKF = 22°
b=6
AR = 14 , CQ = 23 , BP = 6 c = 23
48. a. m CAB = 256°
b. m BAC = 52°
c. m ACB = 55°
49. Let x = common external tangent segment
x2 + (16 - 6)2 = 262 , x = 24 cm
50. Let a, b, and c be the radii of the three circles
a + b = 10 a = 3 cm
a + c = 14 b = 7 cm
b + c = 18 c = 11 cm
104 105
Circles and Lengths of 10. PR(PR + 38) = 19(74) , PR = 23
Lesson 3.6 Segments
QU(67) = 22(22 + 55) , QU = 25.3
Objectives: Communicating Math page 166
1. Determine the lengths of segments formed by

(a) two chords that intersect within a circle; B. Find the length of each line segment.
(b) two secants that intersect at a point outside the circle; and
(c) a secant and a tangent.
2. Solve exercises / problems involving theorems 13, 14, and 15.
11. p(2p + 2) = (p + 1)2 , p = 1
12. q(q + 9) = (q + 3)(q + 5) , q = 15

13. (r + 1)(3r - 2) = (r + 2)(2r + 5) , r = 9.3
14. (s + 9)2 = 152 + 82 , t = 8

A. Find the value of each variable using the given chords, secants and
tangents. If the answer is not an integer, round it to the nearest tenth. 8(t + 17) = 152 , t = 11.1
1. a = 16(21) = 12 8 • u = 9(11.1) , u = 12.5

28
2. 18(b + 18) = 15(21 + 15) , b = 12 15. AB2 = 252 - 72 , AB = 24
3. 15(c + 15) = 242 , c = 23.4 AO = ½(24) = 12
OF = 12 - 5 = 7
4. 18d = 21(9) , d = 10.5
16. 12(EB) = 16(16) ; EB = 21.3 , AB = 33.3
5. e2 = 21(45 + 21) , e = 37.2
17. (MK)2 = 262 - 102 , MK = 24
15(f + 15) = 21(45 + 21) , f = 77.4
(JM)(24) = 10(10) , JM = 4.17
6. 21(g + 36) = 332 , g = 15.9 JK = 28.17
7. K(K + 12) = 6(26) , K = 7.9 18. Let x = AT , TQ = PQ = x + 1
(PQ)2 = AQ(RS)
8. 42 m = 15(35) , m = 12.5
(PQ)2
12 n = 15(35) , n = 43.8 (x + 1)2 = 1 (7 + 1)
x = 1.83
9. 16(BF) = 18(21) , BF = 23.6 , BE = 39.6 (PT)2 = (PQ)2 + (AQ)2
(PT)2 = (x + 1)2 + (x + 1)2
12(CG) = 24(15) , CG = 30 PT = (x + 1)√2 = 4.0
106 107
19. v2 = 4(32 + 4) , v = 12
6. m ACB + m CAB = 120 6. Subtraction Property
v2 = 8(8 + 20) , w = 10 7. m ACB = m CAB = 60 7. Division Property
20. x2 = 342 - 162 , x = 30 8. Def. of equilangular
8. ΔABC is equiangular
triangle
30y = 162 , y = 8.5 9. An equiangular triangle is
9. ΔABC is equilateral
equilateral
23.
C. Write a two column proof.
Statement Reasons
21. 1. AP and AQ are tangents to circle O 1. Given
Statement Reasons ~ AQ
2. AP = 2. Corollary 3.3.2
1. Circle O with secants RP and RT 1. Given 3. Draw radii OP and OQ 3. By Construction
2. Draw chords PS and QT 2. By construction 4. OP ~
= OQ 4. Radii of a circle are congruent
5. OP ┴ AP, OQ ┴ AP 5. Theorem 3.3
3. QTR ~
= SPR 3. Corollary 3.2.1
~ rt. Δ AQO
6. rt. ΔAPO = 6. LL Theorem
4. R~
= R 4. Identity
7. POR ~
= QOR 7. CPCTC
5. ΔTRQ ~ ΔPRS 5. AA Similarity 8. In a triangle, sides opposite
8. PR ~
= QR congruent angles are
6. TR = QR = TQ 6. Def. of similar triangles congruent.
PR SR PS
9. R is equidistant from P and Q 9. Def. of congruent sides
7. TR • SR = PR • QR 7. Multiplication Property
24.
Statement Reasons
22.
1. AG is a tangent to the two circles
Statement Reasons 1. Given
at F.
1. AB and CB are tangents to circle D,
1. Given 2. (AF)2 = AC • AE
m B = 60 2. Theorem 3.15
(AF)2 = AB • AD
2. Δ ABC is isosceles 2. Corollary 3.3.3 3. AC • AE = AB • AD 3. Transitive Property
3. ACB ~
= CAB 3. Def. of isosceles triangle
25. Length of tangent segment = √172 - 162 = √33 cm
4. m ACB = m CAB 4. Def. of congruent angles 26. Let x = length of tangent segment
x = length of the radius
5. m ACB + m CAB + m B= 5. The sum of the angles of a 2
180 triangle is 180. x2 + ( x )2 = 452, x = 1 18√5, radius = 9√5 mm
2
108 109
27. mPQ = 63 mm Equation: r2 + 632 = (r + 49)2
mPG = r + 49 = 632 - 49 Chapter Test
r = radius 98
r = 39.6 1. c
d = 79.2 mm
2. d
28. 18 • 12 = x • 6x, x = 6 mm
3. b
29. Let x = length of the chord
(x - 8)(8) = 5(40) 4. b
x = 33cm
5. a
30. (z - 27)(z) = 8(20)
z = 32cm 6. c
7. a
8. b
9. d
10. b
11. d
12. b
13. c
14. a
15. c
16. b
17. d
18. b
19. a
20. c
110 111
Lesson 4.1 The Coordinate Plane
1. Identify a point on a number line and determine its
coordinate.
2. Find the coordinates of a given point in a coordinate
plane.
Coordinate Geometry Practice Exercises 4.1

A. Use the figure above to complete each statement.
1. abscissa or x-axis
2. coordinate
3. abscissa
4. origin
Hermann Gunther Grassmann 5. ordinate or y-axis
6. ordered
Hermann Günther Grassmann ( April 15, 1809 – September 26, 1877) was 7. ordinate
a German polymath, renowned in his day as a linguist and now also admired
8. quadrants
as a mathematician. He was also a physicist, neohumanist, general scholar, and
publisher. His mathematical work was little noted until he was in his sixties.
9. first quadrant
In 1844, Grassmann published his masterpiece, his Die Lineale 10. ( +, – )
Ausdehnungslehre, ein neuer Zweig der Mathematik [The Theory of Linear
Extension, a New Branch of Mathematics], hereinafter denoted A1 and commonly B. Name the point on the graph with the given ordered pairs.
referred to as the Ausdehnungslehre, which translates as “theory of extension” or
“theory of extensive magnitudes.” Since A1 proposed a new foundation for all
of mathematics, the work began with quite general definitions of a philosophical
11. point J
nature. Grassmann then showed that once geometry is put into the algebraic form 12. point R
he advocated, the number three has no privileged role as the number of spatial 13. point D
dimensions; the number of possible dimensions is in fact unbounded. 14. point N
In 1846, Möbius invited Grassmann to enter a competition to solve a problem 15. point L
first proposed by Leibniz: to devise a geometric calculus devoid of coordinates 16. point B
and metric properties (what Leibniz termed analysis situs). Grassmann’s 17. point T
Geometrische Analyse geknüpft an die von Leibniz erfundene geometrische 18. point P
Charakteristik, was the winning entry (also the only entry). Moreover, Möbius, 19. point H
as one of the judges, criticized the way Grassmann introduced abstract notions
20. point F
without giving the reader any intuition as to why those notions were of value.
112 113
C. Name the coordinates of each point. 32.
21. ( -3 , 2 ) y
(4 , 5)
22. ( 9 , 0 )
23. (10 , 9)
(-1 , 3)
24. (4 , 1)
25. (-7 , 8)
x
26. (-9 , -9) (6 , -1)
27. (-10 , 4)
28. (0 , 0)
29. (5 , 5)
30. (10 , -10)

33.
y
D. Graph. Use a separate coordinate plane for each exercise. Join the
points.
(4 , 3)
31.
y (-2 , 1)
(2 , 4)
x
(6 , 2)
(-2 , -2)
x (2 , -5)
(1 , -1)

114 115
34. Applying and Connecting Math page 181
y E. Problem Solving.
36.
(-3 , 3) (3 , 5)
y
A D
(-3 , 0) x
(1 , -3)
x
B C

perimeter of ABCD = 24 units

35.
y AC2 = AD2 + CD2
(1 , 7) AC2 = 62 + 62
AC = 6√2 units
{(-3 , 3) , (-2 , 2) , (-1 , 1) , (0 , 0) , and (1 , -1) are on AC.
(1 , 3) {(-3 , -1) , (-2 , -2) , (-1 , 1) , (0 , 2) , and (1 , 3) are on BD.
(-1 , 1) appears on AC and BD.

x
37.
a. The points lie on a straight line.

b. No
The two other vertices are (5 , 3) and (5 , 7)
c. The points lie on a straight line.
116 117
38. F. Draw the following figures on different coordinate planes and label the
coordinates of all the vertices.
(1 , 10)
(6 , 9) 41.
(9 , 4)
y
(2 , 3)
y
(0 , 4) (5 , 4)
x
(-3 , -2)

(0 , 0) (5 , 0) x
a. (-3 , -2) , No

b. (6 , 9) , No
c. (1 , 10) , No y
39.
a. The point lies on the y-axis.
b. The point lies on the x-axis. (4 , 5)

c. It lies on the line x - y = 0 (0 , 5)
d. It lies on the line x + y = 0
40. (0 , 0) (4 , 0) x
a. No

b. {(5 , 0) , (0 , -5) , (-5 , 0) , (0 , 5)}
118 119
The two other vertices lie on (-4 , -4) , (4 , -4) , and (4 , 4).
42. 44.
y y y
(0 , 12) (5 , 12)
(2 , 1) (5 , 1)
(5 , 0)
(5 , 0)
x x
The two other vertices lie on (2 , -3) and (5 , -3).

y
(12 , 5)
43.
y
(-4 , 4)
(12 , 0)
x
y
x (0 , 5)
(12 , 0)
x
120 121

45. The vertices of the rhombus are (0 , 3) , (4 , 0) , (0 , -3) and (-4 , 0). 46. collinear
y 47. collinear
48. non-collinear
(0 , 3)
49. non-collinear
(-4 , 0) (4 , 0) 50. non-collinear

x
c.
(0 , -3) 51. (1 , -5)
52. (10 , 16)

53. (9 , 11)
b. y
(8 , 11) 54. (10 , -1)
55. (15 , 0)
(10 , 8)
(2 , 7)
(1 , 6) (10 , 7)
(5 , 5)
(1 , 5) (9 , 4)
(1 , 4)
(-3 , 1) (1 , 2) (7 , 1)
(-12 , -2)
(3 , -7)
122 123
Distance and Midpoint 16. 3 (0 . 2.5)
Lesson 4.2 Formulas 17. √24 = 4.9 (1 , 0)
18. 6 (1 , √3)
19. 2√3 = 3.46 (√6 , √3)
Objectives:
20. 2√a + b 2 2 (b , a)
1. Find the distance between any two given points.
2. Determine the midpoint of a given line segment.
B. M is the midpoint of PQ
Find the missing coordinates.
21. (6 , 3)
22. (21 , -15)
A. Find the distance between each pair of points and the midpoint of the
line segment joining the points. 23. (14 , 10)
24. (0 , -1)
distance midpoint
1. 6 (5 , 3) 25. (-12 , 8)
2. 6 (0 , -3)
3. 6 (-2 , 1) 26. - 25 , -13
3
4. 6 (-1 , -2)
27. (5 , 5)
5. 5 (-1 , 3.5)
6. 10 (0 , -2) 28. (3 , 3)
7. √13 = 3.61 (-2 , 3.5)
29. (10 - a , -4 - b)
8. √53 = 7.28 (0.5 , 1)
9. √10 = 3.16 (-0.5 , 4.5) 30. 3 + x , -5 + y
2 2
10. 8√2 = 11.31 (0 , 3)
11. √5 = 2.24 (1 , -6.5)
12. √41 = 6.4 (-3.5 , 6)
13. √122 = 11.05 (-3.5 , 0.5)
√89
14. = 4.72 (1.5 , 3.75)
2
15. √90 = 9.49 (-1.5 , -1)
124 125
C. The vertices A, B, and C of a triangle are given. Determine what kind Applying and Connecting Math page 189
of triangle is ΔABC. If it is a right triangle, find its area.

E. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of MN.
Kind of
AB BC AC Area 46. 2x - y = 3
Triangle
31. 3 4 5 6 sq. units right 47. x - y = -1
32. 8 √233 13 – scalene
33. √34 √74 √8 – scalene 48. 21x - 12y = -29
34. 5√10 2√2 11√2 – scalene 49. 12x - 2y = 27
35. 3√5 2√5 √65 15 sq. units right
36. 4 4 4 – equilateral 50. 2√10x + 4y = 6√5
37. 4√5 5 5 – isosceles
F. Find all values of x and y such that the distance between the given
38. 47 - 12√3 53 - 2√3 2√3 – scalene points is as indicated.
39. 5√10 5√10 10 – isosceles
40. √7 2 1 – scalene 51. x = 0 , x = 6
52. y = -6 , y = 2
53. y = -4 , y = 20
D. Use the distance formula to determine whether the given points are
collinear or not. 54. x = -2 , x = 14
41. Let A , B , and C represent the 3 given points AB = √153 , 55. y = -16 , y = 26
AC = √425 , BC = √68 ; collinear
G. Problem:
42. AB = √26 , AC = √234 , BC = √104 ; collinear
56. x2 + y2 = r2 , x2 + y2 = 132
43. AB = √265 , AC = √701 , BC = √104 ; collinear
57. (x - 4)2 + (y + 1)2 = 52 , x2 + y2 - 8x + 2y - 8 = 0
44. AB = √241 , BC = √205 , AC = √68 ; not collinear
58. A(-3 , -1) , B(3 , 2) , C(4 , 0) , D(-2 , -3)
45. AB = √34 , BC = √136 , AC = √306 ; collinear
slope of AB = 1
2
slope of BC = -2
AB // CD and BC // AD
slope of CD = 1
2
slope of AD = -2
126 127
59. x2 + y2 = 13 , x - 2y = 7
Lesson 4.3 Slope
x = 2y + 7
Objectives:
(2y + 7)2 + y2 = 13
1. Find the slope of a given line.
y = -2 , y = - 18 2. Determine the graph of a line
5 a. Given two points.
x = 3 , x = - 1 b. Given a point and its slope
5
The points of intersection of the line x - 2y = 7 and the circle Practice Exercises 4.3
x2 + y2 = 13 are (3 , -2) and - 1 , - 18 .
5 5 Understanding Math page 193
A.
60. x2 + y2 = r2
1.
(3 - 0)2 + (b - 0)2 = (√13)2 a. A line with a positive slope rises from left to right.
b. A line with a negative slope goes down from left to right.
b = +2 c. The slope of a horizontal line is zero.
2. A line that has an undefined slope is the vertical line.
3. b and d
4. a. m = 6
5
b. m = - 2
3
c. m = 6
d. m = 0
5. a. y = 2 x
3
b. y = - 4 x
3
c. y = - x1
5
128 129
d. y = 7 x Communicating Math page 194
2
C. Graph the line that contains the given point and has the given slope m.
e. y = 0
16.
B. y
6. 2 (3 , 5)
3
7. - 2
7
8. - 8 x
5

9. - 5
3 17.
y
10. - 2
7
(2 , 5)
11. 4
3
12. - 53
72
x
13. 173
140
18.
y
14. - 23
33
15. 15
13
(-2 , 3)
x
130 131
19. 27. √74 , √149 , √433 ; collinear
y
28. √13 , √325 , √468 ; collinear
x
29. √13 , √52 , √117 ; collinear
30. √32 , √61 , √181 ; collinear

(3 , -4)

20. E. If both points are contained by a line with the given slope m, find the
y mising coordinate.
31. x = 22
x
32. y = 3
(-5 , -3)
33. y = 3
34. y = 8
35. x = 9
F. Verify the following statements.

D. Decide whether the three points are collinear or not.
36. Vertices are A(5 , -2) , B(2 , -1) , C(4 , 5)
21. √20 , √20 , √72 ; non-collinear
AB = √(5 - 2)2 + (-2 - -1)2 = √10
22. √117 , √52 , √13 ; collinear
BC = √(4 - 2)2 + (5 - -1)2 = 2√10
23. √85 , √13 , √52 ; non-collinear
AC = √(4 - 5)2 + (5 - -2)2 = 5√2
24. √10 , √29 , √73 ; collinear
(AB)2 + (BC)2 = (AC)2
25. √109 , √981 , √1744 ; collinear (√10)2 + (2√10)2 = (5√2)2
10 + 40 = 50
26. √637 , √1165 , √3070 ; non-collinear 50 = 50
132 133
37. Vertices are A(-5 , 1) , B(-3 , -3) and C(1 , -5).
vi. Substitute (1 , -14) in 8x + y = -6.
AB = √(-3 - -5)2 + (-3 - 1)2 = 2√5 8(1) + (-14) = -6
-6 = -6
BC = √(1 - -3)2 + (-5 - -3)2 = 2√5
G. Find the slopes of all sides of each polygon.
AC = √(1 - 5)2 + (5 - -1)2 = 6√2
41. i. slope of side AB = 5 - 3 = 2 or 1
AB = BC , therefore ABC is isosceles. 4 - -4 8 4
ii. slope of side BC = -3 - 5 8
= - or -2
38. Vertices are A(2 , -2) , B(10 , 1) , C(5 , 2) , and D(-3 - 1). 8-4 4
iii. slope of side AC = -3 - 3 = - 6 or - 1
slope of AB = 3 8 - -4 12 2
8
slope of BC = - 1 42. i. slope of side DE = 5 - 7 = - 2 or - 1
5 8 - -2 10 5
slope of CD = 3 ii. slope of side EF = -2 - 5 =- 7 or undefined, EF is a vertical
8 line 8 - 8 0
slope of AD = - 1
5 iii. slope of side FG = -2 - 0 = - 0 or 0
AB // CD and BC // AD 0-8 8 FG is a horizontal line
iv. slope of side DG = -2 - 7 = - 9
ABCD is a parallelogram 0 - -2 2
39. The center of the circles is (0 , 2) and its radius is 5 units. 43. i. midpoint of HI is (6 , 2)
Point (-3 , 6) is also 5 units away from (0 , 2) , therefore (-3 , 6)
lies on the circle. ii. midpoint of HJ is (1 , 5)
iii. slope of the line joining the midpoints is - 3

40. i. endpoints of the given line are (7 , 3) and (-9 , 1) 5
iv. slope of IJ is 4 - -2 or - 3
ii. midpoint of the given line is (-1 , 2) -2 - 8 5
44. i. midpoint of KM is (-2 , 8)
iii. slope of the given line is 3 - 1 or 1
7 - -9 8 ii. midpoint of LM is (-4 , 2)
iv. slope of perpendicular bisector is -8
iii. slope of the line joining the midpoints
v. equation of perpendicular bisector
y - 2 = -8(x - -1) , 8x + y = -6 m = 2 - 8 = 3
-4 - -2
134 135
iv. slope of KL is 12 - 0 or 3
Lesson 4.4 Equations of Lines
1 - -3
45.
O(-3 , 7) Objectives:
1. Know what a linear equation is and its types.
2. Transform a linear equation from one type to another.

N(-3 , -1) N(-3 , -1)
i. midpoint of OP is (0 , 3)
A. Using the general form of a linear equation, Ax + By + C = 0 , Find the
slope of median to OP is 4 values of A, B, and C.
3
ii. midpoint of NO is (-3 , 3) A B C
1. 1 2 -3
slope of median to NO is - 2 2. 2 -3 5
3
3. 3 -1 4
iii. midpoint of NP is (0 , -1)
4. 3 4 -7
slope of median to NP is - 8 5. 2 9 -11
3
6. 3 2 -6
7. 3/4 -2 -1/2
8. 1 5 -5
9. 10 -6 9
10. 9 -8 27
B. Write each equation in standard form, where A, B, and C, are integers.
11. 3x + 4y = 12
12. x - 3y = -6
13. 3x + 2y = 18
14. x - 2y = -4
15. 9x - 20y = 30
16. 3x - 5y = 8
136 137
17. 5x + 2y = - 11 35. y = 2x + 1 , m = 2 , b = 1
18. 9x - 4y = -31
19. 15x - 20y = 59 36. y = x - 9 , m = 1 , b = -9
20. 3x + 2y = 6
37. y = - 1 x + 11 , m = - 1 , b = 11
C. Write each equation in slope intercept form. 3 3 3 3
38. y = 3x - 18 , m =3 , y = -18
21. y = - 4x + 4
3 39. y = 1 x - 1 , m = 1 , b = - 1
22. 2
y= x-2 2 2 2 2
5 7 7
40. y = - x - 2 , m = - , b = -2
23. y = 3x - 3 5 5
2 E. Determine the x - and y - intercepts of the graph of each equation.
24. y = 0x + 5
3
a b
25. 2
y=- x+2
3 41. 2 3
42. 8 6
26. y = - 8x + 8
3 43. 3 12
3
27. y= x-6 44. 4/3 -4/5
2
45. -15/22 15/6
28. y = 1x + 1
4 4 46. 0 0 50x + 11y = 0
29. 3
y= x- 11 47. 0 0 8x - y = 0
4 8 48. 1/4 -7/2
30. y=- x+ 5
3
49. -7/5 -1/7
2 2
50. -1 -1
F. a. table of values.
D. Determine the slope and y - intercept of the given linear equation. 51. (-1 , 12) , (0 , 8) , (2 , 0)
52. (-1 , 2) , (0 , 4) , (1 , 6)
31. y = 3x - 9 , m = 3 , b = -9 53. (-1 , -14) , (0 , -4) , (1 , 6)
54. (-2 , -4) , (0 , -3) , (2 , -2)
32. y = -5x - 12 , m = -5 , b = -12 55. (-4 , 14) , (0 , 8) , (2 , 5)
33. y = 3 x - 11 , m = 3 , b = - 11 b. the slope and a point

2 2 2 2
9 9
34. y = 2x - , m = 2 , b = -
2 2 56. m = 1 , P(0 , -2)
3
138 139
73. y = 6x + 14
57. m = -2 , P(0 , 3)
74. y = - 2 x + 4
58. m = -2 , P(0 , 8) 3
75. y = - 1 x - 16
59. m = 3 , P(0 , -3) 76. y = -x8+ 5 8
4
60. m = 2 , P(0 , -18) 77. y = x + 11
3
c. the x - and y - intercepts 78. y = 1 x + 5
2
a b 79. y = 5 x + 34
3 3
61. -3/2 1 3 15
80. y = x -
62. -2 5 4 4
63. 5 -4
64. 12 9 I. Problems.
65. 1/6 -1/3
81. i. midpoint of AB = 7 , 5

2 2
G. Find the equation of the line in slope - intercept form passing through
ii. midpoint of AC = 13 ,1
the given pair of points. 2 2
iii. slope of the line joining the midpoint of AB and AC
66. y = - 3 x + 1
2
= 5 - 1 / 7 - 13 = - 2
67. y = 0x + 5 2 2 2 2 3
iv. slope of BC = -2 - 2 = - 4 or - 2
68. y = - 3 x - 5 7-1 6 3
7 7
69. x - 1 = 0
82. i. slope of y = 2x + 5 is 2
70. y = 4 x - 7
3 3 ii. slope of line perpendicular to y = 2x + 5 is - 1
2
H. Write the equation of the line in slope - intercept form that satisfies the 1
iii. Equation of line: y - 3 = - (x + 4)
given conditions 2
y=- x+11
71. y = - 1 x + 0 2
5
1
72. y = x + 2
5
140 141
83. i. midpoint of BC is (0 , 3)
Lesson 4.5 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
ii. equation of AM : y + 3 = 3 - -3 (x - 4)
0-4
3x + 2y = 6 Objectives:
1. Differentiate parallel lines from perpendicular lines.
84. i. DE = y - 2 = 0 - 2 (x - 1) ; x + y - 3 = 0 2. Write the equation of a line that passes through a
3-1 point whose coordinates are given and is parallel or
perpendicular, to a line whose equation is given.
ii. EF = y - 0 = 1 - 0 (x - 3) ; x + 4y - 3 = 0
-1 - 3
iii. DF = y - 2 = 1 - 2 (x - 1) ; x - 2y + 3 = 0 Practice Exercises 4.5
-1 - 1
85. i. GI = y - 4 = 1 (x - 8) ; x - 2y = 0 Understanding Math page 206

2
ii. HJ = y - 4 = -2(x - 3) ; 2x + y = 10 A. State the slope line of the line parallel or perpendicular to the graph of
each equation.
iii. intersection of GI and HJ : x - 2y
2(2y) + y = 10 slope of given line slope of line parallel perpendicular
-1
y=2
1. 4 4
x=4 4
the point of intersection is (4 , 2) 2. -2 -2 3

3 3 2
1 1
3. -2
2 2
1
4. -6 -6
6
5. none none 0
6. 3 3 -1
3
1 1
7. -2
2 2
8. 0 0 none
9. -1 -1 1
5 5 -2
10.
2 2 5
142 143
26. m1 = 2 , m2 = 2 ; parallel
B. Each pair of points determine a line. Are the two lines in each exercise
parallel, perpendicular, or neither? 7 7
27. m1 = 4 , m2 = 4 ; parallel
slope of first line slope of second line relationship
11.
5 5
parallel 28. m1 = 2 , m2 = 2 ; parallel
4 4 5 5
7 -3
29. m1 = 3 , m2 = 3 ; parallel
12. perpendicular
3 7
30. m1 = 4 , m2 = 4 ; parallel
13. 5 -1 perpendicular 5 5
5
14. -3 -3 parallel
8 8 Communicating Math page 207
15. 4 -3 neither
7 D. Write an equation of the line that is parallel to the graph of each equation
16. 0 0 parallel and passes through the given point. Use slope intercept form.
17. undefned 0 perpendicular 31. m = - 3 , y + 1 = - 3 (x - 0) , y = - 3 x - 1

5 5 5
- 13 2
32. m = 3 , y - 0 = 3 (x - 0) , y = 3 x
18. neither
3 13
4 4 4
3 3 6
19.
2 2
parallel 33. m = - , y - 3 = - (x - 2) , y = - 6 x + 27
6
5 5 5 5
4 -4
20. neither 34. m = - 3 , y - 2 = - 3 (x - 4) , y = - 3 x + 5
5 5 4 4 4
35. m = 2 , y - 0 = (x - 4) , y = x - 8
2 2
3 3 3 3
36. m = 5 , y + 3 = (x - 7) , y = x - 44
5 5
C. Determine if the lines are parallel, perpendicular or neither. 3 3 3 3
37. m = - 3 , y - 3 = - 3 (x + 1) , y = - 3 x + 21
21. m1 = -2 , m2 = 1 ; perpendicular 8 8 8 8
2
22. m1 = 1 , m2 = - 4 ; neither
38. m = -3 , y + 1 = -3 (x - 6) , y = -3x + 17
5 3
39. m = 2 , y - 0 = 2 (x + 3) , y = 2x + 2
23. m1 = 4 , m2 = -3 ; neither 3 3 3
7 , y + 5 = 7 (x - 4) , y = 7 x - 12
24. m1 = - 3 , m2 = 8 ; perpendicular
40. m =
4 4 4
8 3
25. m1 = 1 , m2 = 1 ; parallel
144 145
E. Write an equation of the line that is perpendicular to the graph of each
equation and passes through the given point. Use slope - intercept form. 53. (-4 , 1) -3 2
2x - 3y = -11
2 3
1
slope of 54. (-4 , 8) -2 x - 2y = -20
slope of given line equation 2
perpendicular
55. (5 , 2) -1 1 x-y=3
41. -3 2 y = 2x - 8
2 3 3 3 56. (2 , 1) -4 5
5x - 4y = 6
5 4
2 -3 y = - 3x + 6
42. 1
3 2 2 57. (2 , 3) -3 3x + y = 9
3
43. -1 2 y = 2x + 6 58. (6 , 4) -1 1 x-y=2
2
-2 5 y = 5 x + 19 59. (-3 , -1) -7 2
2x - 7y = 1
44. 2 7
5 2 2 2
7 ,8 2 - 13
45. -3 2 y = 2 x - 14 60.
2 13 2
26x + 4y = 123
2 3 3 3
46. 4 -1 y = - 1x + 5
4 4 2
1 y = 1 x + 16
47. -3
3 3 3
1 G. Write the equation of the line in standard form.
48. -2 y = -2x - 4
2
5 61. m = 2 , a. 2x - y = 6 , b. x + 2y = 3
49. -2 y = - 2 x + 11
2 5 5 5
62. m = 4 , a. 4x - y = 4 , b. x + 4y = 18
7 -4 y = - 4 x - 19
50.
4 7 7 7 63. m = - 1 , a. x + 2y = 5 , b. 2x - y = 0
2
F. Write an equation of the line that is the perpendicular bisector of the
64. m = -4 , a. 4x + y = -8 , b. x - 4y = 15
line segment joining the given pair of points. Use the standard form of
65. m = 1 , a. x - 2y = -8 , b. 2x + y = -1
equation of a line.
2
slope of
midpoint
slope of given
perpendicular equation 66. m = - 2 , a. 2x + 5y = 3 , b. 5x - 2y = 22
line 5
bisector
67. slope of hypotenuse = 5 , 5x - 3y = 0
1 3
51. (5 , 3) -2 2x + y = 13
2 1
68. m = - , x + 3y = 12
3 3
52. (3 , 4) -5 5x + 3y = 21
5 3
146 147
69. slope of BC = 1 1
3 74. AB √10
3
-5
slope of perpendicular = -3
BC √29
2
equation of line: y - 8 = -3(x + 2) , 3x + y - 2 = 0 parallelogram
1
CD √10
3
70. midpoint of BC is (0 , 5)
AD √29 -5
equation of median: y - 5 = 5 - 8 (x - 0) 2
0 - -2
3x + 2y - 10 = 0 75. AB 5 0
BC 3 undefined
rectangle
H. Determine whether quadrilateral ABCD is a trapezoid, a parallelogram, CD 5 0
a rectangle, or a square. Justify your answer. AD 3 undefined
length slope kind 1

76. AB 2√10
71. AB √5 -2 3
1 BC √10 -3
BC √5 rectangle
2 1
4 trapezoid CD 2√10
CD 5 3
3 AD √10 -3
1
AD 3√5
2 77. AB 3 undefined
1
72. AB 2√5 -1 BC 2√5
2
2 trapezoid
3 CD 2√2 -1
BC 2√13
2 1
parallelogram AD √5
2
CD 2√5 -1
2
3 78. AB √10 3
AD 2√13
2
BC √29 -2
5
73. AB 2√2 -1 general
3 quadrilateral
CD √13
BC 2√2 1 2
square
CD 2√2 -1
AD 2√10 -1
AD 2√2 1 3
148 149
79. AB 3√5 -1 Lesson 4.6 Equation of a Circle

2
5
BC √34
3 trapezoid
Objectives:
CD 4√5 -1 1. Find the equation of a circle with a given center and
2 radius and vice versa.
AD √37 6 2. Find an equation of a circle described in general
form.
-2
80. AB 2√13
3 Practice Exercises 4.6
3
BC √13
2 Understanding Math page 213
parallelogram
CD 2√13 -2
3 A. Find an equation of the circle with the given radius and center.
3
AD √13 1. x2 + y2 + 10x - 4y + 25 = 0
2
2. x2 + y2 - 8x + 6y + 22 = 0
3. x2 + y2 - 39 = 0
4. x2 + y2 - 6x + 4y - 12 = 0
5. x2 + y2 + 6x - 4y + 4 = 0
6. 16x2 + 16y2 - 8x - 79 = 0

7. 144x2 + 144y2 - 216x + 192y - 2447 = 0
8. x2 + y2 + 6x - 14y + 46 = 0
9. x2 + y2 - 10x + 4y + 9 = 0
10. 16x2 + 16y2 + 16x + 24y - 755 = 0

150 151
B. Graph the equation.
29. (-6 , 0) √-2 not possible
Center Radius 30. - 1 ,- 1 5

2 2
11. (0 , 0) 5
12. (0 , 0) 7 D. Find the center and radius of each circle.
13. (3 , 5) √2
Center Radius
14. (-2 , -3) 8
31. (3 , 2) 2
15. (-3 , 0) 6
32. - 2 ,- 3 √109
16. (0 , 6) √13 3 4 12
1
17. (-3 , 7) √13 33. -1,- 1
3 3
18. (6 , -2) √11
34. (-1.75 , 2.1) 4.18
19. (1 , -4) 4
35. (0.25 , -1) 1.03
√22
20. (-3 , 8)
2
E. Find on equation of the circle with written in general form.

C. If the graph of the given equation is a circle, find its center and radius.
36. x2 + y2 - 2x - 8y - 8 = 0
Center Radius 37. x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y - 14 = 0

21. (0 , 0) 9
38. x2 + y2 - 4x - 6y + 11 = 0
22. (-4 , 0) 4
23. (0 , 3) 3 39. x2 + y2 + 6x - 8y + 16 = 0
24. (-2 , -1) 2 40. x2 + y2 + 6x - 10y + 9 = 0

25. (5 , -2) 3
41. x2 + y2 - 6x - 6y + 9 = 0
26. (4 , -1) √2
27. (6 , -3) 3√5 42. x2 + y2 - 8x + 8y + 16 = 0
3 , -2 √17 43. x2 + y2 + 10x + 10y + 25 = 0 or x2 + y2 + 10x - 10y + 25 = 0

28.
2 2
152 153
44. x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y + 4 = 0
Chapter Test
45. x2 + y2 - 16x - 18y + 120 = 0
I.
F. Determine whether each of the following ordered pairs lies on the circle
x² + y²= 1.
1. I 4. 4
2. IV 11
46. Yes
3. y-axis 5. - 6
4. II 7
47. Yes 5. III 9
48. No 6.
6. x-axis 13
49. No
50. No
7. II 7. 3
8. y-axis 2
51. Yes
52. Yes
9. I 8. 5
10. III 9
53. Yes 11. IV
54. No 9. -1
12. II
55. No 13. I 10. 3
14. x-axis 4
G. Apply the given information to each circle and determine the equation 15. III
of the new circle in general form. b.
II. 11. Yes
56. x2 + y2 - 4x - 8y + 11 = 0
57. x2 + y2 + 6x + 8y + 21 = 0 12. Yes
1. c 13. Yes
58. x2 + y2 - 6x + 6y + 17 = 0 2. b
59. x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y + 43 = 0 14. Yes
3. c 15. Yes
60. x2 + y2 - 20x + 16y + 155 = 0 4. d
5. c c.
H. Problems 6. a
7. a 16. 6
61. x2 + 202 = 292 , x = 21 units , length of chord = 42 units 8. c 17. 3
9. d 18. -3
62. x2 + 202 = 292 , x = 21 cm , length of chord = 42 cm
19. -2
III. a.
63. r2 = 20 + 122 , r = 37 mm
2
20. 5.56
2
1. -1 IV. a.
64. x2 + 632 = 652 , x = 16 cm
2. - 2 1. 2x - y = 7
65. (x + 3) + (y + 8) = 7 or x + y + 6x + 16y + 24 = 0
2 2 2 2 2 7
2. 3x - y = -1
3. -3
154
3. 4x + y = 3 BC AC , therefore ABC is a right triangle
4. 4x + 5y = 9
5. 7x + 2y = 45 slope of AB slope of BC slope of AC
1
b. 2. -2 3 AB BC
2
6. x-y=3 1
3. -1 1 AB AC
7. 5x + 7y = -50 7
8. 3x + 5y = -11 1
4. -2 3 AB BC
9. 2x - 6y = -8 2
10. 3x + 9y = 22 4 1
5. -7 AB AC
7 18 4
c.
11. (0 , 32) , (100 , 212) b.
12. m = 212 - 32 = 180 or 9 6. m1 = 1 , m2 = 1 ; The slopes are equal, hence the two lines are
100 - 0 100 5 2 2 parallel.
13. C - 0 = 5 (F - 32)
9 7. m1 = 7 , m2 = 7 ; The slopes are equal, hence the two lines are
9C 5 5 parallel.
14. F = + 32
5
15. C = 5 (F - 32) 8. m1 = 1 , m2 = -2 ; The slopes are negative reciprocals of each
9 2 other, hence the two lines are perpendicular.
16. F = 9(30) + 32 = 86
5 9. m1 = 1 , m2 = -4 ; The slopes are negative reciprocals of each
5
17. C = (50 - 32) = 10 4 other, hence the two lines are perpendicular.
9
18. C = 5 (F - 32) , C = F , C = 5 (C - 32) 10. Let A, B, C and D represent the four vertices.
9 9
C = -40 slope of AB = -1
F = -40
slope of BC = 2
V. a. Let A, B, and C represent the three vertices
slope of CD = -1
1. slope of AB: m = 2 - 7 = -5
6-5
slope of AD = 2
slope of BC: m = 7 - 5 = 1
5-3
slope of AC: m = 5 - 2 = -1
AB // CD and BC // AD, therefore ABCD is a parallelogram.
3-6
157
VI.
Unit
1. a
2. b
3. c
3
4. d
5. c
6. b
7. d
8. a
9. c
10. b

11.
12.
13.
a
d
c
Statistics,
Permutation,
14. b
15. a
16. d
Combination, and
Probability
Content Standards:

a. What is Statistics?
b. Data in Graphs
c. Frequency Distribution Table
d. Summation Notation
e. Measures of Central Tendency
f. Measures of Variability
g. The Fundamental Counting Principle and Permutation
h. Combinations
i. Events, Sample Spaces, and Probability
j. Union and Intersection, Complementary Events
k. Adding and Multiplying Probabilities
158 159
Lesson 5.1 What is Statistics?
1. Define statistics and other statistical terms such as
sample and population.
2. Give the importance of the study of statistics.
Statistics Practice Exercises 5.1

1. a. Use of sample will be less expensive and

b. it would be more manageable
2. a. population
b. sample
c. population
d. sample
e. sample
John Graunt
John Graunt (1620-1674) is considered by many historians to have founded 3. a. discrete

the science of demography, the statistical study of human populations. He analyzed b. continuous
the vital statistics of the citizens of London and wrote a book regarding those figures c. continuous
that greatly influenced the demographers of his day and those in the centuries that d. discrete
followed. Graunt was honored for his work by being made a charter member of e. discrete
England’s Royal Society, which was composed of prominent scientists. f. continuous
The invention that some historians have called Graunt’s most original was his
g. continuous
creation of “life tables”—a new way to present population and mortality statistics by
h. discrete
calculating survivorship on a chart. Using this method Graunt was able to predict the
number of persons who would survive to each successive age on his chart and the life i. discrete
expectancy of the groups from year to year. Development of the life tables has been j. continuous
hailed as marking the beginning of the science of demography. Such charts are said
to have made an impact on the pioneer demographic work of other noted astronomers Communicating Math page 227
and scientists, including Edmund Halley (1656-1742), England’s astronomer royal.

The types of charts Graunt originated remain in use today. 4. a. interval
The widspread acceptance of Graunt’s work also led to his being acclaimed b. interval
as the founder of the science of statistics, particularly the branch that deals with the c. nominal
analysis of population data. Yet Graunt never made a formal study of mathematics.
d. ordinal
160 161

e. ordinal
f. ordinal
Lesson 5.2 Data in Graphs
g. ratio
h. nominal
i. ratio Objectives:
j. nominal 1. Define statistics and other statistical terms such as
sample and population.
Applying and Connecting Math page 228 2. Give the importance of the study of statistics.
5. a. {1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128}

b. {95, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 104} Practice Exercises 5.2
c. {Ellie, Ana, Fred, Gina, Carlo, Ivy, Dory, Harry, Boni}
6. a. Continuous variables can assume all values between any two

specific values like 0.6, 1.5, etc. A.
Continuous means without break, cessation, or interruption. 1. September , 35 cm
2. January , 8 cm
b. Event is a collection of outcomes. April , 10 cm
Event is that which comes, arrives, or happens. July , 30 cm
October , 25 cm
c. A finite set of events is independent if the probability of each December , 15 cm
possible intersection of events in the set is the product of the
probabilities of the events in the intersection. B.
o
Independent means not subject to control by others. 3. 12 noon , 2pm ; 33.5
o
d. Outcome refers to the result in an experement. 4. a. 28 , 12 am
o
Outcome is that which comes out of or follows from. b. 4 pm , 35
e. Population is the set containing every element being described 5.

in an statistical study. class interval f midpoint (x) fx
Population is the act or process of populating. 27 - 29 5 28 140
24 - 26 7 25 175
f. A sample is a subset of the population.
A sample is a part of anything presented for inspection. 21 - 23 8 22 176
18 - 20 4 19 76
g. Significance levels refers to the 0.01 (1%) and 0.05 (5%) 15 - 17 5 16 80
probability levels used to evaluate null hypotheses. Significance 12 - 14 7 13 91
is the state of being significant.
9 - 11 4 10 40
40 fx = 778
162 163
frequency polygon
9. i. 2600 = 13 ; 13:55
11000 55
8
ii. 3000 = 3 ; 3:2

7 2000 2
iii. 1400 = 7 ; 7:10

6
2000 10
5
4 D.
10. first week : Php 1250 x 3 = Php 3750
3 6th week : Php 8125 x 6.25 = Php 8125
7th week : Php 1250 x 4 = Php 5000
2
1 11. more than Php 6000 : 5

less than Php 6000 : 3
0
5 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31
12. Total Sales : Php 1250 x 42 = Php 52500

Average Sales : Php 6562.50
C. E.
6. Php 11000 13. 55
7. Food : 2600 = 23.64% 14. 10

11000
Hotel : 2000 = 18.18% 15. 13
11000
Transportation : 3000 = 27.27% 16. 60
11000
Souvenirs : 1400 = 12.73% 17. 52
11000
Others : 2000 = 18.18% 18. 24
11000
o
8. Food : 85.10 19. 17
o
Hotel : 65.45
o
Transportation : 98.17 20. 115
o
Souvenirs : 45.83
o
Others : 65.45
164 165
Applying and Connecting Math page 236 22.
F.
21.a Class Frequency Class Class Cumulative
Number of Absences Frequency f Boundaries Marks frequency
x
0 27
1 20 15 - 19 14 14.5 - 19.5 17 14
2 22 20 - 24 17 19.5 - 24.5 22 31
3 23 25 - 29 15 24.5 - 29.5 27 46
4 36 30 - 34 12 29.5 - 34.5 32 58
5 16 35 - 39 12 34.5 - 39.5 37 70
6 15 n = 70

7 14 range = 39 - 15 = 24
8 9
9 5 23.
10 3
Class Frequency Class Class Cumulative
range 10 - 0 = 10 f Marks Boundaries frequency
x
21.b
88 - 95 8 91.5 87.5 - 95.5 60
Class Frequency Class Class Cumulative 80 - 87 9 83.5 79.5 - 87.5 52
f Marks Boundaries frequency 72 - 79 14 75.5 71.5 - 79.5 43
x 64 - 71 13 67.5 63.5 - 71.5 29
10 - 19 3 14.5 9.5 - 19.5 3 56 - 63 9 59.5 55.5 - 63.5 16
20 - 29 4 24.5 19.5 - 29.5 7 48 - 55 5 51.5 47.5 - 55.5 7
30 - 39 6 34.5 29.5 - 39.5 13 40 - 47 2 43.5 39.5 - 47.5 2
40 - 49 7 44.5 39.5 - 49.5 20 n = 60

50 - 59 11 54.5 49.5 - 59.5 31 range = 95 - 40 = 55
60 - 69 8 64.5 59.5 - 69.5 39
70 - 79 7 74.5 69.5 - 79.5 46
80 - 89 5 84.5 79.5 - 89.5 51
90 - 99 9 94.5 89.5 - 99.5 60
n = 60

range = 99 - 10 = 89
166 167
Lesson 5.3 Frequency Distribution Table 3.
frequency distribution class interval frequency (x)
Objectives: a. 79.5 95 - 99 5
1. Read and understand tables and graphs containing
statistical data.
b. 74.5 90 - 94 4
2. Define class limits, class intervals, class boundary, class c. 67 85 - 89 9
mark, and class size.
d. 74.5 - 79.5 80 - 84 8
3. Construct a frequency distribution table given a set of data.
e. 5 75 - 79 21
f. 9 70 - 74 10
Practice Exercises 5.3 g. 0.175 65 - 69 9
h. 75 - 79 60 - 64 12
i. 33/80 or 41.25% 55 - 59 1
j. 29/80 or 36.25% 50 - 54 1
1. a. 11, 16, 22, 27, 32, 39, 43, 50, 53, 62
n = 80
b. range = 62 - 11 = 51
2. a. 98 Communicating Math page 243
b. 54 4.a
class cumulative relative
c. 98 - 54 = 44 frequency
interval frequency frequency
d. 95, 96, 97, 98 100 - 104 1 30 0.033
95 - 99 3 29 0.100
e. 54, 58, 60, 61
90 - 94 4 26 0.133
f. 89 85 - 89 6 22 0.200
80 - 84 4 16 0.133
g. 47 75 - 79 3 12 0.100
70 - 74 2 9 0.067
h. 54
65 - 69 1 7 0.033
i. 27 = 33.75% 60 - 64 6 6 0.200
80
30
j. 55, 56, 57, 59, 65, 71, 92, 93
168 169
b. cf of 80 - 84 is 16 b.
30
c. rf of 85 - 89 is 0.2 28
26
5. a 24
frequency distribution Scores f cf

22
20
60 - 64 1 100 18
55 - 59 3 99 16
50 - 54 8 96 14
45 - 49 11 88 12
40 - 44 19 77 10
35 - 39 29 58 8
30 - 34 11 29 6
25 - 29 7 18 4
20 - 24 6 11 2
15 - 19 2 5 0
2 7 12 17 22 27 32 37 42 47 52 57 62 67
10 - 14 2 3
5-9 1 1 c. cumulative frequency polygon
100 100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2 7 12 17 22 27 32 37 42 47 52 57 62 67
170 171
d. percentage of students who scored 30 and higher is 82% 8.
6.
class class class percentage
x f cf
Scores f cf limits boundaries mark distribution
7/36 • 100 =
90 - 99 8 80 66 - 75 7 36 66 , 75 65.5 - 75.5 70.5
19.44
80 - 89 13 72 13/36 • 100 =
70 - 79 17 59 56 - 65 5 29 56 , 65 55.5 - 65.5 60.5
13.89
60 - 69 21 42 18/36 • 100 =
46 - 55 2 24 46 , 55 45.5 - 55.5 50.5
50 - 59 14 21 5.56
40 - 49 6 7 36 - 45 3 22 36 , 45 35.5 - 45.5 40.5 8.33
30 - 39 1 1 26 - 35 3 19 26 , 35 25.5 - 35.5 30.5 8.33
80 16 - 25 13 16 16 , 25 15.5 - 25.5 20.5 36.11

6 - 15 3 3 6 , 15 5.5 - 15.5 10.5 8.33
36 range = 74 - 8 = 66
7. 9.
class percentage
x f cf
boundaries distribution class class class percentage
x f cf
11 1 24 10.5 - 11.5 1/24 • 100 = 4.17 limits boundaries mark distribution
10 2 23 9.5 - 10.5 2/24 • 100 = 8.33 7/66 • 100 =
92 - 100 7 66 92 , 100 91.5 - 100.5 96
9 6 21 8.5 - 9.5 6/24 • 100 = 25.0 10.61
8 2 15 7.5 - 8.5 8.33 13/66 • 100 =
83 - 91 13 59 83 , 91 82.5 - 91.5 87
7 1 13 6.5 - 7.5 4.17 19.70
6 1 12 5.5 - 6.5 4.17 18/66 • 100 =
74 - 82 18 46 74 , 82 73.5 - 82.5 78
27.27
5 3 11 4.5 - 5.5 12.5
65 - 73 13 28 65 , 73 64.5 - 73.5 69 19.70
4 3 8 3.5 - 4.5 12.5
56 - 64 9 15 56 , 64 55.5 - 64.5 60 13.64
3 4 5 2.5 - 3.5 16.67
47 - 55 4 6 47 , 55 46.5 - 55.5 51 6.06
2 1 1 1.5 - 2.5 4.17
38 - 46 2 2 38 , 46 37.5 - 46.5 42 3.03
24
66 range = 97 - 43 = 54
172 173
10.
Lesson 5.4 Summation Notation
percentage
x f cf class boundaries
distribution Objectives:
15 1 40 14.5 - 15.5 1/40 • 100 = 2.5 Find the scores of numerical values using the rules
of summation.
14 2 39 13.5 - 14.5 2/40 • 100 = 5.0
13 1 37 12.5 - 13.5 1/40 • 100 = 2.5
12 2 36 11.5 - 12.5 5.0 Practice Exercises 5.4
11 2 34 10.5 - 11.5 5.0
10 6 32 9.5 - 10.5 15.0 Understanding Math page 249
9 3 26 8.5 - 9.5 7.5 A. Write the terms for the indicate sums.
8 8 23 7.5 - 8.5 20.0
7 4 15 6.5 - 7.5 10.0 1. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
6 4 11 5.5 - 6.5 10.0 2. x12 y1 + x22 y2 + x32 y3 + x42 y4
5 7 7 4.5 - 5.5 17.5
40 range = 15 - 5 = 10 3. (1 - 2)2 + (2 - 2)2 + (3 - 2)2 + (4 - 2)2
11. 4. (y1 + 3) + (y2 + 3) + (y3 + 3) + (y4 + 3)
5. y1 + 2y2 + 3y3 + 4y4

class class class percentage
x f cf
limits boundaries mark distribution 6. 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7
1/120 • 100 =
75 - 79 1 120 75 , 79 74.5 - 79.5 77 7. (x1 + y1) + (x2 + y2) + ... + (x8 + y8)
0.83
3/120 • 100 =
70 - 74 3 119 70 , 74 69.5 - 74.5 72 8. (3x3 + 1) + (3x4 + 1) + (3x5 + 1)
2.5
14/120 • 100 = 9. (z2 - 3) + (z3 - 3) + ... + (z7 - 3)
65 - 69 14 116 65 , 69 64.5 - 69.5 67
11.6
60 - 64 39 102 60 , 64 59.5 - 64.5 62 32.5 10. (y32 + 2) + (y42 + 2) + (y52 + 2) + (y62 + 2)
55 - 59 33 63 55 , 59 54.5 - 59.5 57 27.5
11. 4(3) + 4(4)
50 - 54 17 30 50 , 54 49.5 - 54.5 52 14.6
45 - 49 9 13 45 , 49 44.5 - 49.5 47 7.5 12. (1 + 2) + (2 + 2) + (3 + 2) + (4 + 2) + (5 + 2)
40 - 44 4 4 40 , 44 39.5 44.5 42 3.3
120 13. (3 • 2 - 4) + (3 • 3 - 4) + (3 • 4 - 4) + (3 • 5 - 4) + (3 • 6 - 4)
174 175
14. (-5)(1) + (-5)(2) + (-5)(3) + (-5)(4) + (-5)(5) 12
29. zi
15. (3 • 1 + 5) + (3 • 2 + 5) + ... (3 • 6 + 5) i= 5
5
16. (5 • 4 - 1) + (5 • 5 - 1) + (5 • 6 - 1) + (5 • 7 - 1) 30. 4xi
i= 1
17. (5 • 4 - 11) + (5 • 5 - 11) + ... + (5 • 9 - 11) 3
31. (zi - 5)
i= 1
18. (1 - 4 • 3) + (1 - 4 • 4) + ... + (1 - 4 • 7)
7
19. (33 + 1) + (43 + 1) + (53 + 1) 32. (2xi + 3yi)

i= 1
1 4 7 10 13 4
20. + + + +
5 6 7 8 9 33. (xi yi zi)
i= 1
21. 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 + 26 10
1 1 1 1 1 34. (xi - yi)

22. 1 - + - + - i=1
2 3 4 5 6
5
1 1 1 1 1
23. 1 + + + + + 35. 10
4 16 64 256 1024 i=1
500
24. /5 - 3/ + /5 - 4/ + ... + /5 - 8/
36. 2i
i=1
25. (-1)2 + (-2)3 + (-3)4 + (-4)5
40
37. 5i
i=1
19
B. Express the following using summation notation. 38. i3

i=1
4 20
26. xi 39. (2 • 3i)

i= 1 i=1
4 100
i
27. (yi + i) 40.
i= 1 i=1 i+1
n 100
n
28. (xi + yi) 41.
i= 1 n=1 n+1
176 177
3 10 10 10
42. 6(-2)n 55. (xi + 4) = xi + 4

n=0 i= 1 i= 1 i= 1
15
= 5 + 10(4)
1
43. = 45
n=1n
2
( )
56. (2 - 1)2 + (2 - 1)2 + (-1 - 1)2 = 6
8
1 n
44. 8 -
n=0 2
57. [(2 + 1)2 + (2 + 1)2 + (-1 + 1)2]2 = 18
6
45. (n2 + 1) 58. (1 - 2)2 + (0 - 2)2 + (-1 - 2)2 = 14

n-1
59. [(3 - 2) + (2 - 2) + (0 - 2) + (-1 - 2)]2 = 16

60. (-2)(1)2 + (0)(3)2 + (2)(4)2 = 30

C.
61. 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 + 26 = 124
46. 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 = 30
62. 5(1) + 5(2) + 5(3) + ... 5(10) = 275
47. (-1) + 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 24
1 1 1 1 17
63. 1 + + + + = 2
48. 2(-1) + 4(1) + 6(3) + 8(5) + 10(7) = 130 2 3 4 5 60
64. (4 • 3 - 7) + (4 • 4 - 7) + (4 • 5 - 7) + (4 • 6 - 7) + (4 • 7 - 7) = 65
49. 22(-1) + 42(1) + 62(3) + 82(5) + 102(7) = 1140
1 1 1 1 40
50. [3(-1) + 4] + [3(1) + 4] + [3(3) + 4] + [3(5) + 4] + [3(7) + 4] + [3(9) + 4] = 96 65. 3 + 1 + + + + = 4
3 9 27 81 81
D. 66. 41 + 42 + 43 + 44 = 340
51. 87 67. (1 + 1 - 3) + (4 + 2 - 3) + (9 + 3 - 3) + (16 + 4 - 3) + (25 + 5 - 3) = 55
3 4 5 1039
52. 62 68. 2 + + + = 2
8 27 64 1728
53. 4 69. (27 - 9 + 4) + (64 - 16 + 4) + (125 - 25 + 4) = 178
4
70. 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 =63
54. 4x = 2 + (-1) + 0 + 3 (xi - x)2 = (2 - 1)2 + (-1 - 1)2 + (0 - 1)2 + (3 - 1)2
4x = 4 i = 1
=1+4+1+4
x = 1 = 10
178 179
Lesson 5.5 Measures of Central Tendency 3. Find the median for the following list of numbers.
46 + 49
a. median = = 47.5
2
Objectives:
b. median = 173
1. Find the mean, median, and mode of a given data,
grouped and ungrouped.
1042 + 1056
c. median = = 1049
2. Determine quartiles, deciles, and percentiles of a
given distribution.
2
421 + 429
d. median = = 425
2
Understanding Math page 262 4. Find the median for the following list of numbers.
4(3) + 2(4) + 5(2) + 1(0) + 3(3) + 2(3) 45

1. Find the mode, median and mean for each set of data. a. Average = = = 2.65 or B
17 17
3(4) + 3(3) + 4(3) + 2(2) + 4(1) + 5(2) 51
mode median mean b. Average = = = 2.43 or C
21 21
a. none 6 6.8 2(4) + 5(2) + 3(3) + 4(1) + 3(0) + 4(2) 39
c. Average = = = 1.86 or C
b. 7 8 8.5 21 21
c. 7 5 4.78
d. 2 4.5 4.625 5. Make up a set of data with four or more integral measurements, not all
of which are equal, with each of the following characteristics.
e. 23 19.5 17.125
f. 13 15 15.67 a. (n - 2) , (n - 1) , n , (n + 1) , (n + 2)

2. Find the mean of the given distribution. Examples:

i) 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
10(2) + 20(6) + 30(8) + 40(4) ii) 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9
a. x = = 27
20 iii) 6, 7, 7, 7, 8
iv) 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
v) 5, 6, 6, 6, 7
40(3) + 50(3) + 60(14) + 70(15) + 80(7) + 90(5) + 100 (3)
b. x = = 69.4 vi) 9, 10, 10, 10, 11
50
b. (n - 2) , (n - 1) , n , n , (n + 1) , (n + 2)
13(14) + 15(12) + 17(15) + 19(13) + 21(11) + 23(15) + 25 (10) + 27(13)
c. x = = 19.82
50 c. (n - 1) , n , n , n , (n + 1)
d. (8 - 2n) , (8 - n) , 8 , (8 + n) , (8 + 2n)
180 181
e. (6 - n) , 6 , 6 , 6 , (6 + n) fX 3490
c. Mean = = = 87.25
n 40
f. (10 - n) , 10 , 10 , 10 , (10 + n)
Communicating Math page 263 7.

Grade f x fx cf
6. 30 - 39 9 34.5 310.5 9
Score f x fx cf
40 - 49 32 44.5 1424.0 41
70 - 74 3 72 216 3
50 - 59 43 54.5 2343.5 84
75 - 79 4 77 308 7
60 - 69 21 64.5 1354.5 105
80 - 84 8 82 656 15
70 - 79 11 74.5 819.5 116
85 - 89 13 87 1131 28
80 - 89 3 84.5 253.5 119
90 - 94 4 92 368 32
90 - 99 1 94.5 94.5 120
95 - 99 2 97 194 34
120 6600.0
100 - 104 5 102 510 39
105 - 109 1 107 107 40 a.
40 3490 model class , 50 - 59 Mode = 49.5 + ( 11
11 + 22 )
(10)
1
= 49.5
a. Mode = 52.83
( ) 1 1
= 43 - 32 = 11
model class , 85 - 89 Mode = + c
1
1
+ 2 2
= 43 - 21 = 22
( )
= 84.5
1 5 c = 10
= 84.5 + (5)
1
= 13 - 8 = 5 5+9
= 13 - 4 = 9 b.
( )
2 Mode = 86.29 120 - 41
c = 5 median class , 50 - 59 Mode = 49.5 + (10)
43
1
= 49.5
Mode = 53.92
( )
b.
n n = 120
- f1
2 f1 = 41
median class , 85 - 89 Mode = 1 + c
f fm = 43
( )
1
= 84.5 40
- 15 c = 10
n = 40 2
= 84.5 + (5)
f1 = 15 13 6600
c. Mean = = 55.0
Mode = 86.42 120
fm = 13
c = 5
182 183
660 99(15000) + 100000
8. a. x = = 66.0 15. x = = Php 15850
10 100
174
b. x = = 21.75
8
4799 44.5(5) + 54.5(18) + 64.5(26) + 74.5(15) + 84.5(10) + 94.5(6)
c. x = = 479.9 16. a. Mean =
10 80
9. a. median = 33 Mean = 67.625
46 + 47
b. median = = 46.5
( )
2 b.
80
83 2
- 23
c. median = = 8.3
10 Median class , 60 - 69 Mode = 59.5 + (10)
26
10. a. mode = 50 = 59.5
1
Mode = 66.04
n = 80
b. mode = none
f1 = 23
c. mode = 10.3 fm = 26
c = 10
c.
11. Mean =
20(18) + 23(22)
18 + 22
= 21.65
Model class = 60 - 64 Mode = 59.5 + ( 8
8 + 11)(10)
14(37) + 5(33) + 10(28) + 4(25) + 3(23) + 3(20) = 59.5
12. Mean = 1 Mode = 63.71
39
1
= 26 - 18 = 8
Mean = 30.56
2
= 26 - 15 = 11
35(81) + 3(85) + 2(55) c = 10
13. Mean = = 80
40
40 + 36 + 15 + 12 + 10 + 8 + 7 + 5
14. a. Mean Age = = 16.625 17(16) + 22(35) + 27(44) + 32(27) + 37(17) +
8
42(8) + 47(2) + 52(1)
17. a. Mean =
b. Six years from now, Mean Age = 22.625 150
4205
c. 15 years from now, Mean Age = 31.625 Mean = = 28.03
150
d. a + 6 = b , a + 15 = c
184 185
( ) ( )
b. a.
150 n
- 51 - f1
2 4
Median class = 25 - 29 Mode = 24.5 + (5) 1st quarter class = 25 - 34 Q1 = 1 + c
44 fm
( )
= 24.5 = 24.5 42.5 - 22
1
Mode = 27.23 1
Q1 = 24.5 + (10)
n = 150 n 170 27
= = 42.5
4 4
f1 = 51 f1 = 22 Q1 = 32.09
fm = 44 fq = 27
c = 5 c = 10
c.
( )
( )
b.
9 n
Modal class = 25 - 29 Mode = 24.5 + (5)
9 + 17 2
- f1
= 24.5 2nd quarter class = 35 - 44 Q2 = 1 + c
1 Mode = 26.23 fq
( )
= 44 - 35 = 9 1
= 34.5 85 - 49
1
n 170 Q2 = 34.5 + (10)
= 44 - 27 = 17 = = 85 41
2 4 2
c = 5 f1 = 49 Q2 = 43.28
fq = 41
c = 10
18.
Ages f cf
75 - 84 3 170
( )
c.
65 - 74 14 167 3n
- f1
2
55 - 64 28 153 3rd quarter class = 55 - 64 Q3 = 1 + c
fq
( )
45 - 54 35 125 1
= 54.5 127.5 - 125
3n 3(170) Q3 = 54.5 + (10)
35 - 44 41 90 = = 127.5 28
4 4
25 - 34 27 49 f1 = 125 Q3 = 55.39
15 - 24 22 22 fq = 28
170 c = 10
186 187
( )
19. c.
a. 5n
- f1
10
5th decile class = 20 - 24 D5 = 1 + c
Out - Patient fd
f cf
( )
Contacts 1
= 19.5 50 - 38
5n 5(100) D5 = 19.5 + 5
1st decile class = 10 - 14 5-9 8 8 = = 50 25
10 10
= 9.5 10 - 14 11 19 D5 = 21.9
1 f1 = 38
n 100 15 - 19 19 38
= = 10 fd = 25
10 10
20 - 24 25 63
f1 = 8 c = 5
25 - 29 16 79
fd = 11
( )
30 - 34 12 91 d.
c=5 7n
35 - 39 9 100 - f1
10
( )
7th decile class = 25 - 29 D7 = 1 + c
n 100 fd
- f1
( )
10 = 24.5 70 - 63
D1 = 1 + c 1
D7 = 24.5 + 5
fd 7n 7(100) 16
= = 70
10 10

D1 = 9.5 + ( 10 - 8
11 )5 = 10.41 f1 = 63
D7 = 26.69
fd = 16
c = 5
( )
b.
3n
- f1
10
3rd decile class = 15 - 19 D3 = 1 + c
( )
e.
fd 9n
( )
= 14.5 30 - 19 - f1
1
D3 = 14.5 + (5) 10
3n 3(100) 19 9th decile class = 30 - 34 D9 = 1 + c
= = 30 fd
10 10
( )
= 29.5 90 - 79
D3 = 17.39 1
D9 = 29.5 + 5
f1 = 19 9n 9(100) 12
= = 90
fq = 19 10 10
D9 = 34.08
f1 = 79
c = 5
fd = 12
c = 5
188 189
( )
20. c.
Scores f cf 63n
- f1
100
90 - 99 7 100 63rd percentile class = 70 - 79 P63 = 1 + c
fp
( )
80 - 89 30 93 = 69.5
1 63 - 22
63n 63(100) P63 = 69.5 + 10
70 - 79 41 63 = = 63 41
100 100
60 - 69 12 22 P63 = 79.5
f1 = 22
50 - 59 5 10
fp = 41
40 - 49 3 5
c = 10
30 - 39 2 2
100
( )
d.
75n
- f1
( )
a. 100
25n 75th percentile class = 80 - 89 P75 = 1 + c
- f1 fp
10
( )
25th percentile class = 70 - 79 P25 = 1 + c = 79.5 75 - 63
fp 1
P75 = 79.5 + 10
75n 75(100) 30
( )
= 69.5 25 - 22 = = 75
100 100
1
25n 25(100) P25 = 69.5 + 10
= = 25 41 P75 = 83.5
100 100 f1 = 63
P25 = 70.23
f1 = 22 fp = 30
fp = 41 c = 10
c = 10
( )
e.
90n
- f1
( )
b. 100
50n 90th percentile class = 80 - 89 P90 = 1 + c
- f1 fp
100
( )
50th percentile class = 70 - 79 P50 = 1 + c = 79.5 90 - 63
fp 1
P90 = 79.5 + 10
90n 90(100) 30
( )
= 69.5 50 - 22 = = 90
100 100
1
50n 50(100) P25 = 69.5 + 10
= = 50 41 P90 = 88.5
100 100 f1 = 63
P25 = 76.33
f1 = 22 fp = 30
fp = 41 c = 10
c = 10
190 191
21. a. 10 - 2
(iv).P20 = 72.5 + • 3 = 75.5
Score x f cf fx 8
88 - 90 89 1 50 89 17.5 - 14
P35 = 78.5 + • 3 = 79.25
85 - 87 86 7 49 602 14
82 - 84 83 14 42 1162 30 - 28
P60 = 81.5 + • 3 = 81.93
14
79 - 81 80 14 28 1120
76 - 78 77 4 14 308 42.5 - 42
P85 = 84.5 + • 3 = 84.71
7
73 - 75 74 8 10 592
70 - 72 71 2 2 142
50 4015
4015
b. (i). Mean : x = = 80.3
50
Median : Md = 78.5 + ( 25 - 14
14 )3 = 80.86
14 - 14
Mode : Mo = 81.5 + • 3 = 81.5
(14 - 14) + (14 - 7)
14 - 4
Mo = 78.5 + • 3 = 81.5
(14 - 4) + (14 - 14)
12.5 - 10
(ii). Q1 = 75.5 + • 3 = 77.38
4
25 - 14
Q2 = 78.5 + • 3 = 80.86
14
37.5 - 28
Q3 = 81.5 + • 3 = 83.54
14
10 - 2
(iii).D2 = 72.5 + • 3 = 75.5
8
20 - 14
D4 = 78.5 + • 3 = 79.79
14
30 - 28
D6 = 81.5 + • 3 = 81.93
14
40 - 28
D8 = 84.5 + • 3 = 84.07
14
192 193
Lesson 5.6 Measures of Variability (iii) Average deviation: AD =

/x - x/
n
14.29
AD =
Objectives: 7
1. Calculate the different measures of variability relative
to a given set of data: grouped and ungrouped.
AD = 2.04
2. Give the characteristics of a set of data using the
measures of variability. /x - x/ 44.1487
(iv) Variance : s3 = = = 7.36
n-1 7-1
Practice Exercises 5.6 (v) Standard Deviation : s = 7.36 = 2.71

b.
A. x x-x /x - x/ (x - x)2
1. 11 -36 36 1296
a. 18 -29 29 841
x x-x /x - x/ (x - x)2 19 -28 28 784
1 -4.71 4.71 22.1841 33 -14 14 196
4 -1.71 1.71 2.9241 36 -11 11 121
5 -0.71 0.71 0.5041 44 -3 3 9
6 0.29 0.29 0.8041 64 17 17 289
7 1.29 1.29 1.6641 73 26 26 676
8 2.29 2.29 5.2441 81 34 34 1156
9 3.29 3.29 10.8241 91 44 44 1936
40 14.29 44.1487 470 242 7304

x 40 470
x = = = 5.71 x = = 47
n 7 10
(i) range = 9 -1 = 8 (i) range = 91 - 11 = 80
(ii) middle 50 percent range = P75 - P25 (ii) middle 50 percent range = P75 - P25
middle 50 percent range = x6.75 - x3.25

middle 50 percent range = 8.75 - 5.25
middle 50 percent range = 68.5 - 18.5

middle 50 percent range = 3.50 middle 50 percent range = 50.0
194 195
242 2. The mean and standard deviation are increased by the same
(iii) Average deviation: AD = = 24.2
7 number added to each value in the data.
7304 3. a. The standard deviatio is zero.

(iv) Variance : s2 = = 811.56
10 - 1 b. Yes
(v) Standard Deviation : s = 811.56 = 28.49

c.
x x-x /x - x/ (x - x)2 4.
172 -11 11 121
175 -8 8 64 Scores f cf x fx x-x f/x - x/ (x - x)2 f(x - x)2
180 -3 3 9 40 - 49 1 1 44.5 44.5 -32.86 32.86 1079.7796 1079.7796
182 -1 1 1 50 - 59 1 2 54.5 54.5 -22.86 22.86 522.5796 522.5796
190 7 7 49 60 - 69 1 3 64.5 64.5 -12.86 12.86 165.3796 165.3796
190 7 7 49 70 - 79 10 13 74.5 745.0 -2.86 28.60 8.1796 81.7960
192 9 9 81 80 - 89 4 17 84.5 338.0 7.14 28.56 50.9796 398.2184
1281 46 374 90 - 99 4 21 94.5 378.0 17.14 68.56 293.7796 1175.1184

21 1624.5 194.30 2120.6776 3422.8716
1281
x = = 183
7 1624.5
x = = 77.36
21
(i) range = 192 - 172 = 20
(ii) middle 50 percent range = P75 - P25 a. range = 99.5 - 39.5 = 60

middle 50 percent range = 190 - 174.25
( )

b.
middle 50 percent range = 15.75 75n
- f1
100 75n 75(21)
46 P75 = 1 + c = = 15.75
(iii) Average deviation: AD = = 6.57 fp 100 100
7 = 79.5
15.75 - 13 1
374 P75 = 79.5 + • 10
(iv) Variance : s2 = = 62.33 4 f1 = 13
7-1
P75 = 86.38 fp = 4
c = 10
196 197
25n
( )
6.
- f1
100 25n 25(21) Preparation
P25 = 1 + c = = 5.25 x f fx cf x-x f/x - x/ f(x - x)2
fp 100 100 Time
5.25 - 3 1
= 69.5 10 - 19 14.5 3 43.5 3 -28.2 84.6 2385.72
P25 = 69.5 + • 10
10 f1 = 3 20 - 29 24.5 5 122.5 8 -18.2 91.0 1656.20
P25 = 71.75 fp = 10 30 - 39 34.5 10 345.0 18 -8.2 82.0 672.40
40 - 49 44.5 12 534.0 30 1.8 21.6 38.88
c = 10
50 - 59 54.5 20 1090.0 50 11.8 236.0 2784.80
Middle 50 percent range = 86.83 - 71.75 = 14.63 50 515.2 7538.0
2135
x = = 42.7
50
f /x - x/2 194.3
c. Average deviation: AD = = = 9.25 a. range = 59.5 - 9.5 = 50
n 21
b. Middle 50% range = P75 - P25
f(x - x) 2
3422.8716
d. Variance : s2 =
n-1
=
21 - 1
= 171.14 Middle 50% range = 49.5 + [ 37.5 - 30
20 ][
• 10 - 29.5 +
12.5 - 8
10
• 10 ]
Middle 50% range = 53.25 - 34
e. Standard Deviation : s = 171.14 = 13.08
Middle 50% range = 19.25
5. 75n 75(50) 25n 25(50)
= = 37.5 = = 12.5
100 100 100 100
a. Range = 2400 - 1400 = 1000
1
= 49.5 1
= 29.5
f1 = 30 f1 = 8
b. Middle 80% range = P90 - P10 fp = 20 fp = 10
c = 10 c = 10

=x
( 90(20)
100
+ 1
2 ) (
-x 10(20)
100
+ 1
2 ) 515.2
c. Average deviation: AD = = 10.30
Middle 80% range = x18.5 - x2.5
50 - 1
Middle 80% range = 2275 - 1400 = Php 875.00 d. Variance : s2 =

7538
50 - 1
= 153.83

198 199
Applying and Connecting Math page 273 18.456
c. Average deviation: AD = = 0.37
50
7.
Average Number of 9.3762
d. Variance : s2 = = 0.19
Number Companies 50 - 1
of
Injuries f x fx cf x-x f/x - x/ f(x - x)2
1.5 - 1.7 4 1.6 6.4 4 -0.726 2.904 2.1083
1.8 - 2.0 11 1.9 20.9 15 -0.426 4.686 1.9962
8.
2.1 - 2.3 13 2.2 28.6 28 -0.126 1.638 0.2064 Standard
2.4 - 2.6 9 2.5 22.5 37 0.124 1.566 0.2725 Range Variance
Deviation
2.7 - 2.9 8 2.8 22.4 45 0.474 3.792 1.7924 a. 116 - 100 = 16 x = 110, s2 = 32 s = 5.66
3.0 - 3.2 5 3.1 15.5 50 0.774 3.870 2.9954 b. 216 - 210 = 6 x = 213, s = 4
2
s = 2.0
50 116.3 18.456 9.3762 c. 126 - 115 = 11 x = 120, s = 16
2
s = 4.0
d. 24 - 4 = 20 x = 13.4, s = 27.44 s = 5.24
2
1624.5
x =
21
= 77.36 e. 92 - 12 = 80 x = 43.1, s2 = 734.69 s = 27.11
a. range = 3.25 - 1.45 = 1.8 9.

Class f x cf fx x-x f/x - x/ f(x - x)2
b. Middle 90% range = P95 - P5
10 - 13 4 11.5 4 46 10 40 400
Middle 90% range = 2.95 + [ ( 47.5 - 45
5 ) ][
(0.3) - 1.45 +
4 (
2.5 - 0
(0.3) ) ] 14 - 17
18 - 21
6
8
15.5
19.5
10
18
93
156
6
2
36
16
216
32
Middle 90% range = 3.1 - 1.64 = 1.46 22 - 25 2 23.5 20 47 2 4 8
26 - 29 3 27.5 23 82.5 6 18 108
95(n) 95(50) 5n 5(50)
100
=
100
= 47.5
100
=
100
= 2.5 30 - 33 7 31.5 30 220.5 10 70 700
= 2.95 = 1.45 30 645.0 184 1464
1 1
f1 = 45 f1 = O
fx 645
fp = 5 fp = 4 x = = = 21.5
n 30
c = 0.3 c = 0.3
95th percentile class = 5th percentile class = f(x - x) 184
(i) Mean Deviation = = = 6.13
3.0 - 3.2 1.5 - 1.7 n 30
200 201
(ii) 10 - 90 Percentile Range = P90 - P10 151.2
(i) Mean Deviation = = 6.05
25
[ (
10 - 90 Percentile Range = 29.5 +
90(30)
100
- 23
)]
(4) -
[ ( )]

7
90(25)
[ ( )]
10(30) - 20
-0 100
100 (ii) 10 - 90 Percentile Range = 30.5 + (5) -
9.5 + (4) 7
[ ( )]
4
10(25)
-0
10 - 90 Percentile Range = 31.79 - 12.5 100
10.5 + (5)
10 - 90 Percentile Range = 19.29 5
10 - 90 Percentile Range = 34.67 - 13.0

(iii) Quartile Deviation = Q3 - Q1
[ ( ) ][ ( ) ]
3(30) 30 10 - 90 Percentile Range = 21.67
- 20 -4
4 4
Quartile Deviation = 25.5 + (4) - 13.5 + (4)
3 6
Quartile Deviation = 28.83 - 15.83 (iii) Quartile Deviation = Q3 - Q1
[ ( )] 3(25)
Quartile Deviation = 13
- 18
4
1464 Quartile Deviation = 25.5 + (5) -
(iv) Variance : s2 = = 48.8 2
[ ( ) ]
30
25
-5
(v) Standard Deviation : s = 48.8 = 6.99 4
15.5 + (5)
6
b.
Class f x cf fx x-x f/x - x/ f(x - x)2 Quartile Deviation = 27.38 - 16.54
11 - 15 5 13 5 65 9.6 48.0 460.80
16 - 20 6 18 11 108 4.6 27.6 126.96 Quartile Deviation = 10.84
21 - 25 7 23 18 161 0.4 2.8 1.12
26 - 30 2 28 20 56 5.4 10.8 58.32 1446
(iv) Variance : s2 =
31 - 35 3 33 23 99 10.4 31.2 324.48 25
36 -40 2 38 25 76 15.4 30.8 474.32
25 565 151.2 1446.0 (v) Standard Deviation : s = 57.84 = 7.61
565
x = = 22.6
25
202 203
c. (iii) Quartile Deviation = Q3 - Q1
Class
30 - 39
f
9
x
34.5
cf
9
fx
310.5
x-x
20.5
f/x - x/ f(/x - x/)2
184.5 3782.25 [ ( ) ]
Quartile Deviation = 59.5 +
3(120)
4
21
- 84
(10) -
[ ( ) ]
40 - 49 32 44.5 41 1424.0 10.5 336.0 3528.0
120
50 - 59 43 54.5 84 2343.5 0.5 21.5 10.75 -9
4
39.5 + (10)
60 - 69 21 64.5 105 1354.5 9.5 199.5 1895.25 32
70 - 79 11 74.5 116 819.5 19.5 214.5 4182.75
80 - 89 3 84.5 119 253.5 29.5 88.5 2610.75 Quartile Deviation = 62.36 - 46.06
90 - 99 1 94.5 120 645.0 39.5 39.5 1560.25
120 6600.0 1084.0 17570.0 Quartile Deviation = 16.3

1446
6600 (iv) Variance : s2 = = 57.84
x = = 55 25
120

1084
(i) Mean Deviation = = 9.03
120
(ii) 10 - 90 Percentile Range = P90 - P10
10 - 90 Percentile Range = 69.5 + [ (

90(120)
100
11
- 105
(10) - ) ]
39.5 + [ (
10(120)
100
32
-9
(10) ) ]
10 - 90 Percentile Range = 72.23 - 40.44
10 - 90 Percentile Range = 31.79

204 205
b.
P75 = x P25 = x
Chapter Test (75n
100 2 )
+
1
(25n
100 2 )
+
1
A.
x11 = 45 x4 = 35
1.
Semi - interquartile range = 45 - 35 = 10
Range Mean Median Mode
10.
a. 10 11 10 8 f(x - x)2 8.42
a. SD = = = 1.10
n-1 8-1
b. 54 90.625 89 89
814.86
b. SD = = 7.92
c. 4.3 10.06 9.9 10.1 14 - 1

B.

80 + 95 + 92 + 89 + x
2. = 90 , x = 94 11.
5
Weights (x) f fx
3. 21
37 1 37
4. Replace 20 with 22 or 22 with 24. 38 4 152
5. The median of the data is decreased by 10. 39 11 429

40 14 560
6. The mean of the data is multiplied by 3.
41 13 533
25(78) + 15(81)
7. class mean = = 79.125 42 10 420
25 + 15
43 5 215
8.
6 44 2 88
a. Mean deviation = = 0.75
8
60 2434
84.6
b. Mean deviation = = 6.04
14
a. range = 44 - 37 = 7
9.
a. 2434
P75 = x P25 = x b. mean = = 40.58
( 75n 1
+
100 2 ) ( 25n 1
+
100 2 ) 60
40 + 41
x11 = 8.5 x2.5 = 2.3 c. median =
2
= 40.5
Semi - interquartile range = 8.5 - 7.3 = 1.2 d. mode = 40

206 207
12. c.
No. of hours f midpoint (x) fx cf

modal class = 39 - 41
1
= 38.5
Mode = 38.5 + ( 5
5+3 )
(3)
21 - 23 1 22 22 1 = 5 Mode = 40.375
1
24 - 26 1 25 25 2 2
=3
27 - 29 3 28 84 5 n = 60
30 - 32 4 31 124 9 c = 3
33 - 35 7 34 238 16 d.
36 - 38 7 37 259 23 1st quartile class = 33 - 35
= 32.5
Q1 = 32.5 + ( 15 - 9
7 )
(3)
39 - 41 12 40 480 35 1
n 60 Q1 = 35.07
= = 15
42 - 44 9 43 387 44 4 4
45 - 47 8 46 368 52 f1 = 9
48 - 50 4 49 196 56 fq = 7
51 - 53 3 52 156 59 c = 3
54 - 56 1
60
55
2394
55 60 3rd quartile class = 45 - 47
= 44.5
Q3 = 44.5 + (
45 - 44
8
(3))
1
n 3(60) Q3 = 44.875
= = 45
4 4
2394 f1 = 44
a. Mean Deviation = = 39.9
60
f =8
q
b.
( )
30 - 23 e.
( )
median class = 39 - 41
Median = 38.5 + (3) 3rd decile class = 36 - 38 18 - 16
12 D3 = 35.5 + (3)
1
= 38.5
= 35.5 7
1
f1 = 23 Median = 40.25
3n 3(60) D3 = 36.36
= = 18
fm = 12 10 10
n = 60 f1 = 16
fd = 7
c = 3
c = 3
208 209
6th decile class = 42 - 44
1
= 41.5
D6 = 41.5 + (
36 - 35
9
(3)) 70th percentile class = 42 - 44
1
= 44.5
P70 = 41.5 + (
42 - 35
9 )(3)
6n 6(60) D6 = 41.83 70n 70(60) P70 = 43.83

= = 36 = = 42
10 10 100 100
f1 = 35 f1 = 35
fd = 9 fp = 9
c = 3 c = 3
9th decile class = 48 - 50

1
= 47.5
D9 = 47.5 + (
54 - 52
4
(3)) g. standard deviation =
2969
60 - 1
= 7.09
9n 9(60) D9 = 49.0
= = 54
10 10
f1 = 52
fd = 4
c = 3
f.
10th percentile class = 30 - 32
1
= 29.5
P10 = 29.5 + ( 6-5
4 )
(3)
10n 10(60) P10 = 30.25

= =6
100 100
f1 = 5
fp = 4
c = 3
40th percentile class = 39 - 41

1
= 38.5
P40 = 38.5 + (
24 - 23
12 )
(3)
40n 40(60) P40 = 38.75

= = 24
100 100
f1 = 20
fp = 12
c = 3
211
The Fundamental Counting
Lesson 6.1 Principle and Permutation
1. Know how to use the fundamental counting principle.
2. Find the number of permutations of n elements.
Permutation, Combination,
6.1
and Probability
Practice Exercises
A. Evaluate.
119
1.
121
2. 4320
3. 20
4. 120
Jacob (Jacques) Bernoulli
5. 6453
Jacob’s most important work was the Ars Conjectandi, which like the paper
of Thomas Bayes was published only after his death (in 1713). With de Moivre’s 6. 394
work of 1718, it is the first major treatise in the field of probability and statistics.
Bernoulli’s legacy, like his life, has an oppositional character. The Ars Conjectandi 7. -5
defines a “frequentist” or objective position as against the “expectation” or subjective
position which has developed from the work of Bayes. Opposition between these two 8. 1
viewpoints still to some extent divides statistics into two hostile camps. One subgroup
of the International Association for Statistics is called the Bernoulli Society.
9. 4320
Bernoulli developed the binomial approach of Pascal, in which the binomial
coefficients of the Arithmetical Triangle have a central place. A coin toss or other
1
trial which can have only one of two outcomes is sometimes called a Bernoulli 10. 3
trial. We have avoided this and similar terms of respect, in the interest of maximum 4
accessibility for beginning readers (for whom these Lessons are intended), but we
gladly acknowledge Bernoulli’s contribution in this separate profile.
212 213
B. Determine whether each event is dependent or independent. 2! 3!
25.
5!
3! 4!
11. independent 26.
5!
12. dependent 5!
27.
2! 3!
13. independent 6!
28.
3! + 3!
14. independent (n + 3)!
29.
n!
15. dependent
n!
30.
n(n - 4)!
16. dependent
17. independent D. Simplify:
18. independent 31. (n + 1)(n)
19. dependent 32. n(n - 1)(n - 2)
20. dependent 1
33.
n+2
34. (n + 2)(n + 1)
1
35.
n(n - 1)
C. Express the following in factorial notation.
36. (n + 3)(n)
7!
21. 37. n
4!
21! 1
22. 38.
17! n+3
9! n2 + n + 1
23. 39.
6! 3! n-2
25! n+2
24. 40.
21! 4! 2
214 215
Applying and Connecting Math page 287 12!
52. N = = 27720 ways
5! 4! 3!
E. Solve each problem. 53. N = 35 = 243 ways
41. license plates = 26 • 26 • 26 • 10 • 10 • 10 = 17576000 54. N = 8! 5! = 4838400 ways
42. 8P8 = 40320 ways 55. N = 2(3!)(4!)(5!) = 34560 ways
43. a) 5P4 = 120 patterns 56. a) N = 3 • 4 • 3 • 2 • 1 • 2 = 144 ways

b) 2P15P15P13P1 = 150 patterns b) N = 3 • 3 • 2 • 2 • 1 • 1 • 2 = 72 ways
44. a) 5 • 4 • 3 = 60 three - digit numbers 57. N = 4 • 3 • 2 • 1 • 2 = 48 ways

b) 5 • 5 • 5 = 125 three - digit numbers
58. N = (8 - 1)! (2) = 10,080 ways
45. Number of Meals = 5 • 4 • 6 = 120 meals
59. N = 9! = 362880 ways
46. N < 4000 = 3 • 4 • 4 • 4 = 192 numbers
11!
60. N = = 6930 ways
47. N = 15 • 14 • 13 = 2730 ways 2! 4! 5!
61. N = (7 - 1)! = 720 ways
48. a. 4 , 3 ways
b. 6 , 5 ways 62. N = (10 - 1)! = 362880 ways
c. 8 , 5 ways
d. 10 , 3 ways 63. N = 2(4!)(5!) = 5760 ways
e. 12 , 1 way
6!
64. N = = 360 ways
49. N = 210 = 1024 ways 2
12!
50. a) N = 24 • 23 • 22 = 12144 fraternities 65. a. N = = 239500 800 ways
2
b) N = 24 • 24 • 24 = 13824 fraternities
(12 - 1)!
b. N = = 19958400 ways
1
(5 - 1) 2
2
51. a) n = 5 ; N = 9 x 10 = 9 x 102 = 900
F. Determine the number of ways the letter of each word can be arranged?
n
-1
2
b) n is even ; 9 x 10 8!
66. N = = 10080
2! 2!
1
(n - 1)
n is odd ; 9 x 10 2 11!
67. N = = 9979200
2! 2!
216 217
68. N =
10!
2! 2!
= 907200 Lesson 6.2 Combinations
8!
69. N = = 10080
2! 2!
Objectives:
8!
70. N = = 3360 1. Find the number of combinations of n elements taken
2! 3! r at a time.
12! 2. Determine whether a given arrangement is a

71. N = = 19958400 permutation or a combination.
2! 2! 3!
9!
72. N =
2! 2! 2!
= 45360 Practice Exercises 6.2
13!
73. N = = 1556755200
2! 2! Understanding Math page 292
14!
74. N = = 2724321600 A. Determine whether each situation involves a permutation or a
2! 2! 2! 2!
combination.
11!
75. N = = 3326400
2! 3! 1. combination
G. Solve for n
2. combination
76. n = 7
3. permutation
77. n = 6
4. combination
78. n = {5 , 6}
5. permutation
79. n = {9 , 10}
6. permutation
80. n = 12
7. combination
81. n = 3
8. neither
82. n = 6
9. permutation
83. n = 9
10. permutation
84. n = 8
11. combination
85. n = 3
218 219
Communicating Math page 292 28. a. N = 10C5 = 252 ways
b. N = 5C3 • 5C2 = 100 ways
B. Solve for n.
29. N = 4C3 • 4C2 • 13C2 = 1872 ways
12. 11
30. a. N = 12C6 = 924 ways
13. 5 b. N = 6C1 • 10C4 = 1260 ways
c. N = 6C3 9C3 = 1680 ways
14. 4
31. a. N = nCr - n
15. 5 N = 10C2 - 10 = 35 diagonals
b. N = 15C2 - 15 = 90 diagonals
16. 7 c. N = 21C2 - 21 = 189 diagonals
17. 6 32. a. 10C3 = 120 ways
18. 8 b. 10C3 = 120 ways
19. 6 c. 10C5 = 252 ways
20. 8 d. 10C7 = 120 ways
21. 8 e. zero
Applying and Connecting Math page 293 33. a. N = 4C1 • 13C5 = 5148 hands
22. N = 15C3 = 455 committees b. N = (13C1)4 = 28561 hands
23. N = 32C5 = 201376 groups c. N = 4P2 • 13C3 • 13C2 = 267696 hands
24. N = 42C6 = 5245786 ways d. N = 4C3 • 48C2 = 4512 hands
25. N = 26C5 = 65780 subsets e. N = 13C7 • 39C6 = 5598661068 hands
26. N = 12C3 • 6C2 = 3300 committees f. N = 4C1 • 48C4 + 4C2 • 48C3 + 4C3 • 48C2 + 4C4 • 48C1 = 267696 hands
27. a. N = 9C4 = 126 g. N = 26C3 • 26C2 = 845000 hands

b. N = 9C2 • 3C2 = 108
c. N = 9C2 • 3C2 + 4C1 • 3C3 = 117
220 221
34. a. 8C6 = 28 ways 40. a. N = 10C5 = 252 committees
b. 7C6 = 7 ways b. N = 9C4 = 126 committees
c. 5C2 • 7C2 • 8C2 = 5880 ways c. N = 8C4 = 70 committees
d. 5C3 • 15C3 = 4550 ways d. N = 8C3 = 56 committees
e. 5C3 • 7C3 + 5C3 • 8C3 + 7C3 • 8C3 = 2870 ways e. N = 8C5 = 56 committees
35. N = 50C47 + 50C48 + 50C49 + 50C50 = 20876 ways 41. a. N = 5C2 • 3C1 = 30 ways
36. a. N = 24C5 = 42504 ways b. N = 5C1 • 3C2 = 15 ways
b. N = 12C5 + 7C5 + 5C5 = 814 ways c. N = 5C3 = 10 ways
c. N = 12C2 • 7C2 • 5C1 = 6930 ways d. N = 3C3 = 1 way
d. N = 5C3 • 19C2 = 1710 ways 42. a. N = 13C5 • 13C2 = 100386 hands
e. N = 12C3 • 12C2 + 12C4 • 12C1 + 12C5 • 12C0 = 21252 ways b. N = 13C3 • 13C4 = 204490 hands
37. a. N = 15C3 + 15C4 + 15C5 = 4823 ways c. N = 4C1 • 4C2 • 4C4 = 16 hands
b. N = 15C3 + 12C4 + 8C5 = 1006 ways d. N = 26C5 • 26C2 = 21378500 hands
c. N = 14C2 + 14C3 + 14C4 = 1456 ways e. N = 4C1 • 40C3 • 12C3 = 8694400 hands
38. a. N = 10C3 = 120 ways 43. a. N = 5C2 = 10 outcomes
b. N = 6C2 • 4C1 = 60 ways b. N = 5C1 + 5C2 = 15 outcomes
c. N = 6C3 = 20 ways c. N = 5C4 + 5C5 = 6 outcomes
d. N = 6C1 • 4C2 + 6C2 • 4C1 + 6C3 = 116 ways d. N = 5C5 = 1 outcome
39. N = 12C5 • 5C5 = 792 ways 44. a. N = 10C3 = 120 subsets
b. N = 10C4 = 210 subsets

222 223
c. N = 10C6 = 210 subsets Events, Sample Spaces, and
d. N = 10C8 = 45 subsets
Lesson 6.3 Probability
e. N = 10C10 = 1 subset
Objectives:
45. a. N = 8C4 = 70 selections 1. Define events, sample space, odds, and probability.
2. Find the sample space of a given event.
b. N = 4C4 = 1 selection 3. Determine simple probabilities and the odds of success or
failure.
c. N = 8C2 • 4C2 = 168 selections

d. N = 8C1 • 4C3 = 32 selections
A. 1. State the odds of an event given the probability of the event.
a. 4 : 1
b. 5 : 6
c. 14 : 3
d. 19 : 2
e. 25 : 7

2. State the probability of an event occuring given the odds of the

event.
7
a.
18
17
b.
40
9
c.
11
31
d.
78
224 225

41 e. 18 : 18
e.
54
7. a. 51 : 1
3. State the odds against an event given the probability of the event.
b. 46 : 6
a. 1 : 1
c. 44 : 8
b. 3 : 5
d. 4 : 48
c. 5 : 18
e. 4 : 48
d. 6 : 19
8C2 28
8. a. p = = ; odds = 28 : 50
e. 8 : 43 13C2 78
5C2 10
4. a. 1 : 7 b. p = = ; odds = 10 : 68
13C2 78
8C1 • 5C1 40
b. 6 : 2 c. p = = ; odds = 40 : 38
13C2 78
5. E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
13C5 1287 33
a. 3 : 3 9. a. p = = = ; odds = 66607 : 33
52C5 2598960 66640
b. 4 : 2 4 • 13C5 5148 33
b. p = = = ; odds = 16627 : 33
52C5 2598960 16660
c. 4 : 2 4 • 13C3 • 39C2 847704 2717
c. p = = =
52C5 2598960 8330
d. 3 : 3
odds = 5613 : 2717
e. 5 : 1
6. a. 5 : 31 Applying and Connecting Math page 302
b. 10 : 26 B. Solve.
c. 12 : 24 10. a. Venn diagram
d. 6 : 30 3
b. p(A) =
10
226 227
4 2 8 2
p(B) = = e. p(E) = =
10 5 52 13
5 1
p(C) = =
10 2 3
14. p (vowel) =
3 8
c. p(A) =
20
2 1 1
p(B) = 15. p (alphabetical order) = =
5 5p5 120
21
p(C) = 22 11
40 16. a. p(A) = =
64 32
1 28 7
11. a. p(A) = b. p(B) = =
36 64 16
4 1 14 7
b. p(B) = = c. p(C) = =
36 9 64 32
20 5
c. p(C) = = 4 1
36 9 17. a. p(Q) = =
12 3
10 5
d. p(D) = = 3 1
36 18 b. p(R) = =
12 4
18 1
e. p(E) = = 5
36 2 c. p(S) =
12
12.
1 2 3 4 5 6 2
H 1H 2H 3H 4H 5H 6H 18. a. p(red) =
5
T 1T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T 3
b. p(red) =
7
26 1 5 1
13. a. p(A) = =
52 2 c. p(red) = =
10 2
12 3 6 2
b. p(B) = =
52 13 d. p(red) = =
15 5
2 1 4
c. p(C) = =
52 26 e. p(red) =
15
4 1
d. p(D) = =
52 13
228 229
19. Let x = number of boys 22.
x + 2 = number of girls 3 1
a. p(an interior angle) = =
2x + 2 = number of children 6 2
3 1
x+2 2 b. p(an obtuse angle) = =
Equation : = 6 2
2x + 2 3
3 1
c. p(0 < 90o) = =
x=2 6 2
Solution : There are 2 boys and 4 girls, thus she has 6 children. 1
d. p(an acute exterior angle) =
6
20. N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} e. p(a right angle) = 0
4 23. Let x = number of red ballpens

a. p(an even number) =
9
4 2x + 2 = number of black ballpens
b. p(a number less than 5) =
9
3
5 p(red) =
c. p(an odd number) = 10
9
x 3
4 Equation : = ; x=6
d. p(a number greather than 4 but less than 9) = 3x + 2 10
9
Solution : There are 6 red ballpens and 14 black ballpens, thus the
4
e. p(a prime number) = number of ballpens is 20.
9
24. Let x = number of boys
21.
2 2x - 5 = number of girls
a. p(a diamond) =
7
4 5
b. p(a red card) = p(girl) =
7 8
5 2x - 5 5
c. p(a number card) = Equation : = ; x = 15
7 3x - 2 8
1 Solution : There are 15 boys in the chess club.
d. p(an ace) =
7
2
e. p(a spade) =
7
230 231
Union and Intersection, vii. A B = {HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, THHT, THTH, TTHH}
Lesson 6.4 Complementary Events
viii. A C = {HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, HTTT, THHT, THTH, THTT,
TTHH, TTHT, TTTH, TTTT}
Objectives: ix. B C = {HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, THHT, THTH, TTHH}

1. Know the union and intersection of two or more given events.
2. Find the complement of a given event. x. (A B)1 = {HHHT, HHTH, HTHH, THHH}
xi. (B C)1 = {HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HTHH, HTTT, THHH,

THTT, TTHT, TTTH, TTTT}
Understanding Math page 309 11
b. i. p(A) =
16
A. A fair coin is tossed four times and the events A, B, and C are defined 7
as follows: ii. p(B) =
16
11
1. Sample Space = {HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HHTT, HTHH, HTHT, iii. p(C) =
16
HTTH, HTTT, THHH, THHT, THTH, THTT,
TTHH, TTHT, TTTH, TTTT} 12 3
iv. p(A B) = =
16 4
a. i. A = {HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, HTTT, THHT, THTH, THTT, 12 3
v. p(B C) = =
11
ii. B = {HHHH, HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, THHT, THTH, TTHH} vi. p((A B C) =
16
iii. C = {HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, HTTT, THHT, THTH, THTT, 6 3
vii. p(A B) = =
11
viii. p(A C) =
iv. A B = {HHHH, HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, THHT, THTH, TTHH, 16
HTTT, THTT, TTHT, TTTH, TTTH} 6 3
ix. (B C) = =
16 8
v. B C = {HHHH, HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, THHT, THTH, TTHH,
HTTT, THTT, TTHT, TTTH, TTTH} 4 1
x. p(A B)1 = =
16 4
vi. (A B) C= {HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, HTTT, THHT, THTH, 10 5
xi. p(B C)1 = =
THTT, TTHH, TTHT, TTTH, TTTT} 16 8
232 233
2. viii. B1 = {(1 , 1) , (1 , 2) , (1 , 3) , (1 , 5) , (1 , 6)
1 2 3 4 5 6 (2 , 1) , (2 , 2) , (2 , 3) , (2 , 5) , (2 , 6)
1 (1 , 1) (1 , 2) (1 , 3) (1 , 4) (1 , 5) (1 , 6) (3 , 1) , (3 , 2) , (3 , 3) , (3 , 5) , (3 , 6)
(5 , 1) , (5 , 2) , (5 , 3) , (5 , 5) , (5 , 6)
2 (2 , 1) (2 , 2) (2 , 3) (2 , 4) (2 , 5) (2 , 6)
(6 , 1) , (6 , 2) , (6 , 3) , (6 , 5) , (6 , 6)}
3 (3 , 1) (3 , 2) (3 , 3) (3 , 4) (3 , 5) (3 , 6)
4 (4 , 1) (4 , 2) (4 , 3) (4 , 4) (4 , 5) (4 , 6)
5 (5 , 1) (5 , 2) (5 , 3) (5 , 4) (5 , 5) (5 , 6) ix. C1 = {(1 , 1) , (1 , 2) , (1 , 3) , (2 , 1) , (2 , 2) , (3 , 1)}
6 (6 , 1) (6 , 2) (6 , 3) (6 , 4) (6 , 5) (6 , 6)
x. (A B C)1 = {(1 , 1) , (1 , 2) , (1 , 3) , (2 , 1) , (2 , 2) , (3 , 1)}
a. i. A = {(6 , 1) , (5 , 2) , (4 , 3) , (3 , 4) , (2 , 5) , (1 , 6)}
ii. B = {(1 , 4) , (2 , 4) , (3 , 4) , (4 , 4) , (5 , 4) , (6 , 4) 6 1
b. i. p(A) = =
(4 , 1) , (4 , 2) , (4 , 3) , (4 , 5) , (4 , 6)} 36 6
iii. C = {(4 , 1) , (3 , 2) , (2 , 3) , (1 , 4) , (5 , 1) , (4 , 2) 11
ii. p(B) =
(3 , 3) , (2 , 4) , (1 , 5) , (6 , 1) , (5 , 2) , (4 , 3) 36
(3 , 4) , (2 , 5) , (1 , 6) , (6 , 2) , (5 , 3) , (4 , 4) 30 5
(3 , 5) , (2 , 6) , (6 , 3) , (5 , 4) , (4 , 5) , (3 , 6) iii. p(C) = =
56 6
(6 , 4) , (5 , 5) , (4 , 6) , (6 , 5) , (5 , 6) , (6 , 6)}
2 1
iv. p(A B) = =
iv. A B = {(3 , 4) , (4 , 3)} 36 18
30 5
v. A C = {(4 , 1) , (3 , 2) , (2 , 3) , (1 , 4) , (5 , 1) , (4 , 2) v. p(A C) = =
36 6
(3 , 3) , (2 , 4) , (1 , 5) , (6 , 1) , (5 , 2) , (4 , 3)
(3 , 4) , (2 , 5) , (1 , 6) , (6 , 2) , (5 , 3) , (4 , 4) 11
vi. p(B C) =
(3 , 5) , (2 , 6) , (6 , 3) , (5 , 4) , (4 , 5) , (3 , 6) 36
(6 , 4) , (5 , 5) , (4 , 6) , (6 , 5) , (5 , 6) , (6 , 6)}
30 5
vii. p(A1) = =
vi. B C = {(1 , 4) , (2 , 4) , (3 , 4) , (4 , 4) , (5 , 4) , (6 , 4) 36 6
(4 , 1) , (4 , 2) , (4 , 3) , (4 , 5) , (4 , 6)} 25
viii. p(B1) =
36
vii. A1 = {(1 , 1) , (1 , 2) , (1 , 3) , (1 , 4) , (1 , 5) , (2 , 6)
(2 , 1) , (2 , 2) , (2 , 3) , (2 , 4) , (3 , 5) , (3 , 6) 6 1
ix. (C1) = =
(3 , 1) , (3 , 2) , (3 , 3) , (4 , 4) , (4 , 5) , (4 , 6) 36 6
(4 , 1) , (4 , 2) , (5 , 3) , (5 , 4) , (5 , 5) , (5 , 6) 6 1
(5 , 1) , (6 , 2) , (6 , 3) , (6 , 4) , (6 , 5) , (6 , 6)} x. p(A B C)1 = =
36 6
234 235
Communicating Math page 309 C = {(Off , Low)}
3. a. p(A) = 0.45 + 0.09 + 0.06 = 0.6
a. p(A1) = {E2 , E5 , E7 , E8} b. p(B) = 0.09 + 0.08 + 0.45 + 0.06 = 0.68
p(A1) = 0.08 + 0.25 + 0.07 + 0.05 = 0.45 c. p(C) = 0.30
d. p(A1) = {(Off , Low) , (Off , Medium) , (Off , High)}

b. p(B1) = {E1 , E4 , E5 , E7}
p(A1) = 0.30 + 0.08 + 0.02 = 0.4
p(B1) = 0.15 + 0.10 + 0.25 + 0.07 = 0.57
e. p(A B) = {(On , Low) , (On , Medium) , (On , High) , (Off , Medium)}
c. p(A1 B) = {E2 , E8} p(A B) = 0.45 + 0.09 + 0.06 + 0.08 = 0.68
p(A1 B) = 0.08 + 0.05 = 0.13 f. p(A C) = O
d. p(A B) = {E1 , E2 , E3 , E4 , E6 , E8}
p(A B) = 0.15 + 0.08 + 0.18 + 0.10 + 0.12 + 0.05 = 0.68
e. p(A B) = {E3 , E6}
p(A B) = 0.18 + 0.12 = 0.3
f. p(A1 B1) = {E1 , E2 , E4 , E5 , E7 , E8}
p(A1 B1) = 0.15 + 0.08 + 0.10 + 0.25 + 0.07 + 0.05 = 0.68
p(A1 B1) = 0.7
4. A = {(On , Low) , (On , Medium) , (On , High)}
B = {(On , Medium) , (Off , Medium) , (On , Low) , (On , High)}

236 237
Adding and Multiplying e. p (a Bill and a letter) =
3 2
=
3
Lesson 6.5
•
Probabilities 10 10 50
5 4 10
3. a. p (vowels) = • =
14 13 91
Objectives: 9 8 36
b. p (consonants) = • =
1. Find the probability of mutually exclusive events or inclusive 14 13 91
events.
5 9 45
2. Find the probability of two or more independent or dependent c. p (a vowel and a consonants) = • =
events. 14 13 182
3 3 81
d. p (i , s) = + =
Practice Exercises 6.5 14 13 182
Understanding Math page 316 6 1

4. a. p (H) = =
12 2
Solve: 2 1
b. p (5) = =
12 6
1. a. with replacement b. without replacement
3 3 1 3 3 1 1
i. p (RR) = = i. p (RR) = = c. p (5H) =
•
12 12 16
•
12 11 22 12
4 4 1 4 3 1 5. Sample Space = { BBB, BBG, BGB, BGG, GBB, GBG,GGB,
ii. p (GG) = • = ii. p (GG) = • = GGG}
12 12 9 12 11 11
5 5 25 5 4 5 3
iii. p (BB) = • = iii. p (BB) = • =
12 12 144 12 11 33 a. p (2 girls, 1 boy) =
8
3 4 1 3 4 1
iv. p (RR) = • = iv. p (RR) = • = 7
12 12 12 12 3 11 b. p (at least 1 boy) =
8
4 5 5 4 5 5
v. p (RR) = • = v. p (RR) = • =
12 12 36 12 11 33
2 1
2. a. p (a letter) = =
10 5 5C3 1
6. a. p (lemon) = =
2 5 7 12C3 22
b. p (a letter or an ad) = + =
10 10 10 7C3 7
b. p (grape) = =
3 5 8 4 12C3 44
c. p (a Bill or an ad) = + = =
10 10 10 5 5 4 7 7
5 1 c. p (lemon, lemon, grape) = • • =
d. p (not an ad) = =
12 11 10 66
10 2 5 7 6 7
d. p (lemon, grape, grape) = • • =
12 11 10 44
238 239
e. p (at least one candy was lemon) 13C2 1
b. p(2 hearts) = =
52C2 17
5 5 4 5 4 3 27
= + • + • • = 26C2
12 12 11 12 11 10 44 25
c. p(2 red cards) = =
1 7 9 52C2 102
f.p (same flavor) = + =
22 44 44 12C2 11
d. p(2 picture cards) = =
3 2 3 52C2 221
7. a. p(GG) = • =
5 4 10 52C13C1 1170
2 1 1 e. p(not a pair) = 1 - =
b. p(BB) = • = 52C2 1326
5 4 10
2C2 1
1 1 1 f. p(2 black kings) =
52C2
=
1326
c. p(same child was late both times) = • =
5 5 25
4C14C1 16 8
d. p(at least one of the children g. p(5 , 10) = = =
2 2 4 52C2 1326 663
who was late was a boy) = • = 13C113C1
5 5 25 169 13
h. p(H , C) = = =
12 11 22 52C2 1326 102
8. a. p(WW) = • =
18 17 51
6 5 5 Applying and Connecting Math page 318
b. p(BB) = • =
18 17 51
22 5 27 9 11. Let x = number of red chips
c. p(same color) = + = =
51 51 51 17 2x + 5 = number of blue chips
Three socks should be pulled out. x 2
= ; x = 10
3x + 5 7
4C3 4
9. a. p(twenty - peso bills) = = There are 25 blue chips
15C3 455
4C1 • 5C1 • 6C1 120 24 12. Let x = votes for D. Reyes
b. p(20 , 50 , 100) = = =
15C3 455 91 x = votes for J. Tiu
4C1 • 5C2 2x = votes for R. Antolin
40 8
c. p(20 , 50 , 50) = = =
15C3 455 91 2x 1
a. p(R. Antolin) = =
6C19C2 + 6C29C1 + 6C3 371 4x 2
d. p(at least one 100) = =
15C3 455 x 1 3
b. p(D. Reyes) = = ; p(D. Reyes does not win) =
4x 4 4
4C2 1 400 4
10. a. p(2 jacks) = = 13. a. p(less than P100) = =
52C2 221 500 5
240 241
100 150 30 5 + 18 + 21 44 11
b. p(P100 , P50) = • = e. p(2 of the 3 subjects only) = = =
500 499 499 100 500 25
250 150 100 1250 48.13
c. p(P20 , P50, P100) = • • = 17. a. p(four of a kind) = = 2.4 x 10-4
500 499 498 41417 52C5
1C17C2 3 4C3 •4C2 1
14. a. p(math dictionary) = = b. p(3 aces , 2 kings) = = = 9.23 x 10-6
8C3 8 52C5 108290
4C23C1 9 13C4 •13C1 143
b. p(2 Geom , 1 Algebra) = = c. p(4 diamonds , 1 spade) = = = 1.38 x 10-9
8C3 28 52C5 39984
4C3 1 12C5 33
c. p(3 Geom) = = d. p(5 face cards) = = = 3.05 x 10-4
8C3 14 52C5 108290
15. p(neither will be alive in 20 years) = (1 - 0.7)(1 - 0.8) = 0.06 4C1 • 13C5 13
e. p(flush) = = = 7.8 x 10-4
52C5 16660
16. 10C1 1
18. a. p(ten correct answers) = = = 9.77 x 10-4
U E 2 10
1024
10C8 45
b. p(eight correct answers) = = = 4.39 x 10-2
210 1024
8
21 10C6 210
M c. p(six correct answers) = = = 2.05 x 10-1
210 1024
5 12 9
10C5 252
18 d. p(five correct answers) = = = 2.05 x 10-1
210 1024
14
10C7 + 10C8 + 10C9 + 10C10
13 e. p(at least seven correct answers) =
210
S
176
=
1024
21 p(at least seven correct answers) = 1.72 x 10-1
a. p(E, M, not S) =
100
12 3 19.
b. p(E, M, S) = =
100 25 a. i. p(E2) = 0.10 + 0.05 + 0.15 = 0.3
13
c. p(not enrolled in any of the 3 subjects) = ii. p(E2) = 0.10 + 0.05 = 0.15
500
9 b. i. p(E1 E2) = 0.05
d. p(Monly) =
100
242 243
ii. p(E1 E2) = 0.10 + 0.05 = 0.15
Chapter Test
c. i. p(E11 E21) = 0.20 + 0.10 + 0.15 + 0.30 + 0.20 = 0.95
A.
ii. p(E 1
1
E ) = 0.20 + 0.15 + 0.30 + 0.20 = 0.85
2
1
1. combination
d. i. p(E21 E31) = 0.20 + 0.10 + 0.05 + 0.30 + 0.20 = 0.85 2. combination
ii. p(E21 E31) = 0.20 + 0.05 + 0.15 + 0.30 + 0.20 = 0.90 3. combination
5C3 10 2 4. permutation
20. a. p(3 pictures of his children) = = =
15C3 455 91
3C3 5. permutation
1
b. p(3 pictures of his brothers) = =
15C3 455 B.
7C3 35 1
c. p(3 pictures of his parents) = = =
15C3 455 13 1. nP5 = 6720
5C13C1 • 7C1 3 n!
d. p(1 child , 1 brother , 1 parent) = = = 6720
15C3 13 (n - 5)!
5C3 + 7C3 9 n = 8
c. p(3 children’s on 3 parents’) = =
15C3 91
8! 8 • 7 • 6 • 5!
8C5 = = = 56
5! 3! 5! 3 • 2 • 1
2. nP5 = 6(nP3)

n!
(n - 5)!
=6
n!
[
(n - 3)! ]
(n - 3)(n - 4)(n -5)! = 6(n - 5)!
n2 - 7n + 12 = 6
n2 - 7n + 6 = 0
(n - 6)(n - 1) = 0
n = 6 , n = 1
244 245
3. 8Pr = 1680 C.
1. a. P(A or B) = p(A) + p(B) ; (Mutually Exclusive Events)
8!

(8 - r)!
= 1680 4 2
= +
15 3
8 • 7 • 6 • 5 • 4!

(8 - r)!
=8•7•6•5 4
P(A or B) =
15
(8 - r)! = 4!
b. P(A or B) = 0.32 + 0.45 = 0.77
8-r=4
c. P(B) = P(A or B) - P(A)
r=4
= 0.75 - 0.43
4. 50 + 6Pr = 170 P(B) = 0.32
6Pr = 120 d. P(A) = P(A or B) - P(B)
6! 13 11
= -

(6 - r)!
=6•5•4 14 13
13(13) - 14(11)
(6 - r)! = 3! =
14(13)
6-r=3 15
=
182
r=3 2. P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)(Inclusive Events)
a. P(A or B) = 0.41 + 0.53 - 0.28 = 0.66

5. (n + 1)C2 + nC2 = n2
1 1 2 3
b. P(A or B) = + - =
n = 4 : 5C2 + 4C2 = 42 2 2 5 5
3 3 5 41
5! 4! c. P(A or B) = + - =
+ = 16 8 4 9 72
(5-2)! 2! (4-2)! 2!
5! 4! D.
+ = 16
3! 2! 2! 2!
5! 5!
1. 5C2 = = = 10 ways
10 + 6 = 16 (5 - 2)! 2! 3! 2!
5! 5!
16 = 16 2. 5P2 = = = 20 ways
(5 - 2) 3!
246
3. N = 4 • 3 • 3 = 36 ways
4. N = 7C2 • 9C3 = 1764 ways
5. 5C3 =
5!
=
5!
= 10 ways Unit
4
(5 - 3)! 3! 2! 3!
2 2 1
6. a. p(RW) = • =
5 4 5
2 1 1
b. p(WW) = • =
5 4 10
2 1 2 1 2 1
c. p(same color) = • + • = =
5 4 5 4 10 5

7. pls. provide
8. 6C3 =
6!
=
6!
=
6•5•4
= 20 triangles
Triangle
(6 -3)! 3! 3! 3! 3 • 2 • 1
9. N = 1 • 25 • 24 • 23 = 13800 words Trigonometry
2 1
10. p (red die shows exactly 5 dots) = or
36 18
and
Achievement Tests
Content Standards:

a. Right Triangles
b. Law of Sines
c. Law of Cosines
d. Taking Achievement Tests
249
Lesson 7.1 Right Triangles
1. Relate trigonometric function to the ratio of the
lengths of the sides of a right triangle.
2. Find the unknown measure of angles and sides of
right triangles using these ratios.
Triangle Trigonometry Practice Exercises 7.1

A. Solve each right triangle whose measures are given in the table below.
The right angle of the right triangle is at C.
a = c2 - b2 a b
sin A = c sin B = c
b a
b = c2 - a2 cos A = c cos B = c
c = a2 + b2 a b
tan A = b tan B = a
Abraham De Moivre
a b c A B
De Moivre was born in France, but went to England to escape the persecutions 1. 10mm 24mm 26mm 22.63o 67.38o
to which French Protestants were then subject. He thus took his place at the northwest 2. 16cm 12cm 20cm 53.13o 36.87o
corner of the deeply interconnected world in which the science of statistics was
3. 21dm 13.56dm 25dm 57.14o 32.86o
emerging, one insight at a time. He supported himself by teaching, but most famously
as the resident statistician of Slaughter’s Coffee House in London, where the gamblers 4. 10.04m 11.15dm 15m 42o 48o
would pay him to calculate odds for them. Like his friend Isaac Newton, he studied 5. 45km 57.10km 73.09km 38o 52o
the normal distribution curve, and saw that the normal curve was the limit to which 6. 63mm 93.40mm 112.66mm 34o 56o
the binomial curve approaches. He defined the mean and standard deviation for the 7. 13.39cm 23.67cm 27.2cm 29.5o 60.5o
binomial curve as np and r(npq), respectively. This result is now known to posterity as 8. 28.79dm 18.2dm 34.06dm 57.7o 32.3o
the de Moivre-Laplace Theorem. 9. 2.35m 5.02m 5.65m 24.6o 65.4o
Some of his discoveries in this area were later credited to Gauss, by a process 10. 66.56km 74.7km 100.05km 41.7 48.3
known in statistics as Stigler’s Law of Eponymy, and in philology as the Rule of the 11. 230mm 222.49mm 320mm 45.95 44.05
Lesser Attribution. His major publication was The Doctrine of Chance, which existed 12. 5.25cm 11.8cm 12.92cm 23.99 66.01
in draft by 1711, and was published in 1718, with a second edition in 1738. The latter
13. 32.7dm 3.9dm 32.5dm 83.11o 6.89o
also included his limit theorem, which had had its separate first publication in a Latin
pamphlet of 1733. 14. 221.53m 356.83m 420m 31o50’ 58o10’
15. 4.5km 1.25km 4.67km 74o30’ 15o30’
250 251
16. 31.41mm 53.5mm 62.04mm 30o25’ 59o35 29. C
17. 16.53cm 7.61cm 18.2cm 65o18’ 24o42’ AD: tan = 30 = 112
AD , AD = 193.99mm
18. 24.3dm 22.9dm 33.42dm 46o38’ 43o22’ 112m
19. 57.68m 42.3m 71.54m 53.75o 36.25o 30o 45o BD: tan 45 = 112
BD , BD = 112m
20. 25.53km 14.58km 29.4km 60.26o 29.74o A D B

The maximum distance between the two observers is 305.99m
B. Problems. 21 , AP = 78.37
30. a. tan 15o = AP
21. diagonal = 5 + 12 = 13 , cos = , = 67.38o BP = 78.37
2 2
4 b. sin 15o = OP 21 , OP = 81.14

22. sin θ = 5 , θ = 53.13o , (53.13o , 126.87o)
c. m AOB = 180o - 30o = 150o
23. leg = 24 + 7 = 25 mm
2 2
D
base angle: tan θ = 24
7 , θ = 73.74
o 31.
4.5knots = 6080ft /hr = 27360ft
The leg is 25mm and the base angles are 73.74o and 106.26o. y 1knot 1hr
1.1o 1.4o 27360ft , 20min = 9120ft
A 9120 ft B x C 60min
24. acute angles: tan θ = 27
48 , θ = 29.36 The acute angles are 29.36
o o
and 60.64 o tan 1.1o = y

9120 + y
25. angle of elevation: tan θ = 12 , θ = 56.31o tan 1.4o = y
8 OC =1 x
B
y= 9120 tan 1.1 tan 1.4
26. OB =1 tan 1.4 - tan 1.1
BC = 1 + 1 = 2
2 2
y = 817 ft. The hill is 817 ft. high.
O
A C Perimeter of square = 4 2 units
32. tan 28 = AC
12
D Area of Triangle = 1 (OA) (AC)
2
sin 50o = 72y , y = 55.16m
y = 1 (12)(12 tan 28)
x x = 46.28m 2
27. 72m cos 50o = , 72 , Area of Triangle = 38.283
50o Area of Triangle = 28 (π) (122) = 35.186
x 360
Area of required region = 3.1 sq. units
The dimension of the rectangular garden are 55.16m and 46.28m.
33.
h = 10 - 8 = 6
2 2
28. a
8
b
a = 20 - 8 = 336 =4 21 cm.
2 2
10 10 8 , θ = 36.87o
h
cos θ = 10 8
a + b = 20
θ 20
16 b = 20 – 4 21 = 1.67
The angles of the isoscelees triangle are 36.87 , 36.87 and 102.26
o o o
252 253
b. s
34. QR = 3
72o tan 36o = /2 1 Perimeter = 5 (1.4531)
PQ = 2 + 3 = 5 s = 2 tan 36o Perimeter = 7.27 units
PR = 5 - 3 = 16 = 4
2 2
1 s = 1.4531 units
sin RPQ = 35
RPQ = 36.87o
37. 25.4o 34.7o a + b = 1000
a. m RPS = 2(36.87) = 73.74o h h h
m RQS = 180o - 73.74o = 106.26 tan 25.4o = a , a = tan 25.4o
a b
b. Area of PRQS = 2 ( 12 ) (3) (4) = 12 sq units h h
tan 34.7o = b , b = tan 34.7o
o
c. Area of sector in circle P = 73.74
360 (π) (2 ) = 2.574
2 h h
tan 25.4 + tan 34.7o = 1000
o
o
Area of sector in circle Q = 106.26
360 (π) (3 ) = 8.346
o
2
1000 tan 25.4o tan 34.7o
h = tan 34.7o + tan 25. 4o
Shaded area = 12 – (2.574 + 8.346) = 1.08 sq. units h = 281.68 ft
35. Let e = edge of a cube a = 593.21 ft
diagonal of one face of a cube = e 2 b = 406.79 ft
diagonal of a cube = e 3 38. 45o
a. Let θ = angle formed by a diagonal of a cube 14

x a. tan 22.5o = h , h = 33.8
and a diagonal of one of the faces h
tan θ = e , θ = 35.26o 14
b. sin 22.5o = x , x = 36.58cm
e2 14 14
b. Let = angle formed by two diagonals of a cube.
O 28cm
1
( )
1
sin θ = 2 O = 2 (e), 39. a. x - axis , y = 0 m1 = 0
e3 y = 2x - 4 , m2 = 2
2 m - m 2–0
tan θ = 1 +2 m m1 = 1+2 (0) = 2
O = 70.53o 2 1
b. y = 3x + 4, m1 = 3
36. a. y = 2x - 1 , m2 = 2
s 2–3 1
sin 36o = /2 1 Perimeter = 5s tan θ = 1+2 (3) = – 7
1 72o 1 = 5 (1.1756)
s = 2 sin 36o θ = – 8.13
s = 1.1756 units Perimeter = 5.88 units
s 40. similar to problem #31
1.5 tano tan 32o
y = tan 320 – tan 27o = 4.14 km
254 255
41. 25o
17.6 45.
tan θ = 24
17.6m m
θ = 36.25 15o 42’ 25”
65o 2 ϕ + θ = 65o
4km θ ϕ n
ϕ = 28.75
5o29’30”
The bearing of the first ship from the 18km
second ship is N28.75o W
n
42. tan 5o 29’ 30” = 18 ,
SM
16.8
θ tan θ = 43.2 , θ = 21.25 n = 18 tan 5o 29’ 30”
GM 52o
m+n
tan 15o 42’ 25” = 18
38o 52o The bearing of the Golden Mariner
43.2km
16.8km m + n = 18 tan 15o 42’ 25”
from the Silver Moon is S73.25o W.
m = 18 tan 15o 42’ 25’’ - 18 tan 5o 29’ 30’’
m = 3.33 km
43. Port 168

tan θ = 175 ,
45 o
θ θ = 43.83o
175km
The bearing of the port from the ship

45o is N 1.17o W
168km
ship
44. A
72
45km θ
tan θ = 45 ,
78o
θ = 58o
168o
The bearing of B from A is 78o - 58o
S 20o W.
72km
B The bearing of A from B is N 20o E.

256 257
Lesson 7.2 Law of Sines 7. 16.3cm 22.97cm 26.98cm 37o 58o 85o 186.49cm2
8. 80dm 66.84dm 90dm 59.16o 45.84o 75o 2582.5dm2

Objectives:
1. Solve any triangle using the law of sines.
2. Find the area of a triangle. 9. 52.28m 35m 41.58m 70o 48o 62o 807.81m2
Practice Exercises 7.2 10. 28km 59km 69.37km 23.45o 57o 99.55o 814.55km2

11. 8.31mm 12mm 6.77mm 42o 105o 33o 27.16mm2
A. Solve the triangle with the given measure and find its area.
12. 15.1cm 22.73cm 19.3cm 8.32o 134.15o 37o32’ 104.55cm2
a b c 1 1 1
sin A = sin B = sin C ; K= 2 bc sin A, K= 2 ac sin B, K= 2 ab sinC
13. 30.31dm 29.49dm 18dm 75o 70o 35o 256.34dm2
a b c A B C Area
14. 28.3m 18.2m 37.09m 47o50’ 28.47o 103.7o 250.20m2

1. 12cm 16mm 17.31mm 42 o
63.15 74.85 92.66mm
o o 2
15. 1.04km 2km 2.14km 25o 35o 120o 0.64km2

2. 18.43dm 20cm 16.3cm 60 o
70 o
50 o
141.18cm 2
16. 40.84mm 27mm 28mm 95.88o 41.12o 43o 376.01mm2

3. 9.17m 23dm 17dm 20.2 o
120 o
39.8 o
67.50dm 2
17. 15cm 25.98cm 15cm 30o 120o 30o 97.43cm2

4. 6.70m 6.21m 5.44m 69.82 60.5
o o
49.68 15.86m
o 2
18. 25.1dm 32.6dm 37.61dm 41.12o 58o40’ 80.21o 403.17dm2

5. 12 km 34.14km 30km 20.27 99.73 60
o o o
177.40km 2
19. 13.18m 42.1m 34.21m 16o 118o20’ 45o40’ 198.45m2

6. 26.8mm 14.8mm 18.9mm 104.72 32.28 43
o o o
135.25mm 2
20. 24.19km 36.82km 32.2km 40o20’ 80o10’ 59o30’ 383.72km2

258 28. 259
Applying and Connecting Math page 339 Equation 1: 2a + b = 65
24.
a b
B. Problems. Equation 2: sin 60o30’ = sin 59o
59o
21. i. m 1 = 180 - (25o + 48o) = 107o a a b sin 60o30’

a= sin 59
105 a
ii. sin 107o = sin 48o , a = 81.60cm 60 o 30’
29. 2b sin 60o30’
sin 59 + b = 65
a b 105 b
b b = 21.45 cm
25o 48o iii. sin 107o = sin 25o , b = 46.40cm a = 21.78 cm
105cm
iv. Area = (81.60)(46.40)(sin107 + sin 73 ) o o
(21.78)(21.45) sin59o
Area = 2
Area = 7241.6cm2 30.
Area = 200.23cm 2
v. The diagonals are 163.2cm and 92.8cm
The area is 7241.6 cm2

25.
231.
22. 18 11
18m sin 60o = sin ,m = 31.95o
m 2 = 180 - (97 + 23 ) = 60
o o o o
2 a m 3 = 180o - (60o+31.95o) = 88.05

41 a 3 60o
41m sin 23o = sin 97o , a = 104.15m m 1 = 90o - 88.5o = 1.95o
11m
97o 23o
41 b
b
sin 23o = sin 60o , b = 90.87
P = 104.15 + 90.87 + 41 = 236.02m

32.
26.
23. A B
102o 25o
65 AB
h=
125 tan 35o35’ tan 44o 45’ 65cm 33. sin 25o = sin 53o
tan 44o 45’ - tan 35o35’ 53o
h
AB = 122.83m
35 35’
o
44 45’ o h = 321.44m C
125m
260 261
b = 14 sin 12o 31.

27. A 28 36
sin 45o = sin C
c = 14 cos 12o
45o C = 65.39o
a a+b
14m tan 33 = c
o
36m B = 69.61o
21o
b
12o a + 14 sin 12o
tan 33o = 14 cos 12o B 28m C 28 AC
c sin 45o = sin 69.61
a = 14 cos 12o tan 33o - 14 sin 12o AC = 37.12m
a = 5.98 m
28. 32.
36o s 25
5280 tan 19.4o tan 54.8o s sin 72o = sin 36o
h h = tan 54.8o - tan 19.4o
19.4o 54.8o s = 40.45cm
5280ft h = 2473.96 ft
72 o
72
o
P = 105.9cm
25cm
29. 1
1 2
B = sin 45.3o = sin C 33. s
r
1 45.3o r 3
r
2
sin C =
sin 45.3o sin 140o = sin s
2
S = 12.37o
A 1 C C = 20.82 o 140o
R
r T T = 27.63o
3
30.
s
67.5 o
360o 34. m F = 180o - (54o + 31o) = 95o
Interior angle = 8 = 45o
AF 30
sin 31o = sin 95o
7.5m 7.5m 7.5 s
sin 67.5o = sin 45o AF = 15.51 km
45o
s = 5.74m
262 263
35. B C
8 BC 39.
40o o
100
8 sin 40o = sin 100o , BC = 12.26cm
8 5 tan 30o tan 54o
y= tan 54o - tan 30o
B C 8 AC
60o 70o 50
sin 30o = sin 120o , AC = 13.86cm y
36o 60o y = 4.97 km
A 54o 30o
50o 8 8
sin 20o = sin 140o , AB = 15.04cm x 5km
A
40.
s = 5 sin 25o = 2.113m B
12 AB
a = 5 cos 25 = 4.532 m
o
sin 6o = sin 42o , AB = 76.82km
36. 42 o
s
15m sin θ = 15 6o 48o 12 BC
s 5 sin 25o
A sin 6o = sin 132o , BC = 85.31km
5m sin θ = =
132 o
12km
15 42o
θ The hotel distance of the race course
θ = 8.10
b a C is 174.13 km
5 sin 25o
tan 8.10 = b+5 cos25o
o
5 sin 25o - cos 25o tan 8.1o

b= tan 8.1o 41. L
b = 10.32m 4.5 LN
70o sin 45o = sin 110o , LN = 5.98 km
45o
4.5 LN
11 5 M 110o sin 45o = sin 25o , LM = 2.69km
37. 35o sin 35o = 5m 2, m 2 = 15.11o
x
m 1 = 180o - (35o+15.11o) = 129.89o 4.5 km Total distance = 13.17 km
25o
2 1 11 x
11 km sin 35 = sin 129.89o , 14.71km
N
42. 485 343

h h + 22 i. sin 52o 25’ 38” = sin G
38. tan 30o = tan 45o =
x x
h h + 22 G = 34.09o = 34o 5’32”
h x= x=
30o tan 30o tan 45o
H = 180o - (52o 25’38” + 34o 5’ 32”)
h h+22
22m 22m tan 30o = tan 45o , H = 93o 28’ 50”
22 tan 30o
45o h = tan 45o - tan 30o 485 FG
x h = 30.05m ii. sin 52o 25’ 38” = sin 93o 28’ 50”
The highest of building B is 52.05m FG = 610.8m

264 265
4 tan 46o 30’ 15” tan 73o 45’ 30”

43. h = tan 73o 45’ 30” - tan 46o 30’ 15” Lesson 7.3 Law of Cosines
h = 6.08 km
Objectives:
12 AB To solve any triangle using the law of cosines.

44. i. sin 28o = sin 124o , AB = 21.19 cm
12 AC
ii. sin 20o = sin 140o , AC = 22.55cm Practice Exercises 7.3
12 BC
iii. sin 42o = sin 96o , BC = 17.84 km Understanding Math page 344
45. A. Solve DABC given the following measures.

31o 25’
25o 50’ x 1500 1. 16mm 17mm 30.49mm 21.78o 23.22o 135o 96.17mm2
sin 25o 50’ = sin 5o 35’ 2. 12cm 14cm 20cm 36.18o 43.53o 100.29o 82.65cm2
5o 35’ x = 6718.16 m 3. 16.99dm 17dm 12dm 45o 45.03o 89.97o 72.12dm2
4. 14.87m 12m 24m 30o 23.8o 126.2o 72m2
x
5. 3.3km 2.7km 2.8km 73.72o 51.75o 54.53o 3.63km2
6. 8mm 9mm 8.54mm 54.22o 65.78o 60o 31.18mm2
1500m 7. 78cm 74.62cm 16cm 83.79o 72o 24.21o 593.46cm2
8. 47.34dm 31dm 25dm 115o 36.4o 28.6o 351.19dm2
9. 16m 20m 32m 24.15o 3076o 125.09o 130.92m2
10. 17.3km 33.55km 19.7km 23.27o 130o 26.73o 130.54km2
11. 22mm 41mm 24mm 25.72o 126.02o 28.26o 213.52mm2
12. 12.9cm 16.3cm 4.64cm 36.99o 130.51o 12o30’ 22.76cm2
13. 34.38dm 19.1dm 34.6dm 73o18’ 32.15o 74.55o 316.49dm2
14. 3.6m 6.2m 4.1m 33.71o 107.08o 39.21o 11.67m2
15. 31.51km 47.3km 72.9km 18o 27.64o 134.36o 532.77km2
16. 42mm 52mm 47.96mm 49.49o 70.28o 60o15’ 830.24mm2
17. 37.4cm 43cm 72cm 24o30’ 28.49o 127.01o 641.95cm2
18. 16.66dm 15.2dm 24.3dm 42o35’ 38.11o 99.31o 124.97dm2
19. 15.5m 18.13m 3.2m 34.6o 138o42’ 6.7o 16.5m2
20. 33.km 45km 57km 35.33o 52.06o 92.61o 741.73km2
266 267
Applying and Connecting Math page 344 25. B 1002 + 1502 - 1202
cos A= 2 (100) (150) , m A = 52.89
o
B. Problems. 100m 120m

1002 + 1202 - 1502
21. 4 +5 -7
2 2 2 cos B= 2 (100) (120) , m B = 85.46
o
cos A = 2 (4) (5) , m A = 101.54o
B C m C = 101.54o A 150m C 1202 + 1502 - 1002
3 cos C= 2 (120) (150) , m C = 41.65
o
1 5 +7 -4
2 2 3
cos 2 = 2 (5) (7) , m 2 = 34.04o
4cm
7cm
m 3 = 34.04o B C
42 + 72 - 53 26. 100o AC= 212 + 152 - 2 (21)(15) cos 80o
4 cos 1 = 2 (4) (7) , m 1 = 44.42o
2 m 4 = 44.42o 15cm 15cm AC= 23.59 cm
A 5cm D
m ABC = m ADC = 78.46o 15 23.59
80o
AC2 = 42 + 52 - 2(4) (5) cos 78.46o A D sin ACB = sin 100 , m ACB = 38.77o
21cm
AC = 5.74cm
m BAC = 41.23o
27.
360o
45o interior angles = 8 = 45o
12cm 12cm s2 = 122 + 122 - 2 (12) (12) cos 45o
B
s = 9.1844 cm
362 + 272 - 362
22. cos A = 2 (36) (27) , m A = 67.98o
s P = 8 (9.1844) = 73.48 cm
36 36 m C = 67.98o
m B = 180o - (67.98o + 67.98) = 44.04o
28.
B C BD2 = 62 + 122 - 2 (6)(12) cos 60
A 27 C BD = 10.39 cm
6cm AC2 = 62 + 122 - 2 (6)(12) cos120
AC = 15.87cm
72o 120 Area = (AB) (AD) sin BAD
23. side of the pentagon = 5 = 24cm A 12cm D
r r = (6) (12) sin 60o
360o Area= 62.35 cm2
interior angle = 5 = 72o
24cm r2 + r2 - 242
cos 72o = 2(r)(r) , r = 20.42dm
B
B 29.
m ACD = 90o - 18o = 72o
12m
AB2 = 212 + 122 - (21)(12) cos 108o
22 + 1.52 - 22 AB = 27.22m
2m 2m cos A= 2 (2) (1.5) , m A = 67.98o 108o
24. C
m C= 67.98o 21m
18o
m B = 44.04o A D
A 1.5m C
268 269
B North C
30. 1 knot = 1 nauticaal mile per hour 37. B BC2 = 422 + 582 - 2 (42)58) cos 85o
C
28 knots 15o BC2 = 562 + 462 - 2(56)(46) cos 47o BC = 68.58 km
56 miles 32 o
23 knots 68o 58 km
46 miles BC = 41.69 miles 68o 17
o
A 42 km
31. s2 = 202 + 202 - 2(20)(20) cos 38o , s = 13.02 cm B

1 38. 5cm 27.
5+
Area = 2 (20) (20) sin 38o +123.13cm2 72. 48
= =7
45 5.8
cm
+
5
7.
B C AC = 30 + 36 - 2(30)(36) cos 54
2 2 2 o 2
A C
30cm AC = 30.44 cm 72.5 + 93 - 75.8 2 2 2
32. cos A = 2(72.5) (93) , m A = 52.76o
A
126o
D Area = (30)(36) sin 126o = 873.74 cm2
36cm 72.52 + 75.82 - 932
o cos B = 2(72.5) (75.8) , m B = 77.64o
75.82 + 932 - 72.52
20cm AB2 = 202 + 202 - 2(20)(20) cos 112o cos C = 2(75.8) (93) , m C = 49.60o
20cm
112o AB = 33.16 cm
33. 39. C 212 + 302 - 242
A B cos A =
2(21) (30) , m B = 52.62
o
A
25 knots
D 10.5 24 BD2 + AB2 - 2(BD)(AB) cos B
275 miles
AD2 = 2(BD) (AB)
42o 10.5
AB2 = 2752 + 1982 - 2(275(198) cos 125o 10.5 + 302 - 2(10.5)(30) cos 52.62
2
125o B
AD2 = 2(10.5) (30)
34. 30 A
13o AB = 421.06 miles AD = 25.06
18 knots
B B
198 miles
850 km B
40. 5 72 + 82 - 52
cos A = 2(7) (8)
7 , m A = 38.21o
OB2=12002+8502-2 (1200)(850) cos 165o 52 + 72 - 82
A
35. 165o OB = 2032.98 km cos B = 2(5) (7) , m B = 81.79o
C D F E A 52 + 82 - 72
1200 km 8 cos C = 2(5) (8) , m C = 60o
0 y y 1
tan 23o46’ = x , x = tan 23o 46’ b. Area = 2 (5) (8) sin 60 = 17.32 sq. units
45 + y 45 + y BD
36. c. sin A = AB
45m tan 29o 2’ = x , x = tan 29o 2’
BD
5o16’ y 45 + y sin 38.21o = 7
y
tan 23 46’
o = tan 29o 2’ BD = 4.33 (Altitude)
23o46’ 45 tan 23o 46’ BE2 = 42 + 72 - 2(4) (7) cos 38.21o, BE, = 4.58 (median)
y = tan 29o 2’ - tan 23o46’
x BF 5
y = 172.75 m In BCF: sin 60 = sin 79.1 , BF = 4.41 ( angle bisector)
270 271
B
41. 12m
111o D AB2 = 252 + 122 - 2 (25)(12) cos 111o Chapter Test
25m 69o AB = 31.37
21o I. Solve what is asked.
A C
B 1.
420 +350 - 180
2 2 2 27
42. 180m 350m cos A = 2(420)(350)
a. tan 32o = b , b = 43.21 cm
m A = 24.98o 27
sin 32o = c , c = 50.95cm
B = 90o - 32o = 58o
C 420m A
107
b. tan 67o = a , a = 45.42 cm
A
43. AC2 = 3.752 + 2.52 - 2(3.75)(2.5) cos 64o35’ 107
C sin 67o = c , c = 116.24cm
42 20’
o AC = 3.5 km A = 90o - 67o 23o
2.5 km
3.75km 22o15’ b
c. tan 33o 30’ = 3.45 , b = 2.28 cm
B
3.45
cos 33o30’ = c , c = 4.14 cm
C A = 90 - 33 30’ = 56o 30’
o o
DP2 = 902 + 60.52 - 2(90(60.5) cos 45o 12

44. d. tan A = 18 , A = 33.69o
Dp = 63.72 ft B = 90 - 33.69o = 56.31o
o
P c2 = 122 + 182 , c = 21.63 cm

D B
60.5ft e. a2 = 452 - 152 , a = 42.43 cm B = 90o–70.53 = 19.47o
45 o
90ft 15

cos A = 45 , A = 70.53o
B
A
78o a
2. sin 35o 45’ = 150 , a = 87.64m
45.
32 32 6.2
156o 3. tan θ = 9.5 , θ = 33.13o
A C
r 15.2
4. sin 54o = sin 72o , r = 12.93cm
AC = 32 + 32 - 2 (32)(32) cos 156 , AC = 62.6 mm
2 2 2 o
AB 62.6 S r
AB = CB , sin 51o = sin 78o , AB = 49.74 mn 5. sin 45o = sin 67.5o , s = 14.16 cm
P = 113.28 cm
P = 49.74 + 49.74 + 62.6 = 162.08 mm
272 273
6. 1
a 10. Area = 2 , (87) (140) sin 80 = 5997.48 m
o 2
tan 20 30’ = 35 , a = 35 tan 20o30’

o
a
b 1
20o30’ 35m tan 5o45’ = 35 , b = 35 tan 5o45’ 11. Area
= 2 (PR) (PQ) sin P
5 o45 1
’ height = 35 tan 20o30’ + 35 tan 5o45’ = 16.61m 16 2 = 2 (4) (r) sin 45o , r = 16
b
1
Area = 2 (4)(16) sin 135o = 22.63 sq. units
7.
18 a 12. P Q R p q r
a. sin 33o = sin 130o , a = 25.32 dm
C = 180o - (130o + 33o) = 17o a. 30o 23.8o 126o 14.87m 12m 24m
18 C b. 84o26’ 72o40’ 22o54’ 78m 74.81m 16m
sin 33o = sin 17o , c = 9.66 dm
b. A = 180o (115o + 35o) = 30o c. 6o 149o30’ 24o30’ 14m 68m 55.56m
16 B d. 24.15 30.75o 125.1o 16m 20m 32m
sin 30o = sin 115o , b = 29dm
16 C e. 33.71 107.08o 39.21o 3.6m 6.2m 4.1m
sin 30o = sin 35o , C = 18.35 dm
28 12
c. sin 126o = sin B , B = 20.29o
12m
C = 180o - (126o + 20.29o) = 33.71o x
13.
28 C 98m x2 = 92 + 122 - 2(9)(12) cos 98o
sin 126o = sin 33.17o , C = 19.21dm 9m x = 15.97 m
82o
26 36
d. sin 38o = sin B , B = 58.48o 8o
C = 180o - (38o + 58.48o) = 83.52o
26 C
sin 38o = sin 83.52o , C = 41.96 dm’
32.3 26.2
e. sin 36o15’ = sin B , B = 28o 40’ A
2.5m
2.52 + 2.82 - 3.22
A = 180o - (36o15’ + 28o 40’) = 115.08o C cos A = 2 (2.5)(2.8) , A = 74.04o
14. 2.8m
32.3 a
sin 36o15’ = sin 115.08 , a = 49.47 dm 2.82 + 3.22 - 2.52
cos B = 2 (2.8)(3.2) , B =48.69o
3.2m
b 15 C = 180o - (74.04o + 48.69o) = 57.27o
8. sin 108o = sin 36o , b = 24.27 B
r 5.5
9. sin 70o = sin 40o , r = 8.04 cm
274 275
15. d2 = 102 + 142 - 2 (10(14) cos 75o III.
b 1.
d = 14. 95 cm
a
10 cm
a. sin 15o = 37 , a = 37 sin 15o = 9.58mm
d h
h sin 75o = 10 , h = 10 sin 75o 13 b
b. tan 75o = b , b = tan 75o = 3.48cm
x
14 cm x cos 75o = 10 , x = 10 cos 75o 5 5
c. sin 48.15o = c , c = sin 48.15o = 6.71dm
b = 14 - 2 (10cos 75 )
o
h d. b = 162 - 72 = 14. 39m

Area = 2 [ b + h1]
4.5 4.5
10 sin 75o e. tan 42o 30’ = a , a = tan 42o30’ , a = 4.91 km
=
2 [ 14 - 2 ( 10 cos 75o ) + 14 ]
Area = 110.23 sq. cm2
2. i. Right Triangle
II. Multiple Choice 22 - 72 = 53
a. c =
2
1. b tan A = 7 , A = 15.95o
2. d B = 90o - 15.95 = 74.05o
3. a
1
4. b b. sin 15o = 14 , a = 3.62 cm
5. c
b
6. b cos 15o = 14 , b = 13.58cm
7. a B = 90o - 15o = 75o
8. d
9. d c. A = 90o - 64o = 26o
10. c
11. d b
sin 64o = 19.2 , b = 17.26dm
12. b
a
13. c cos 64o = 19.2 , a = 8.42dm
14. d
15. a ii. Oblique Triangle
16. c 8 b
17. b a. sin 49o = sin 57o , b = 8.89 m
18. c C = 180o - (49o + 57o) = 74o
19. d
8 8
20. d sin 49o = sin 74o , C = 10.19 m
75 276
83 79
b. sin 45o = sin B , B = 42.3o
C = 180o - (45o + 42.3o) = 92.7o
8 8
sin 45o = sin 92.7o , C = 117.25 km
18.52 + 16.62 - 142

c. cos A = 2(18.5)(16.6) , A = 46.63o
142 + 16.62 - 18.52

cos B = 2(14)(16.6) , B = 73.84o
142 + 18.52 - 16.62

cos C = 2(14)(18.5) , C = 59.84o
d. a2 = 402 + 452 - 2 (40) (45) cos 51o , a = 36.87
36.87 40
sin 51o = sin Bo , B = 57.47o
36.87 45
sin 51o = sin C , C = 71.53o

Understanding Math10 (Teacher's Guide) PDF

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Understanding Math10 (Teacher's Guide) PDF

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Unit

The learner should demonstrate understanding of:

Sequences, Series and 2. Find the general term of a sequence.

the Binomial Theorem Practice Exercises 1.1

Leonard of Pisa (Fibonacci) 3. 3, 5, 9, 17, 33 ; t10 = 1025

Also referred to as Leonard of Pisa, Fibonacci was an Italian number 4. 1, 1, 1, 1 , 1 ; t10 = 1

14. 11, 10 1 , 10 1 , 10 1 , 10 1 ; t10 = 10 1 32. tn = 4n - 2 ; 22, 26, 30

3, 3, 3 , 1 , 1 30 1 35. tn = 4n - 1 ; 23, 27, 31

44. tn = (-1)n + 1 (3n) ; -18, 21, -24

53. recursive ; tn = (-1)n (3) ; -3, -3, -3

D. Evaluate 3. 6(9) = 54 14. 50(100) = 5000

4. (7 - 3 + 1)(6) = 30 15. (584 - 253 + 1) 1 = 166

65. 45 7. 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 73 18. 12 + 24 + 48 + 96 = 180

21. ∑9k = 1 1 36. 69

22. ∑10k = 1 4 37. 72

23. ∑8k = 1 2 k + 5 38. 100

25. ∑6k = 1 (-1)k + 1 • 2k 40. 9 1

27. ∑20k = 1 (-1) 2

11. d = 4 ; 19, 23, 27

Practice Exercises 1.3 15. d = 0.23 ; 4.07, 4.3, 4.53

16. d = -6 ; 635, 629, 623

8. tn = -n + 9 24. 23, 16, 9, 2, -5

9. tn = 0.4n + 3.9 25. 7.8, 11.3, 14.8, 18.3, 21.8

34. t14 = 8 + (14 - 1)(-6) = -70

7-n 3 5 3 1 1 88. P350,000

90. a) t25 = 148 c) 201 st customer

a) t80 = 258 d) 483 customers

11. r = 4 ; 768, 3072, 12288

Practice Exercises 1.4 15. r = 2 ; 34.4, 68.8, 137.6

43. 5, 25, 125, 625 ; t7 = 78125 , t10 = 9765625

44. 4, -6, 9, 13.5 ; t7 = 45 9 , t10 = -153 99

45. 2, 2x + 1, 22x + 1, 23x + 1 ; t7 = 26x + 1 , t10 = 29x + 1

34. tn = 2 2 , t7 = 128 49. 162, -81, 81, - 81 ; t7 = 81 , t10 = 81

50. 10, 102x - 1, 104x - 3, 106x - 5 ; t7 = 1012x - 11 , t10 = 1018x - 17

87. S29 = 1(1 - 2 ) = P536870.91 ; S30 = P1073741.82 Lesson 1.5

A. Expand and simplify each expression.

1. 8a3 + 12a2b + 6ab2 + b3

2. c4 - 12c3d + 54c2d2 - 108cd3 + 81d4

3. e5 + 10e4f + 40e3f2 + 80e2f3 + 80ef4 + 32f5

4. 1024g10 - 3840g8h + 5760g6h2 - 4320g4h3 + 1620g2h4 - 243h5

5. 729m12 + 2916m10n + 4860m8n2 + 4320m6n3 + 2160m4n4 + 576m2n5 + 64n6

6. 64p6 - 576p5q2 + 2160p4q4 - 4320p3q6 + 4860p2q8 - 2916pq10 + 729q12

7. r + 3r s + 27r s + 54r2s3 + 81s4

9. 243x10 + 810x8y3 + 1080x6y6 + 720x4y9 + 240x2y12 + 32y15

10. 256a8b4 - 768a9b5 + 864a10b6 - 432a11b7 + 81a12b8

11. 216a2 26. 8064a10

12. 720b2 27. 43740b6

Communicating Math page 47

Applying and Connecting Math page 48

21. -28160s4t9 + 11264s2t10 - 2048t11 37. a. 1140 b. 1140

H. Expand and simplify. Chapter Test

44. t8 - 4t6 + 2t4 - 4t2 + 1 2. 4, 7, 12, 19, 28 ; 103, 228

45. x6 + 6x5y +15x4y2 + 20 x3y3 + 15x2y4 + 6xy5 + y6 3. 2, 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ; 11 , 16

II. Find the indicated term of each sequence.

IV. Find the indicated partial sum for each sequence.

2. -10, -6, 0, 8, 18, 30 5. S77 = 33649, t1 = 855

2. 416 2. t1 = 10, S41 = 4510

1. S40 = 1640 1. 7, 10, 13, 16

1. 5, 25, 125, 625, 3125

1. tn = -3(5)n - 1 , t8 = -234375 1. -270s6t3 + 405s3t4 - 243t5

2. tn = -12 1 , t10 = - 3 2. 512u + 256u + 512

3. tn = 333 1 1 1 3. 91v w - 14vw + w42

4. 288y2z7 + 576yz8 + 512z9