Ligao National HIGH School

Ligao City

SUMMARY OF

LESSON IN
TH
4 QUARTER

IN SCIENCE 9

MA. KRISTANIA HARIETTA B. TAÑANG

GRADE 9 MLQ1

MRS. GEDIA M. SORIA

SUBJECT TEACHER
UNIT 4: FORCE, MOTION, AND ENEGY

MODULE 1: FORCE AND MOTION

FORCE
Is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. A force can
cause an object with mass to change its velocity. Force can also be described intuitively
as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making if a vector quantity.
It is a measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol of F.

MOTION
Motion is the change in position of an object with respect to its surroundings in a given
interval of time. Motion is mathematically described in terms of displacement, distance,
velocity, acceleration, time, and speed.

SPEED and VELOCITY

AVERAGE SPEED = DISTANCE

TIME

AVERAGE VELOCITY= CHANGE IMPOSITION

TIME

= DISPLACEMENT
TIME

SPEED
Is measured in units of distance divided by time (e.g., miles per hour, feet per second,
meter per second, etc...)

VELOCITY
Velocity is the speed with a direction, while speed does not have a direction

Speed is a scalar quantity—it is the magnitude of the velocity.

 FORMULA:

𝑑
EQUATION A v= 𝑡

𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣1
EQUATION B v= 2

𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣1
EQUATION C a= 2

where v = velocity
vf = final velocity
v1 = initial velocity
vave = average velocity
d = displacement
t = time
a = acceleration

To find out how displacement changes with time when an object is uniformity
accelerated, rearrange equation A to arrive at d = vt. Since the velocity of the object
changes when it is uniformly accelerating, we use the average velocity to determine
displacement, so substituting v by vave in euatin B, you will get:

EQUATION D d = vt

𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣1
d =( )t
2

Rearrange equation C to arrive at vf = vi + at and substituting the vf in equation

D, you will get

𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣1
d =( )t
2

(𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣1) + 𝑣𝑖
d=[ ]𝑡
2

Combining vi, you will arrive at

2𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
d =( )t
2

Distributing t will give you

2𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
d =( )
2

Simplifying further will provide you

EQUATION E 𝑎𝑡 2
d = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 2
 This shows that the displacement of the body is directly proportional to the square
of time. This confirms that for equal interval of time, displacement increases quadratically.

To find out how the final velocity depends on the displacement, substitute v and t
from the equations B and C to d = vt and you will find that

d = vt

𝑣𝑓+𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑖
d =( )( )
2 𝑎

Recall from your Algebra class that (a+b)(a-b) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ,

𝑣𝑓 2 − 𝑣𝑖 2
d =( )
2𝑎

Simplifying, you will get

2ad = 𝑣𝑓 2 − 𝑣𝑖 2

Rearranging, you will get

EQUATION F 𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑖 2 + 2𝑎𝑑

What is the meaning of ACCELERATION?

ACCELERATION

- capacity to gain speed within a short time

- the rate of change of velocity per unit of time

How will we compute acceleration?

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
a= = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
REEMEMBER THIS TRIANGLE in computing acceleration of 2 object

m v

a= acceleration
m= mass
v= velocity
when acceleration ( a ) is missing you need to multiply mass ( m ) a times velocity ( v )

when mass ( m ) is missing you need to dived acceleration ( a ) over velocity ( v )

when velocity ( v ) is missing you need to divide also acceleration ( a ) over mass ( m )

ALSO REMEMBER….

acceleration stands for 𝑚/𝑠 2

mass stands for kg. mg.

velocity stands for m / s

EXAMPLE PROBLEM
 Uniform Motion

= A motion which covers equal distance in equal interval of time

 For the body to be in the uniform motion, it must be moving in the straight
path.

D
I
S 40
P
L 30
A
C
E 20
=
E
N 10
T
(m) 0

1 2 3 4

Time

= The slope of displacement – time graph for uniform motion is constant and gives
constant velocity

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒅
Slope= = = (𝒗)
= 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒅𝒙 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕

Uniform Acceleration Graph

V 15
E
L 12.5
O
C 10
I
T 7. 5
Y 5.0
( 𝒎 /𝑺 𝟐 ) 2.5
 0

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Slope = = , 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡

SI unit 𝑚⁄ 𝑠 2

MOMENTUM?
MOMENTUM in Newtonian mechanics, linear momentum, translational momentum, or simplify
momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of the object. It is a vector quantity,
processing a magnitude and a direction in three – dimensional space
The factors that affects MOMENTUM are:
- The mass and velocity of the object

We can solve momentum by using this formula

P=m.v ⁄

We can also use this triangle:

P p = momentum
m = mass
v = velocity
m V

remember that the symbol for momentum is small letter

remember also that …..
if momentum is missing you need to multiply mass times velocity
if the mass is missing you need to divide momentum over velocity
if velocity is missing you need to divide momentum over mass
acceleration stands for kg. 𝑚⁄𝑠 2
mass stands for kg. 𝑚⁄𝑠
velocity stands for 𝑚⁄𝑠
examples:
- A basketball having a 2 kg mass and 6 𝑚⁄𝑠 velocity
Moves to the east.

p=m . v
p= ( 2kg ) ( 6 𝑚⁄𝑠 )

p= 12 kg. 𝒎⁄𝒔 𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕

- A car having 15 kg. 𝑚⁄𝑠 momentum and 1500 kg mass move to north.

𝑝
v=
𝑚

15 𝑘𝑔.𝑚⁄𝑠
v= 1500 𝑘𝑔

v = 0.01 𝒎⁄𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉

MODULE 2 : WORK, POWER, AND ENERGY

POTENTIAL ENERGY

- It is the energy in matter due to arrangements of its parts, its compositions, location and
structure. It is commonly considered as a stored energy having the potential to do
mechanical work.
- The various forms of potential energy

=gravitational and elastic

KINETIC ENERGY

- It is the energy in moving matter and wave.

Some forms of kinetic energy

Motion radiant sound thermal wave

Mechanical Potential and Kinetic energy
 Where:
PE PE = gravitational
A. POTENTIAL grav = mgh grav

Potenatial energy
ENERGY m= mass of object
1
PE elas =2 𝑘𝑥 2 g= acceleration due to gravity
h = height or elevation
difference

B. KINETIC ENERGY 1 Where:

KE= 2 𝑚𝑣 2

KE = kinetic energy
m= mass of object v
v = velocity of object

Sample problem:
At t = 0 s, the object is 44. 1 m from the ground. Using the equations for potential energy ,
we have

PE= mgh
= ( 1 kg )( 9.8 𝑚⁄𝑠 2 )(44.1 m)
= 432.18 J

The kinetic energy at t = 0 s is,

KE= 1⁄2 m𝑣 2 1

= 1⁄2 ( 1kg)(0)2

=0

The total mechanical energy of the free falling object at t =0s is

MET= PE + KE

= 432.18 + 0
= 432.18 J
At t= 1 s, the potential energy is,
PE= mgh
PE= ( 1kg )( 9.8 𝑚⁄𝑠 2 )(44.1𝑚 − 4.9 𝑚)
 PE= ( 9.8kg 𝑚⁄𝑠 2 )( 39. 2m)
PE= 384. 16 J
The kinetic energy at t= 1 s is,

KE=1⁄2 𝑚⁄𝑣 2

KE= 1⁄2 ( 1 kg)( 9.8𝑚⁄𝑠)2

KE= 48.02 J

MODULE 3: HEAT, WORK, AND ENERGY

This module focusses on heat and work. It aims to explain how heat can be
turned into work and how doing work release heat. It discusses the
spontaneous process where heat flows from an heat flows from an object
of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature.

Internal Energy of a substance is the sum of molecular kinetic energy (

due to forces that act between the atoms of a molecule and between the
molecules) , and other kinds of molecular energy.

When heat flows in the instances where the work done is negligible, the
internal energy of hot substance decreases and the internal energy of the
cold substance increases. While heat may originate in the internal energy
supply of a substance contains heat. The substance has internal enrgy,
not heat. The word “ heat” is used only when referring to the energy
actually in transit from hot to cold.
The law is expressed as

U =Q – W
Where Q = the amount of heat flowing into a system during a
given process
W = the net work done by the system
U = the change in the system’s internal energy

This is derived from the conservation of energy given as

how heat is related to work? Or how is related to work
Q=w+ U

We will use Joule ( J ) as our SI unit for energy. The first law tells us that a
system’s internal energy can be change by transferring energy by either
work, heat or a combination of the two.

Let us out how heat is converted into work or work is converted into heat.

Heat Pump is used to reverse the process. It is advice that allows heat to
transfer from a cold reservoir to a warmer one, which cannot happen
spontaneously, or on its own.
Heat flows normally from higher temperature to lower temperature. It is a
natural or spontaneously process. It does not require any external
energy to occur. When heat flows from lower temperature to higher
temperature, it needs mechanical energy to happen. It is called
spontaneous process.

Thermal Energy
How well a machine operates is the ratio of the useful work done to the
heat provide is the thermal efficiency. Applying Conservation of energy,

QH = W + Qc.
Sample problem
If 150 J of energy is added to a system when no external work has been
done, by how much will the thermal energy of the system be raised?

Given : Q = 150 J
W=0

Find: U
Solution:
U=Q–W
= 150 J – 0

= 150 J

JOULE ( J ) – the unit to express internal energy.

The total kinetic and potential energy of all its particles is the
internal energy of a body.

MODULE 4: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

In this module heat engines will be used to run a power plant like
in geothermal power plant. We learned also in grade 8, the 3
relationship electrical quantities – electric current, voltage and
resistance. In this module a very last module we will discuss also
how will we compute for power, volts, amperes and also
remember that P= Powers (watts), V= Voltage ( Volts ) ,
I= Current ( Amperes)

‘LOVE IS NOT ABOUT 143, ITS ABOUT JOHN 3:16’