UNIT II: DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNITY

Community Engagement Solidarity and Citizenship

LESSON 1: SOCIAL SCIENCE
PERSPECTIVE
“A community is like a ship, everyone ought to be prepared to take the helm”
– Henrik Ibsen
ANTHROPOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
Communities are the driving force for civilization.
PALEOLITHIC AGE (OLD STONE AGE)

 Hunter Gatherers.
 The earliest men crafted tools from rocks and other
materials they could find. These were used basically for
cutting and chopping,
Human development was marked by the development
of their tools, which started with the Oldowan stone tool
industry, which is the earliest known period where men
first attained such feats of craftsmanship.
Where human exhibited a form of communal behavior.
Foraging is one of the earliest forms of social
stratification where roles are given to a certain member
of the group.
The formation of these roles emphasized the need for
the earliest human to form relationship among
themselves to improve their chance of survival.
This was the fist evidence of how men categorized roles
through the division of labor.
MESOLITHIC AGE (MIDDLE STONE AGE)

 The turning of human evolution.

 Human started to cultivate more sustainable sources of
food.
 They form agricultural society.
NEOLITHIC AGE (AGRARIAN)

 Commune were more efficient than in the previous two

ages.
 Herding was added to agriculture as their main source of
food.
 This gave birth to the earliest know civilization, such as
Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Indus Valley, which
later on became the origin of modern states.
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Sociology is a branch of Social Science that analyzes the history, evolution, structure and function
of societies.
SOCIOLOGY STUDY FALLS WITHIN THE FF
TOPICS:
1. Social Stratification
2. Social Class
3. Social mobility
4. Religion
5. Sexuality
6. Deviance
1. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

 They identify individuals or groups as cohorts sharing

common experiences.
 Categorization may be based on work, wealth, or wage.
 Lower, Middle, Upper Class
2. SOCIAL CLASS

 The direct result of classifying people in accordance to

material wealth, relative social value, or other traits
 Based on a specified set of observable and quantifiable
characteristics relatives to set benchmark.
3. SOCIAL MOBILITY

 The study of how individuals or groups move across

classifications and stratifications.
 Mobility, is the transition of subjects in various social
identities within a determined structure.
4. RELIGION

 One of primary influences that contribute to individual

identity and social norms and thus is one of the factors
to be studied.
5. SEXUALITY

 Identify people and groups through their sexual norms,

orientation, interest, and behavior.
6. DEVIANCE

 Is rooted on the interaction of society with a certain

social anomaly such as a deviant act or norm-defying
stunt.
7. POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE

 Political science views communities as composed of

citizen guided under one constitution or government.
NATION, STATE AND NATION-
STATE
NATION

 Is composed of individuals that share a common

background such as language, history, or religion
STATE

 A political entity that has the four characteristics:

population, territory, sovereignty, and government.
NATION-STATE

 Is when both nation and state come together to form a

unified body that has all four aforementioned
characteristics bound a common identification of
culture, language, and history.
LESSON 2: INSTITUTIONAL
PERSPECTIVE
WHAT IS INSTITUTION?

 The core establishments that bind people towards a

specific advocacy or goal.
 A social structures that are made up made up by
individuals which, when viewed as a whole, exhibit
patterns of behavior that create conventions and norms
in our society. These patterns of behavior then establish
the different facets of our daily lives.
 Set of patterns of behavior by motivating and restricting
conduct by set of rules aqnd regulations.
GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION

 Grants citizens with liberties and rights.

 Guided by laws and constitution.
ECONOMIC INSTITUTION

 Economist see institution as the mechanism in which

good, services, and money are distributed.
RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION

 Are to be a constant reminder that values and mores

are grounded on spirituality.
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

 Task of the school is to arm us with the needed skills and

knowledge in relation with the demand of our
environment.
FAMILY INSTITUTION

 Families are the building block of our society.

LESSON 3: CIVIL SOCIETY
PERSPECTIVE
CIVIL SOCIETY

 Referred to as the “third sector”, with the government

and private sectors as the other two.
 The combination of organization, establishments, and
individuals that operate outside the influence of the
governmental institution.
 Embodies the aggregate dynamics of actors that
compose the societal zeitgeist of a particular era.