NEET TEST SERIES—2020 & 2021

PLANT KINGDOM

Classification Systems

Artificial Natural Phylogenetic

Based on morphological Based on external as well as Based on evolutionary
characters such as habit, internal features such as ultra- relationship between various
colour, number etc. They structure, anatomy, embryology organisms.
gave equal weightage to and phytochemistry.
vegetative and sexual
characteristics.
Given by linnaeus Given by Bentham and Joseph Given by Hutchinson
Dalton Hooker

Taxonomy : It is the branch of science that helps in classifying organisms based

on distinguishing features.
Taxonomy

Numerical Taxonomy Cytotaxonomy Chemotaxonomy

It is based on observable It is based on cytological It uses chemical constituents of
characters and is carried out by information like chromosome the plant to resolve confusions.
computer by assigning code for number, structure and behaviour.
each character which analyze it.

Plant Kingdom

Cryptogamae Phanerogamae
(plant without seeds) (plants with seeds)

Algae Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperm

Algae
Characteristics
 Plant body is simple, thalloid, autotrophic, chlorophyll without grana.

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 Habitat
 Aquatic (fresh water or marine).
 Soil
 Wood/tree
 Symbiotic association of algae with :
 Animals – e.g., sloth bear is in a symbiotic relation with an algae trichophilus
which is used by them as camouflage and food and in return provides water
and nutrients to the alga through hair and skin.
 Plants – e.g., association of blue green alga (BGA) with fungi (lichen).
BGA provides food to the fungus and in return gets shelter.
 Highly variable form and size of algae are as follow :
1. Unicellular – Chlamydomonas.
2. Filamentous – Ulothrix, spirogyra
3. Colony – Volvox.
Reproduction

Vegetative Asexual Sexual

By fragmentation By zoospore By gametes

Isogametes Anisogametes Oogametes

(similar size) (dissimilar size) (small motile and
large non-motile
gamete)

Flagellated Non-flagellated e.g., Volvox, fucus

e.g., Ulothrix e.g., spirogyra

Importance of Algae
 50% carbon dioxide fixation on earth.
 70 species of marine alga can be used as food e.g., porphyra, laminaria,
sargassum, ulva.
 They produce hydrocolloids (water holding substances) e.g., algin and carageen
produced by brown algae and red algae respectively.
 Agar obtained from gracilaria and gelidium is used in preparation of ice-creams
and jellies.

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 Spirullina and chlorella are protein rich unicellular alga used as food supplement
even by space travellers.

Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)

 They may be unicellular (chlamydomonas), colonial (volvox) or filamentous
spirogyra.
 They possess chlorophyll a and b.
Chlamydomonas

 Nucleus is present.
 Cup shaped chloroplast present.
 Rigid cell wall made of an inner layer of cellulose and outer layer of pectose
or alginic acid or galactan.
 Food is stored as pyrenoids (protein)

Volvox
 It is a free floating fresh water green algae.
 It lives in a colony where cells are connected to each other through cytoplasmic
strands, such colony of volvox is called coenobium.

 Ribbon shaped chloroplast.

 Food stored as pyrenoids.

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Chara

 They are multicellular and have stem-like and leaf-like structures.

 Male sex organ (antheridium) and female sex organ (oogonium) develop on
the nodes of the branch.

Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae)

 They are mostly marine.
 They possess chlorophyll a, c, cartenoids and xanthophylls (fucoxanthin is
responsible to impart brown colour)
 The plant body has leaf like photosynthetic organ called frond, a stalk called
stipe and attached to substratum by a holdfast.

Frond

Stipe
Holdfast

Laminaria
 Body form varies from simple branched (Ectocarpus) to profusely branched (kelps).
 Food is stored as laminarin and mannitol.

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Reproduction

Vegetative Asexual Sexual

By fragmentation By biflagellate unequal Isogamous, anisogamous
zoospores which are pear or oogamous
shaped

 e.g., Sargassum, Ectocarpus, Laminaria, Dictyota, Fucus.

Rhodophyceae (Red Algae)

 They are mostly marine with greater concentration found
in warmer areas and occur in both well lighted region Frond
close to the surface of water and also at greater depths
in oceans where relatively little light penetrates.
 They possess chlorophyll a, d and phycoerythrin
(r-phycoerythrin responsible to impart red colour)
 The plant body is multicellular and has complex body
organisation.
 Food is stored as floridean starch which is very similar to amylopectin and
glycogen in structure.
Reproduction

Vegetative Asexual Sexual

By fragmentation By non-motile Non-motile oogamous
unflagellated spores.

 e.g., Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria and Gelidium.

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