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PROJECT REPORT
ON
FOUNDATION IN CONSTRUCTION

By
Kanchan kashinath bhoye

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CONTENT.....

1__ Introduction
2__The AIM
3__What is Foundation in Engineering
4__Purpose& Requirements
5__Types/Classification of Foundation
6__ON SITE PHOTOS

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INTRODUCTION

In engineering, a foundation is the element of a structure which

connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure
to the ground. Foundations are generally considered
either shallow or deep Foundation engineering is the application
of soil mechanics and rock mechanics (Geotechnical
engineering) in the design of foundation elements of structures.

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AIM

To study the foundation in construction and it’s

types In civil engineering

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What is a Foundation in Construction?

Foundation is the lowest part of the building or the civil structure that
is in direct contact with the soil which transfers loads from the
structure to the soil safely. Generally, the foundation can be classified
into two, namely shallow foundation and deep foundation.
A shallow foundation transfers the load to a stratum present in a
shallow depth. The deep foundation transfers the load to a deeper
depth below the ground surface.
A tall building like a skyscraper or a building constructed on very weak
soil requires deep foundation. If the constructed building has the plan
to extend vertically in future, then a deep foundation must be
suggested.

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Purpose & Requirement

Purpose:-
Foundations provide the structure's stability from the ground.
To distribute the weight of the structure over large area so as to
avoid over-loading of the soil beneath.
1. To anchor the structures against the changing natural forces like
Earthquakes, floods, frost-heave, tornado or wind.
2. To load the sub-stratum evenly and thus prevent unequal
settlement.
3. To provide a level surface for building operations.
4. To take the structure deep into the ground and thus increase its
stability, preventing overloading.

Requirement
The design and the construction of a well-performing foundation must
possess some basic requirements that must not be ignored. They are:

The design and the construction of the foundation is done such that it
can sustain as well as transmit the dead and the imposed loads to the
soil. This transfer has to be carried out without resulting in any form of
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settlement that can result in any form of stability issues for the
structure.
Differential settlements can be avoided by having a rigid base for the
foundation. These issues are more pronounced in areas where the
superimposed loads are not uniform in nature.
Based on the soil and area it is recommended to have a deeper
foundation so that it can guard any form of damage or distress. These
are mainly caused due to the problem of shrinkage and swelling
because of temperature changes.
The location of the foundation chosen must be an area that is not
affected or influenced by future works or factors.

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TYPES OF FOUNDATION

common types of foundations in buildings. Broadly speaking, all

foundations are divided into two categories: shallow foundations and
deep foundations. The words shallow and deep refer to the depth of
soil in which the foundation is made. Shallow foundations can be made
in depths of as little as 3ft (1m), while deep foundations can be made
at depths of 60 - 200ft (20 - 65m). Shallow foundations are used for
small, light buildings, while deep ones are for large, heavy buildings.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Shallow foundations are also called spread footings or open footings.
The 'open' refers to the fact that the foundations are made by first
excavating all the earth till the bottom of the footing, and then
constructing the footing. During the early stages of work, the entire
footing is visible to the eye, and is therefore called an open foundation.
The idea is that each footing takes the concentrated load of the column
and spreads it out over a large area, so that the actual weight on the
soil does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil.

There are several kinds of shallow footings: individual footings, strip

footings and raft foundations.

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In cold climates, shallow foundations must be protected from freezing.

This is because water in the soil around the foundation can freeze and
expand, thereby damaging the foundation. These foundations should
be built below the frost line, which is the level in the ground above
which freezing occurs. If they cannot be built below the frost line, they
should be protected by insulation: normally a little heat from the
building will permeate into the soil and prevent freezing.

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'ON SITE PHOTOS'

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REFERENCES
1) Www.wikipedia.com
2) Www.civilsimplifed.com
3) Www.Wikiversity.com

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