1

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I
Founding Father of
ر³»±°¿¬¸§ ͧ­¬»³ ±º Ó»¼·½·²» Homeopathy: Samuel
Hahnemann
:
Q
– : Homeopathy is system of pharma-
co-dynamics based on treatment of disease by use of small amounts of a drug
that, in healthy persons, produces symptoms similar to those of the disease
being treated (known as ‘Human drug pathogenicity study’)
– : Single medicine at the time of treatment
– : Minimum dose to be used
: Samuel HahnemannQ (GermanyQ)

ߧ«®ª»¼¿ ͧ­¬»³ ±º Ó»¼·½·²»

Ayurveda means the

Q
: Disease occurs when there is disequilibrium in three
doshas (humors), namely, Vata (wind), Pitta (gall) and Kapha (mucus) I
Germ theory of disease:
Louis Pasteur
Í·¼¼¸¿ ͧ­¬»³ ±º Ó»¼·½·²»

Siddha means
Is practiced in Tamil speaking parts in India and abroad
Based on notion that medical treatment has to take into account the patient’s envi-
ronment, age, sex, race, physiological constitution, etc.

˲¿²· ͧ­¬»³ ±º Ó»¼·½·²»

Originated from GreeceQ

Q
: Blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile
Patient’s character: Sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and malancholic

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Q
First vaccine developed: Small
: Louis Pasteur pox
: PattenkofferQ
: AristotleQ

Ü·­½±ª»®·»­ô ײª»²¬·±²­ ¿²¼ Ü»ª»´±°³»²¬­

Q
: Small pox (Edward Jenner)
Q
: Edward Jenner
Q
: Louis Pasteur
: Louis Pasteur
: Jonas Salk
: Alexander FlemingQ
: David MorleyQ
: Samuel Hahnemann
: Karl Landsteiner I
: James Lind Life cycle of Plasmodium:
: Walter Reed Ronald Ross
: Ronald RossQ
 Review of Preventive and Social Medicine

ß«¬¸±®­ ±º ׳°±®¬¿²¬ Þ±±µ­ ·² Ы¾´·½ Ø»¿´¬¸

I
The Canon of Medicine: : AvicennaQ
Avicenna
: Avicenna
: Joseph ListerQ
: HippocratesQ
: Madhav
: Charaka
: Susruta

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Ø·°°±½®¿¬»­
I
Air, Water and Places: Also known as: Father of Medicine, First True EpidemiologistQ
Hippocrates
Wrote book: Air, Water and PlacesQ
First physician to reject superstitions, legends and beliefs that credited supernatu-
ral or divine forces with causing illness
Hippocratic school held that all illness was the result of an imbalance in the body
of the four humors, blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlegm
First to describe clubbing

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I Wrote
Hippocrates
Also known as: Father Is also known as
Q
of Medicine, First True Is regarded as
Epidemiologist
ÍÝ×ÛÒÌ×Ú×Ý ÓÛÜ×Ý×ÒÛ

Ö±¸² Ͳ±©

, an English epidemiologist, studied CholeraQ (1848-54) and established

I John Snow is also known as,

Q
Sushruta –
Is regarded as ‘Father of Indian –
Surgery’ John Snow studied and calculated dosages for use of ether and chloroform as sur-
gical anesthesia

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(1813-1858): Found the link between cholera and contaminated drinking

Q
water (1854 using )
concluded that spread of typhoid was by drinking water
I microscopically as bacillus causing the disease
John Snow (1885)
Father of Epidemiology/ : Cholera (Father of PH is a disease, )
Modern Epidemiology
ͱ³» ׳°±®¬¿²¬ ر²±«®­

: HippocratesQ
: CharakaQ
: Dhanvantari
: Ambroise Pare
: SushrutaQ
I : John SnowQ
Father of Public Health: Q
: Louis Pasteur
Cholera : Aristotle

46
 History of Medicine

: Gregor MendelQ
: VesaliusQ
: Claude Bernard
: Sigmund FreudQ
: Samuel HahnemanQ

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Discovered Small Pox vaccine in 1796

Small pox vaccine was the to be discoveredQ
Small Pox is the disease to be eradicated
Term was coined by Edward Jenner

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Gave the
Coined term
Developed
Techniques of and

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ßÇËÍØÏ

ISM&H (Indigenous Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy) have been now

re-designated as of medicine
– Ayurveda
– Yoga and Naturopathy
– Unani
– Siddha
– Homeopathy
Mainstreaming of AYUSH is a key component of National Rural Health Mission
(NRHM) 2005-12

ÎÛÊÑÔËÌ×ÑÒ ×Ò ÓÛÜ×Ý×ÒÛ

̧°»­ ±º Ó»¼·½·²»

: Provision of free medical services to the people at government

expense I
Q
: Provision of medical service and professional education by Socialized Medicine
the State (as in state medicine), but the programme is operated and regulated by programme is operated and
regulated by professional
professional groups rather than by government
groups rather than by
– Prevents competition between practitioners and clients government
– Provision of medical services supported by state government
– Ensures social equity that is universally operated by professional health
services
: Study of the social, economical, environmental, cultural,
psychological and genetic factors, which have a bearing on health

Ú·®­¬ ݱ«²¬®§ ر²±«®­

Q
: Russia
Q
: Germany
: India I
: India First country to establish
Q
India (Calcutta, 1897)
India

47
 Review of Preventive and Social Medicine

Ó×ÍÝÛÔÔßÒÛÑËÍ
I
Quarantine period for
Yellow feverQ: 6 days
×­±´¿¬·±² ú Ï«¿®¿²¬·²»
(maximum IP)
is the separation for the period of communicability, of infected persons
from others in such places/conditions as to prevent/limit transmission to those
susceptible
– It applies to persons who are known to be ill with a contagious disease
(meaning ) is the restriction of activities of apparently
healthy persons who have been exposed to a case of communicable disease during
its period of communicability
–

Q
–
Q
– : 6 days (maximum IP)
– Quarantine currently has been

Isolation Quarantine

Separation of Cases Healthy contacts of casesQ

Done for Cases themselves Other persons around

Q
Level of Prevention Secondary (Treatment)

Duration Till recovery Till maximum incubation periodQ

(period of communicability)

ͳ¿´´°±¨ Û®¿¼·½¿¬·±²
I Q
: 26th October 1977 (Somalia)
WHO declared global Q
eradication of smallpoxQ: : 8th May 1980
8th May 1980 : 17th May 1975 (Bihar)
: 24th May 1975 (Importation from Bangladesh)
: April 1977

Ú»© ׳°±®¬¿²¬ Ü·­»¿­»­ ·² Ы¾´·½ Ø»¿´¬¸

: CholeraQ
: Tuberculosis
I : HIV/AIDSQ
8th day disease: Tetanus
neonatorum : Kala Azar (Leishmaniasis)Q
: PlagueQ
: Meningococcal meningitis
: DengueQ
: KFD (Kyasanur Forest Disease)Q
: Trench fever
: Tetanus neonatorumQ
: Pertussis (Whooping cough)
: TuberculosisQ
: LeprosyQ
I Measles
Koch’s Phenomenon: German measlesQ
Tuberculosis
Mumps

48
 History of Medicine

ײ­¬·¬«¬»­ ±º Ы¾´·½ Ø»¿´¬¸ ׳°±®¬¿²½» ·² ײ¼·¿

I
National Tuberculosis
Institute Location Institute (NTI): Bangalore

Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI)Q Lucknow

Central Leprosy Training & Research Institute (CLTRI) Chengalpattu

Central Research Institute Kasauli

Haffkine Institute Mumbai

LRS Institute of T.B & allied Diseases New Delhi

National Tuberculosis Institute (NTI)Q Bangalore

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)Q Nagpur

National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) New Delhi

National Institue of Communicable Disease(NICD) New Delhi

National Institue of Virology (NIV) Pune

National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) Hyderabad

National JALMA Institute for Leprosy Agra

Tuberculosis Research Institute (TRC) Chennai

National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH)Q Ahmedabad

National Institute Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) Bangalore

49