The Relics of Culture Vol.1 PDF

ISBN 9789769631373
The
Relics of
Culture
Vol.1
William Anderson Gittens
Author, Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ Cultural Practitioner, Publisher
ISBN 9789769631373
NormativeStatement
Watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kILnPKoYlS0
I have always been fascinated by utterances
asserted by Alexandra Walsham.
Walsham has argued that “tradition that has
crystallized1 around it over two millennia, the vernicle
is the cloth with which a pious Jerusalem woman com-
passionately dried the face of the suffering Christ on
the road to his crucifixion at Calvary;
And upon which his visage was miracu-
lously imprinted in photographic facsimile.
1 https://academic.oup.com/past/article/206/suppl_5/9/1453339
Page 2! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Some versions of the welter of legend now
surrounding it tell how this hallowed item was carried
to Rome and presented to the Emperor Tiberius, whom
it is said to have cured.
Endorsed with indulgences and exposed for
public veneration by the papacy, it was popularized in
pen and paint by authors and artists in the later Middle
Ages.”
The deconstruction of Alexandra Wal-
sham’s utterances is the reason for this conversation
The Relics of Culture.
This text is discoursed through the lens of
a Media Arts Specialist .
Page 3! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
What is equally important in this environ-
ment I have endeavoured with a passionto seek infor-
mation; 2and at the same time preserve culture by con-
tinuously creating discussions despite the fact that tra-
ditions are the guideposts driven by appreciation3,
buildings, objects, landscapes or other artifacts of his-
torical significance within the context of Relics;
These historical objects namely architec-
ture, buildings, objects, landscapes or other artifacts of
historical nature are of significance.
2 http://www.wiseoldsayings.com/culturequotes/Johan Huizinga
3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservation
Page 4! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Artifacts 4 refer to simple objects that a
human created in the past.
These objects usually had a practical appli-
cation and were deemed useful in some form.
Artifacts are often studied by social, philo-
sophical and archaeological scientists.
There5 are also characterized as an object
remaining from a particular period and which had a
practical purpose.
4 Artifact vs Relic What's the difference?
5 https://brainly.ph/question/287438
Page 5! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Conversely, the relic are objects surviving
from an earlier time, especially one of historical or
sentimental interest.6
There are also an object esteemed and ven-
erated because of an association of a saint or a martyr.
That which remains; that which is left after
loss or decay; a remaining portion.
Something old kept for sentimental reasons.
(religion) A part of the body of a saint, or an ancient re-
ligious object, kept for veneration.
By comparison with synonyms, relic' em-
phasizes ''age,'' and to some degree ''value'' – a “' relic
6 https://wikidiff.com/artifact/relic
Page 6! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
of a lost civilization” surviving from an earlier time,
especially one of historical or sentimental interest.7
Importantly, Memorials 8 become relics9
which are fixed in time at the moment of their manu-
facture stir our modern conscience especially a contact
relic, or secondary relic, is a physical object which has
acquired the status of a relic due to a physical close-
ness to the body of a holy figure10.
ISBN 9789769631373
7 https://wikidiff.com/artifact/relic
8 https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/relicHenry Waxman
9 https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/relice .Eugene Kennedy

Read more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/eugene_kennedy_725041?src=t_relic
10 Ryan, Karen L. (2009), Stalin in Russian Satire, 1917–1991, Univ of Wisconsin Press, pp. 157–159,
ISBN 0299234436
Page 7! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Copyright
The Relics of Culture Volume1
Media Arts Specialists’ Cultural Practitioner
First Edition © 2019 All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior written per-
mission of William Anderson Gittens the copyright
owner. Typesetting, Layout Design, Illustrations, and
Photography by William Anderson Gittens
Edited by William Anderson Gittens
Page 8! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
ISBN 9789769631373
Published by Devgro Media Arts Services
Email address wgittens11@gmail.com
Twitter account William Gittens @lisalaron https://
www.facebook.com/wgittens2
https://www.linkedin.com/in/williamandersongitten-
sauthormediaartsspecialistb1886b26
Page 9! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Recognitions
Special thanks to the Creator for his guid-
ance and choosing me as a conduit to express the cre-
ative gifts he has given me and my late parents Charles
and Ira Gittens.Thanks to those who assisted me along
this journey namely my Beloved wife Magnola Git-
tens, my Brothers Shurland, Charles, Ricardo, Arnott,
Stephen, Sisters Emerald, Marcella, Cheryl, Cousins-
Joy Mayers, Kevin and Ernest Mayers, Donna Archer,
Avis Dyer, Jackie Clarke, Uncles Clifford, Leonard
Mayers, David Bruce, Collin Rock. My children Laron
and Lisa.WellwishersMr.and Mrs. Andrew Platizky,
Mr. Matthew Sutton, Mr.& Mrs. Gordon Alleyne, Mr.
Page 10
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Juan Arroyo, Mr. and Mrs. David Lavine, Mrs. Ellen
Gordon, Dr.Nicholas Gordon, the late Dr.Joseph Drew,
Merline Mayers, Mr. and Mrs. Trevor Millington, Rev.
& Mrs. Donavon Shoemaker, Ms. Geraldine Davis,
Rev.Carl and Rev Angie Dixon, Mrs. Gloria Rock,
Rev.Pauline Harewood, Mr. and Mrs. Stewart Russell,
Mrs. Shirley Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Felton Ince, Mr. and
Mrs. David Brathwaite, Mr.and Mrs. Ryan Miller
Mr.and Mrs. Neilo Mascoll. All of the above con-
tributed to my academic developmental journey.
Author, Media Arts Specialists’ Cultural Practitioner, Publisher
ISBN 9789769631373
Page !11 of !345

ISBN 9789769631373
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Normative Statement 2
Copyright 8
Recognitions 10
Table of Contents 12
Foreword 15
Abstract 18
Chapter 1Overview 38
Chapter 2History 47
Chapter 3 Relics of Buddha 54
Chapter 4 A Number of Relics 122
Chapter 5An Object Surviving from an Earlier Time
150
Page 12
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chapter 6 Chinese Culture 156
Chapter 7 Relics of Thomas Becket Returned 162
Chapter 8 What Do you Think About Relics 176
Chapter 9 List of Relics 181
Chapter 10 Fascinating Culture that may Disap-
pear 188
Chapter 11Danube 222
Chapter 12Iron 229
Chapter 13 Historian Collects 'Forgotten' Relic 249
Chapter 14 Personal Reflections 260
Chapter 15 Conclusion Reflections 264
Chapter 16 Conclusion 267
About The Author. 276
Page 13
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Works Cited 292
Page 14
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Foreword
Relic11 is also the term for something that
has survived the passage of time, especially an object
or custom whose original culture has disappeared, but
also an object cherished for historical or memorial val-
ue (such as a keepsake or heirloom).
However, there is a“Cultural relic"that is a
common translation for "Wenwu" (文物), a common
Chinese word that usually means "antique" but can be
extended to anything, including object and monument,
that is of historical and cultural value.
11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic
Page 15
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
However, this has some issues since 文物
has little resemblance to the English usage of "relic".
In most cases, artifact, archaeological site, monument,
or just plain archaeology would be a better translation.
As it relates to historical relics China is an
ancient country with a more than five thousand years’
glorious history; the diligent and intelligent forefathers
created brilliant culture and left rich historical relics to
the people of these days.
With such an unmatched number around the
world, China boasts historical relics of various sorts
such as ancient sites, historic buildings, ancient tombs,
Page 16
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
classical gardens, revolution memorial, former resi-
dence of the celebrity, intangible heritage and so forth.
All of them, both of archaeological value
and worth a visit, unfold the long history of Chinese
history and culture and witness the great contribution
made by Chinese people to the world civilization.12
ISBN 9789769631373
12 http://www.visitourchina.com/guide/attractionguide/historicalrelics.html
Page 17
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Abstract
I have always been intrigued at the fact the
according to Alexandra Walsham “tradition that has
crystallized13 around it over two millennia, the vernicle
is the cloth with which a pious Jerusalem woman com-
passionately dried the face of the suffering Christ on
the road to his crucifixion at Calvary;
And upon which his visage was miracu-
lously imprinted in photographic facsimile.
Page 18
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Ages.”
After deconstructing Alexandra Walsham
utterances this conversation titled The Relics of Cul-
ture commenced through the lens of a Media Arts
Specialist .
What is equally important in this environ-
ment I have endeavoured with a passionto seek infor-
Page 19
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
mation 14and at the same time preserve culture by con-
tinuously creating discussions despite the fact that tra-
ditions are the guideposts driven by appreciation15,
buildings, objects, landscapes or other artifacts of his-
torical significance within the context of Relics;
These historical objects namely architec-
ture, buildings, objects, landscapes or other artifacts of
historical nature and significance.
Page 20
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Ages.
Concomitantly this conversation The
Relics of Culture will be discoursed through the lens
of a Media Arts Specialist sinceI have always endeav-
oured with a passionto seek information 16and preserve
culture by continuously creating discussions despite
the fact that traditions are the guideposts driven by ap-
preciation17, buildings, objects, landscapes or other ar-
Page 21
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
tifacts of historical significance within the context of
Relics;
since these historical objects encapsulate/
and captures simultaneously architecture, buildings,
objects, landscapes or other artifacts of historical na-
ture are significant.
In religion, a relic18 usually consists of the
physical remains of a saint or the personal effects of
the saint or venerated person preserved for purposes of
veneration as a tangible memorial.
Page 22
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Relics are an important aspect of some
forms of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam,
Shamanism, and many other religions.
Relic derives from the Latin reliquiae,
meaning "remains", and a form of the Latin verb relin-
quere, to "leave behind, or abandon".
A reliquary is a shrine that houses one or
more religious relics.
In ancient Greece, a city or sanctuary might
claim to possess, without necessarily displaying, the
remains of a venerated hero as a part of a hero cult.
Other venerable objects associated with the
hero were more likely to be on display in sanctuaries,
Page 23
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
such as spears, shields, or other weaponry; chariots,
ships or figureheads; furniture such as chairs or
tripods; and clothing.
The sanctuary of the Leucippides at Sparta
claimed to display the egg of Leda19.
The bones were not regarded as holding a
particular power derived from the hero, with some ex-
ceptions, such as the divine shoulder of Pelops held at
Olympia.
Miracles and healing were not regularly at-
tributed to them;20 rather, their presence was meant to
19 Gunnel Ekroth, "Heroes and HeroCult", in A Companion to Greek Religion (Blackwell, 2010), pp. 110–
111.
20 Ekroth, "Heroes and HeroCult", pp. 110–111.
Page 24
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
serve a tutelary function, as the tomb of Oedipus was
said to protect Athens.21
The bones of Orestes and Theseus were
supposed to have been stolen or removed from their
original resting place and reburied.22
On the advice of the Delphic Oracle, the
Spartans searched for the bones of Orestes and brought
them home, without which they had been told they
could not expect victory in their war against the neigh-
boring Tegeans.23
21 Ruth Fainlight and Robert J. Littman, The Theban Plays: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone
(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), p. xii.
22 Susan E. Alcock, "Tomb Cult and the PostClassical Polis", American Journal of Archaeology 95 (1991), p.
447.
23 Herodotus, Histories 1.46, as cited by Fainlight and Littman, The Theban Plays, p. xii.
Page 25
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Plutarch says that the Athenians were like-
wise instructed by the oracle to locate and steal the
relics of Theseus from the Dolopians.24
The body of the legendary Eurystheus was
also supposed to protect Athens from enemy attack,25
and in Thebes, that of the prophet Amphiaraus, whose
cult was oracular and healing.26
Plutarch narrates transferrals similar to that
of Theseus for the bodies of the historical Demetrius I
of Macedon and Phocion the Good 27
24 Plutarch, Theseus 36, Bill Thayer's edition of the Loeb Classical Library translation at LacusCurtius.
25 Euripides, Heracleides 1032–34; Aeschylus, Eumenides 763ff.
26 Herodotus, Histories 8.134 and Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 587–588, as cited by Fainlight and
Littman, The Theban Plays, p. xii.
27 Plutarch, Demetrius 53 and Phocion 37–38, English translations at LacusCurtius.
Page 26
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The bones or ashes of Aesculapius at Epi-
daurus, and of Perdiccas I at Macedon, were treated
with the deepest veneration.
As with the relics of Theseus, the bones are
sometimes described in literary sources as gigantic, an
indication of the hero's "larger than life" status.
On the basis of their reported size, it has
been conjectured that such bones were those of prehis-
toric creatures, the startling discovery of which may
have prompted the sanctifying of the site.28
28 Ekroth, "Heroes and HeroCult", pp. 110–111.
Page 27
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The head of the poetprophet Orpheus was
supposed to have been transported to Lesbos, where it
was enshrined and visited as an oracle.29
The 2ndcentury geographer Pausanias re-
ported that the bones of Orpheus were kept in a stone
vase displayed on a pillar near Dion, his place of death
and a major religious center.
These too were regarded as having oracular
power, which might be accessed through dreaming in a
ritual of incubation. The accidental exposure of the
bones brought a disaster upon the town of Libretha,
29 Philostratus, Heroicus 5.3 and Life of Apollonius 4.14; Joseph Falaky Nagy, "Hierarchy, Heroes, and
Heads: IndoEuropean Structures in Greek Myth", in Approaches to Greek Myth (Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1990), pp. 210–212. Ancient Greek vase paintings also depict the head of Orpheus prophesying.
Page 28
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
whence the people of Dion had transferred the relics to
their own keeping. 30
According to the Chronicon Paschale, the
bones of the Persian Zoroaster were venerated,31 but
the tradition of Zoroastrianism and its scriptures offer
no support of this.
Chapter 1Overview The Relics of Culture
Volume 1, is a theorize abstract conversation analyz-
ing the culture of Relics which are inextricably link
and are not antithesis but is framed and corroborated in
30 Pausanias 9.30.4–5, as cited and discussed by Nagy, pp. 212.
31 Dindorf, p. 67.
Page 29
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
30,544 words, 1,604 paragraphs,16 chapters, and 346
pages.
The Relics of Cultureconversation dis-
courses and examines in a context the explicitness and
the specificity of cultural relic32 which an object es-
teemed and venerated because of association with a
saint or martyr something that is from a past time,
place, culture, etc.
Extracting pertinent information regarding
the following
The division of the relics of the Buddha by
Drona the Brahmin, Gandhara, ZenyōmitsuTemple
32 https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/relic
Page 30
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Museum, Tokyo Buddha33 Relic Distribution site,
Kushinara (Kushinagar). Number of relics34 laimed to
be associated with Jesus and have been displayed
throughout the history of Christianity..35 century and
from Europe to the Near East, Africa, Latin America,
the Indian subcontinent and China.
A number of relics36 are claimed to be asso-
ciated with Jesus and have been displayed throughout
the history of Christianity. While some individuals be-
lieve in the authenticity of Jesus relics, others doubt
their validity.
33 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha
34 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus
35Dillenberger 1999, p. 5
Page 31
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The contributors assess An object surviving
from an earlier time37, especially one of historical in-
terest. "a museum of railway relics” and other objects
come to be regarded as sacred by the adherents of dif-
ferent faiths, alongside the dynastic, ideological, and
ethnic contests and rivalries they have served to pre-
cipitate in past and present societies.
An object surviving from an earlier time38,
especially one of historical interest. "a museum of
railway relics"
37 https://www.bing.com/search?
q=historical+relics+meaning&qs=AS&pq=historical+relics&sk=AS1&sc=517&cvid=37D2F08AC1A34BC88
734BDD96F04AF1E&FORM=QBLH&sp=2&adlt=strict
Page 32
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chinese cultural relics forbidden to be ex-
hibited abroad comprises a list of antiquities and ar-
chaeological artifacts held by various museums
and other institutions in the People's Repub-
lic of China, which the Chinese government has offi-
cially prohibited, since 2003, from being taken abroad
for exhibition. Chinese cultural relics forbidden to be
exhibited abroad
Some of the relics of Thomas Becket39 have
returned to the UK for the first time in centuries What
do you think about Relics?List of relics40.
39 https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article3604319/RelicmurderedarchbishopThomasBecketEnglandpil -
grimage.html
Page 33
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Matt Hunter and Hugo Gye For Mail online
Some of the relics of Thomas Becket41 have returned
to the UK for the first time in centuries and been dis-
played during a mass at Westminster Cathedral.
What Do You Think About Relics? Dale
Ahlquist Recently an impressive array of relics42 was
displayed throughout the Twin Cities. It was part of a
traveling display sponsored by the Vatican. I missed it.
But I made up for it by going to Croatia.
There is that distinct plausibility that some
originalcultures survived or disappear over the passage
grimage.html
42 https://www.faithandculture.com/home/2019/1/17whatdoyouthinkaboutrelics
Page 34
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
of time, 10 Fascinating Cultures43 That May Soon Dis-
appear
Fascinating Cultures brought together histo-
rians, anthropologists, archaeologists, and scholars of
religion 44 from various angles and with diverse intel-
lectual That May Soon Disappear.
Danube Coughs Up WW II Relics Lauren
Johnston As the mass of tangled iron emerged45 from
the water, wideeyed townspeople marveled at the catch
— a World War II German military jeep, coughed up
by the droughtshrunken Danube River.
43 http://listverse.com/2014/10/17/10fascinatingculturesthatmaysoondisappear/
45 https://www.cbsnews.com/news/danubecoughsupwwiirelics/
Page 35
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Iron From being a crucial building block46
of steel to nourishing plants and helping carry oxygen
in your blood — iron is always busy helping sustain
life on Earth.
Historian Collects 'Forgotten' Relics from
One of the Most Poignant Symbols of the Cold War.
Personal Reflections this intellectual con-
versation is brought to a close with an utterances es-
poused by Stephen Stenning under the caption De-
stroying cultural heritage: more than just material
damage What is cultural heritage47?
46 https://www.livescience.com/29263iron.html
47 https://www.britishcouncil.org/voicesmagazine/destroyingculturalher -
itagemorejustmaterialdamage
Page 36
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Conclusions Reflections In this academic
space while in Chapter 16 Conclusion has shown that
Memorials48 become relics49 which are fixed in time at
the moment of their manufacture stir our modern con-
science while a contact relic, or secondary relic, is a
physical object which has acquired the status of a relic
due to a physical closeness to the body of a holy fig-
ure50.
ISBN 978976963137

ISBN 0299234436
Page 37
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chapter 1Overview
The Relics of Culture Volume 1, is a theo-
rize abstract conversation about the culture of Relics
which are inextricably link;
They are not antithesis;
However, framed and corroborated in
30,544 words, 1,604 paragraphs,16 chapters, and 346
pages.
The Relics of Cultureconversation is dis-
coursed and examined in a context of explicitness and
implicitness of the specificity of cultural relic;51
Page 38
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
which an object esteemed and venerated
because of association with a saint or martyr some-
thing that is from a past time, place, culture, etc.
In this space I can extracti pertinent infor-
mation regarding the following
Page 39
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
A number of relics55 are claimed to be asso-
ciated with Jesus and have been displayed throughout
the history of Christianity. While some individuals be-
lieve in the authenticity of Jesus relics, others doubt
their validity.
Page 40
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
railway relics"
Chinese cultural relics are forbidden to be
exhibited abroad; comprises a list of antiquities and ar-
chaeological artifacts held by various museums and
other institutions in the People's Republic of China,
which the Chinese government has officially prohibit-
ed, since 2003, from being taken abroad for exhibition.
Page 41
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chinese cultural relics forbidden to be exhibited
abroad Some of the relics of Thomas Becket58 have re-
turned to the UK for the first time in centuries What do
you think about Relics?List of relics59.
grimage.html
grimage.html
Page 42
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
of time, 10 Fascinating Cultures62 That May Soon Dis-
appear
of time function in the spheres of memory, history, and
heritage.,
Page 43
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Fascinating Cultures brought together histo-
rians, anthropologists, archaeologists, and scholars of
religion 63 from various angles and with diverse intel-
lectual That May Soon Disappear
Page 44
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
life on Earth.
Conclusions Reflections In this academic
space. Chapter 16 is the conclusion which has shown
Page 45
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
that Memorials67 become relics68 which are fixed in
time at the moment of their manufacture stir our mod-
ern conscience while a contact relic, or secondary relic,
is a physical object which has acquired the status of a
relic due to a physical closeness to the body of a holy
figure69.

ISBN 9789769631373

ISBN 0299234436
Page 46
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chapter 2 History
Definition of relic70 an object esteemed and
venerated because of association with a saint or martyr
: something that is from a past time, place,
culture, etc.
: an object (such as a piece of clothing or
the bone of a saint) that is considered holy
: Souvenir, Memento
2relics plural : Remains, Corpse
3: a survivor or remnant71 left after decay,
disintegration, or disappearance
Page 47
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
4: a trace of some past or outmoded prac-
tice, custom, or belief
The German apprenticeship system, a relic
of medieval guilds and tightly regulated by the German
government and trade unions, is designed to offer such
alternatives.
— Michelle Hackman, WSJ, "Looking for
an Alternative to College? U.S. Studies German Ap-
prenticeships," 29 Dec. 2018
While this architecture 72 remains a relic of
turbulent times, it has been reborn with advertisements
of Djokovic posing with his trophies.
Page 48
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
— Alyson Krueger, Condé Nast Traveler,
"How Novak Djokovic Is Helping Turn Belgrade, Ser-
bia Into Your Next Destination," 25 July 2018
First Known Use of relic
13th century, in the meaning defined at
sense 1a
History and Etymology for relic
Middle English relik73, from AngloFrench
relike, from Medieval Latin reliquia, from Late Latin
reliquiae, plural, remains of a martyr, from Latin, re-
mains, from relinquere to leave behind — more at Re-
linquish
Page 49
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Synonyms and Antonyms of relic
1a tiny often physical indication of some-
thing lost or vanished a crude stone ax and other relics
of the Neanderthals
Synonyms of relic
echo, ghost, shadow, trace, vestige
Words Related to relic
memento, remembrance, reminder artifact
afterimage, aftertaste balance, corpse, hangover, left-
over, oddment, remainder, remnant, scrap dreg(s),
leavings, remain(s), residual, residue, rest
Page 50
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
2 something belonging to or surviving from
an earlier period in my grandparentsʼ attic are many
"groovy" relics from the 1960s
Synonyms of relic
antique, museum piece
Words Related to relic
artifact, fossil dinosaur antiquities, ruins
hangover, remains, remnant, trace, vestige
3one that has passed the peak of effective-
ness or popularity his courtly manners marked him as a
relic of a more refined and formal era
Synonyms of relic dinosaur, hasbeen
Page 51
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Words Related to relic dodo, fogy (also fo-
gey), fossil, oldtimer
fuddyduddy, mossback, stickinthemud,
stodge [British], troglodyte
throwback
Near Antonyms of relic
comer, rising star, upandcomer
4 relics plural a dead body
though it is believed that missionary
died in New Guinea, his relics have never been found
Synonyms of relic, bones, cadaver, carcass,
corpse, corpus, corse [archaic], remains, stiff
Page 52
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Words Related to relic mummy, carnage,
carrion, ashes, deceased, decedent74
74 https://www.merriamwebster.com/thesaurus/relic
Page 53
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chapter 3 Relics of the Buddha
According to Mahaparinibbana Sutta, after
his death, the Buddha was cremated and the ashes di-
vided among his followers.
Kushinara (Kushinagar)
War over the Buddha's Relics at Sanchi (1st
century BCE/CE). The Buddha died in Kusinagara, the
capital of the Mallas, who initially tried to keep all the
Page 54
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
relics of the Buddha for themselves. A war erupted in
which the chiefs of seven other clans waged war
against the Mallas of Kushinara for the possession of
the Buddha's relics. In the center of the architrave,
the siege of Kushinara is in progress; to
right and left, the victorious chiefs are departing in
chariots and on elephants, with the relics borne on the
heads of the latter.76
Originally his ashes were to go only to the
Shakya clan, to which Buddha belonged; however, six
clans and a king, demanded the body relics. To avoid
fighting, a Brahmin Drona divided the relics into ten
76 John Marshall, A Guide to Sanchi, 1918 p.46ff (Public Domain text)
Page 55
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
portions, eight from the body relics, one from the ashes
of Buddha's cremation pyre and one from the pot used
to divide the relics, which he kept for himself.77
After The Buddha's Parinibbāna, his relics
were enshrined and worshipped in stupas by the royals
of eight countries: to Ajatasattu, king of Magadha; to
the Licchavis of Vaishali;
to the Sakyas of Kapilavastu; to the Bulis of
Allakappa; to the Koliyas of Ramagrama; to the brah-
min of Vethadipa; to the Mallas of Pava; and to the
Mallas of Kushinagar78
77Donald S. Lope Jr. "Buddha".
78 "Asoka and the BuddhaRelics". ntu.edu.tw.
Page 56
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
A stupa is a monument specifically to house
such relics. Often they were enclosed in caskets (such
as the Kanishka casket or the Bimaran casket).
Spread of the relics by Ashoka The "Kan-
ishka casket", dated to 127 CE, with the Buddha
The relics were later dug up by Ashoka, and
used the relics (said to have been divided into 84,000
portions) and had stupas built over them throughout
the region he rules.79
Many of the remains were taken to other
countries. The Ashokavadana narrates how Ashoka re-
distributed Buddha's relics across 84,000 stupas, with
79 John S. Strong (2007). Relics of the Buddha. p. 130. ISBN 0691117640.
Page 57
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
the distribution of the relics and construction of the
stupas performed by Yakshas.80
When the Chinese pilgrims Fahien and Hi-
uen Tsang visited India centuries later, they reported
most of ancient sites were in ruin.81
The Lokapannatti (11th/12th century82) tells
the story of King Ajatashatru of Magadha who gath-
ered the Buddha's relics and hid them in an under-
ground stupa.83
80 Strong 2007, p. 136137.
81 A. Srivathsan. "Gautama Buddha, Four Bones And Three Countries"
82 Strong 2007, p. 133134.
83 Strong 2007, p. 143.
Page 58
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The Buddha's relics were protected by spir-
itpowered mechanical robots (bhuta vahana yanta)
from the kingdom of Roma visaya until they were dis-
armed by King Ashoka.8485
The Mahaparinirvana sutra says that of the
Buddha's four eye teeth (canines), one was worshipped
in Indra's Heaven, the second in the city of Ghandara,
the third in Kalinga, and the fourth in Ramagrama by
the king of the Nagas.86
84 Strong 2007, p. 133134.
85 K.R. Norman (1983). Pali Literature. ISBN 9783447022859.
86 Strong 2007, p. 185.
Page 59
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Annually in Sri Lanka and China, tooth
relics would be paraded through the streets.87
In the past relics have had the legal right to
own property; and the destruction of stupas containing
relics was a capital crime viewed as murder of a living
person.88
A southeast Asian tradition says that after
his parinirvana the gods distributed the Buddha's
800,000 body and 900,000 head hairs throughout the
universe.89
87 Strong 2007, p. 180.
88 Strong 2007, p. 4.
89 Strong 2007, p. xiv.
Page 60
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
In Theravada according to the 5th century
Buddhaghosa possessing relics was one of the criteria
in Theravada for what constituted a proper
monastery.90
The adventures of many relics are said to
have been foretold by Buddha, as they spread the
dharma and gave legitimacy to rulers.91
It is said all the Buddha's relics will one day
gather at the Bodhi tree where he attained enlighten-
ment and will then form his body sitting cross legged
and performing the twin miracle.92
91 Strong 2007, p. 7.
92 Strong 2007, p. 224.
Page 61
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
It is said the disappearance of the relics at
this point will signal the coming of Maitreya Buddha. 93
In the Nandimitravadana translated by Xu-
anzang it is said that the Buddha's relics will be
brought to parinirvana by sixteen great arhats and en-
shrined in a great stupa.
That stupa will then be worshipped until it
sinks into the earth down to the golden wheel underly-
ing the universe.
The relics are not destroyed by fire in this
version but placed in a final reliquary deep within the
earth, perhaps to appear again.94
93 Strong 2007, p. 225.
94 Strong 2007, p. 226.
Page 62
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Previous incarnations of the Buddha also
left relics; in the Buddhavamsa it mentions that the
Sobhita, Paduma, Sumedha, Atthadassi, Phussa, Vess-
abhu, and Konagamana buddhas have had their relics
dispersed.
The relics of Buddha's disciples like
Sariputta and Maugglayana, were also preserved en-
shrined in stupas (as in Sanchi).
Relics in Afghanistan The steatite box that
contained the Bimaran casket.
Sometime in the middle of the fifth century
the Chinese pilgrim Daorong traveled to Afghanistan
visiting pilgrimage sites.
Page 63
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
In Nagaharahara was a piece of bone from
the top of Buddha's skull four inches long.
Also in the city was an enshrined staff, and
a jeweled reliquary containing some teeth and hair.
A shadow was said to have been projected
onto a rock wall, said to have belonged to Buddha, as
well as a set of foot prints, and a site venerated for be-
ing where Buddha washed his robe.
A temple said to have been built by Buddha
is sinking into the ground here, with what is said to be
his writing on the wall.95
95 Strong 2007, p. xiii.
Page 64
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
A tooth of the Buddha was kept in
Baktra.96
In Bamyan a tooth of Buddha was stored
along with the tooth of a cakravartin king.97
An early masterpiece of the Greco Buddhist
art of Ghandara, and one of the earliest representations
of the Buddha, the Bimaran casket was discovered in a
stupa near Jalabad in eastern Afghanistan.
Although the casket bears an inscription
saying it contained some of the relics of the Buddha;
no relics were discovered when the box was opened.98
96 Strong 2007, p. 182.
97 Strong 2007, p. 181.
98 Senior (2008), pp. 2527.
Page 65
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Buddha's first disciples Trapusa and Baha-
lika received eight strands of hair from him which they
brought to their home town of Balkh and enshrined in
a golden stupa by the gate.99
Relics in America
Lu Mountain temple, East of Los Angeles
California has recently received over 10,000 sarira in-
cluding two teeth and one hair believed to belong to
Gautama Buddha. 100
Most of these relics were donated from
monasteries across Vietnam.101
99 Strong 2007, p. 7374.
100 John Rogers. "Relics Transform Small California Buddhist Temple".
101 "Buddhist relics bring attention to Rosemead temple". latimes.
Page 66
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Relics in Bangladesh
A Buddha relic is kept in Buddha Dhatu
Jadi Bangladesh beneath four Buddha statues. The
Buddha’s Dhatu was given by Ven. U Paññya Jota Ma-
hathero in 1994 by the State Sangha Maha Nayaka
Committee of Myanmar.102
Relics in BhutanRingsels from Buddha,
Nagarjuna, Longchenpa, Marpa, and Milarepa visited
Chubachu Bhutan from Bodhgaya Sri Lanka, in Octo-
ber 2013.103
Relics in CambodiaA Buddha relic was en-
shrined at Sakyaminu Chedai 2002 Royal Place in
102 Arpan Shrestha (2007). http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=41,5693,0,0,1,0#.UmS3qflJOSo
103 "Bodh Gaya sacred relics to be showcased in Bhutan". KuenselOnline.
Page 67
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Oudong. Fifty years earlier, this relic was transported
from Sri Lanka to Phnom Penh, but was transported
again after King Sihanouk voiced concerns about ur-
ban decay surrounding Phnom Penh.104
King Sihanouk of Cambodia received a
Buddha relic from the French in 1952.105
Relics present from the 1950s were recently
stolen in Odong mountain and remain missing.
A golden urn said to contain relics of Bud-
dha was snatched from a mountain shrine, sparking a
104 Stephen C. Berkwitz, ed. (20060101). Buddhism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. p. 159.
ISBN 9781851097821.
105 Strong 2007, p. 206.
Page 68
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
nationwide manhunt, and was recovered on February
5, 2014.
The disappearance of the urn believed to
contain hair, teeth and bones of Buddha and several
small statues came to light in December and prompted
an outcry in the Buddhistmajority country.
"Everything is still in the urn," national po-
lice spokesman Kirt Chantharith told a news agency.
Relics in China According to legend, the
first Buddha relic in China appeared in a vase in 248
C.E. so that Kang Senghui would have something to
show a local ruler.106
106 Strong 2007, p. 188.
Page 69
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The king of Wu Sun Quan would unsuc-
cessfully attempt to destroy the tooth, by subjecting it
to various tests.107
In legends Daoxuan is attributed with the
transmission of the Buddha relic Daoxuans tooth, one
of the four tooth relics enshrined in the capital of
Chang'an during the Tang dynasty.
He is said to have received the relic during
a night visit from a divinity associated with Indra.108
The emperor Taizong tried to burn a tooth
relic but was unable to do so.109
107 Strong 2007, p. 192.
108 Strong 2007, p. 187.
109 Strong 2007, p. 193.
Page 70
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
According to his biography upon his return
in 645 C.E. Xuanzang returned from his seven-
teenyearlong pilgrimage to India with, "over six hun-
dred Mahayana and Hinayana texts, seven statues of
the Buddha and more than a hundred sarira relics."110
Emperor Wen and Empress Wu of the Sui
both venerated Buddha relics. Daoxuan’s Ji gujin fo-
dao lunheng (Collection of [the Documents Related to]
the BuddhoDaoist Controversies in the Past and the
Present; completed 661) recounts that shortly after be-
ing born Yang Jian; was given to Buddhist "divine
nun" until the age of 13.
110 Richard SALOMON and Gregory SCHOPEN (2002). "Sarira and Scepter: Empress Wu's Political Use
of Buddhist Relics". Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies.
Page 71
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Yang Jian, after becoming the Emperor Sui
Wendi; lead three Buddha relic redistribution cam-
paigns in 601 602 and 604.
The relics were enshrined across 107 pago-
das; along with pictures of the divine nun.111
In 2010 remains of Gautama Buddha's skull
were enshrined at Qixia Temple in Nanjing.
The partial bone had been held in the Pago-
da of King Ashoka, constructed in 1011 under the for-
mer Changgan Temple of Nanjing.112
111 Richard SALOMON and Gregory SCHOPEN (2002). "Sarira and Scepter: Empress Wu's Political Use
of Buddhist Relics". Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies.
112 "Buddha remains" unveiled in east China temple – Xinhua". News.xinhuanet.com. 20100612. Retrieved
20111017.
^ "'Buddha remains' unveiled in East China temple". China Daily. 20100612. Retrieved 20111017.
Page 72
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
In 1987 a chamber was unearthed below
Famen temple and a finger bone said to belong to Gau-
tama Buddha was discovered.
In 2003 the finger bone was one of 64 cul-
turally significant artifacts officially prohibited from
leaving China for exhibitions.113
In 2009, the relic was enshrined in the
world's tallest stupa recently built within the domains
of Famen Temple.114
Two bone fragments believed to belong to
Gautama Buddha are enshrined at Yunju temple.115
113 "八重宝函". The Chinese Cultural Heritage Protection Web Site.
114 Cite error: The named reference en.chinagate.cn was invoked but never defined
115 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/beijing/201212/19/content_16031223.htm
Page 73
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
According to Tang Dynasty records, China
had 19 pagodas of King Ashoka holding Sakyamuni's
relics. Seven of these pagodas are believed to have
been found.116
Currently the tooth relic is kept in Beijing
while the knuckle of the middle finger is at Xi'an city
Shaanxi province. 117
In 1072 the Japanese pilgrim Jojin visited
the Buddha's tooth in Kaifeng; an imperial emissary
had to open the door to the build that housed it in the
hall of seven treasures.118
116 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/201006/12/c_13346882.htm
117 Metawise LLC. "Buddha Relic was introduced to the public". infomongolia.com. Archived from the
original on 20131005. Retrieved 20131020.
118 Strong 2007, p. 203.
Page 74
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The Beijin tooth was discovered in 1900
when it was discovered in the ruins of Zhaoxian pago-
da outside of Beijing.
The monks of the nearby Lingguang
monastery found a box in the rubble with the inscrip-
tion "The Holy Tooth Relics of Sakyamuni Buddha",
written by Shanhui in 963 C.E.
They kept the molar inside until at their
monastery until 1955 when they gave it to the Buddhist
Association of China.119
119 Strong 2007, p. 205.
Page 75
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The Burmese ambassador was asked
whether Burma could have the relic; to which the Chi-
nese premier Zhou Enlai who offered.
When a delegation came to retrieve the
tooth it was now housed in a golden jeweled casket in-
stead of glass and would only be loaned to Burma for
eight months.
The Beijing tooth temple was reconstructed
in 1966 in front of Buddhist delegations from 10 coun-
tries.120
Relics in India Buddha's relics at the Na-
tional Museum, New Delhi
120 Strong 2007, p. 207.
Page 76
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Buddha belonged to one of these eight fam-
ilies the Sakyas; who had one eighth of his relics
stored at Kapilavastu.
According to the PBS series Secrets of the
Dead, an urn containing these was discovered in a stu-
pa at Piprahwa near Birdpur [historical British variant
as Birdpore], a Buddhist sacred structure in the Basti
district of Uttar Pradesh in India by amateur archaeol-
ogist William Claxton Peppe in 1898121
Piprahwa became identified by the Archae-
ological Survey of India (ASI) as Kapilavastu.
121 K. Kris Hirst. "Bones of the Buddha Secrets of the Dead". About.com Education.
Page 77
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
In 1971 K.M. Srivastava continued excavat-
ing the site and discovered 22 bones in two soapstone
urns, dating them to the 5th century BCE.The report on
these findings was filed 20 years later in 1991.
Piprahwa as Kapilavastu is contested by Nepal who
believe Tilaurakot to be Kapilavastu; however the
relics were displayed by Sri Lanka in 1978122
Mortal remains of Buddha belonging to
third or fourth century were found during an excava-
tion in 19621963 at Devni Mori which is a Buddhist
archaeological site near Shamalaji in Gujarat.
122 A. Srivathsan. "Gautama Buddha, Four Bones And Three Countries".
Page 78
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Ashes of Buddha were found in a gold bot-
tle wrapped in silk cloth within a copper bowl that was
kept in a casket.
The 1,700yearold casket’s inscription in
Brahmi script mentions ‘Dashabala Sharira Nilaya’ —
which stands for 'abode of the bodily relics of Lord
Buddha'.
The remains are preserved in the Museum
of Department of Archaeology and Ancient History of
the Faculty of Arts, Maharaja Sayajirao University of
Baroda Vadodara.123
Global Vipassana Pagoda, Mumbai
123
Page 79
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Dhamekh Stupa, Sarnath.
When the first dome of the Global Vipas-
sana Pagoda was constructed in October 2006 in
Mumbai; bone relics of Gautama Buddha were en-
shrined in the central locking stone of the dome, mak-
ing it the world's largest structure containing relics of
the Buddha.
The relics were originally found in the stu-
pa at Bhattiprolu, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh,
South India.124
124 "Concept and Planning of Global Vipassana Pagoda Global Vipassana Pagoda". globalpagoda.org.
Page 80
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
They have been donated by the Mahabodhi
Society of India and the prime minister of Sri Lanka to
be kept at the Global Vipassana Pagoda125
A casket was discovered in Lalitgiri in
Orissa believed to contain bones of Buddha.126
The Culvmsa relays the legend Silakala and
King Moggallana who went to India in exile.
Silakala and became a novice at Bodhgaya
where he was given a hair relic; Moggallana took this
relic back to Sri Lanka and placed it in a crystal casket;
and instigated a regular festival in honor to the hair.127
125 Goenka, S.N. (2007). For The Benefit Of Many. Vipassana Research Institute. ISBN 8174142304
126 "Buddhist relics to be housed in Orissa museum News". inewsone.com.
Page 81
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Although king Bimbisaras let the women in
his harem visit Buddha in his monastery in the
evenings; the women wanted a hair and nail stupa they
could use to venerate the Buddha any time.
After Bimbisara spoke with Buddha who
complied with their request. 128
In Rajagrha, Buddha went to have his hair
shaved, but none of the monks were willing to cut
Buddha's hair; so they found a young boy named Upali
of the barber cast.
Page 82
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
In the attempt to cut the hair better he con-
trolled his body posture and breathing going into the
fourth level of trance, dhyana.
The Buddha's disciple seeing this Ananda
took the razor from him; then wondered what to do
with the hair; thinking it was an impure thing.
Buddha reprimanded him and had Ananda
deliver the hair in a pot to the general Gopali who took
it into battle, becoming victorious.129
According to Xuanzang hundreds of thou-
sands of people came every day to venerate a tooth rel-
ic in Kanyakubja.130
129 Strong 2007, p. 75.
130 Strong 2007, p. 180.
Page 83
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
According to the Pali Dathavamsa (tooth
chronicle) a disciple of Buddha named Khema took a
tooth from Buddha's funeral pyre and gave it to Brah-
madatta king of Kalinga (India).131
In Dantapura the tooth is taken by niganthas
to king Gushava, then the Hindu emperor Pandu who
attempts to destroy it in several different ways.
Unable to destroy the tooth the king con-
verts to Buddhism and venerates the tooth.
One hundred years prior to the visit of Xu-
anzang the ephthalite huns destroyed a number of
relics in Kashmir and Gandhara.
131 Strong 2007, p. 192.
Page 84
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
To escape one of the purges, a monk fled to
India and paid pilgrimage to many sacred sites.
One day he encountered a herd of wild ele-
phants. He attempted to hide in a tree but was taken by
the elephants to one of their young who had a bamboo
splinter in his foot.
He treated the elephants wound and it re-
warded him with a golden casket containing a tooth of
Buddha.
On the way back he ferried across a river
which threatened to sink them mid way.
Page 85
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The passengers determined it was Naga's
wanting the buddha relic and convinced the monk to
throw the tooth in the river.
He would spend the next three years learn-
ing the proper rituals to tame Naga; subduing their
king and reclaiming the tooth.132
Relics in IndonesiaBorobudur in Java con-
tains one of the Buddha's relics.133
Relics in Japan
132 Strong 2007, p. 182183.
133 "BOROBUDUR (INDONESIA)". ebscohost.com.
Page 86
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
According to legend in Japan 552 C.E.
there was an attempt to destroy a tooth relic, one of the
first of Buddha’s to arrive in the country; it was hit by
a hammer into an anvil; the hammer and anvil were
destroyed but the tooth was not.134
On January 15, 593, Soga no Umako or-
dered relics of Buddha deposited inside the foundation
stone under the pillar of a pagoda at Asukadera.135 Ac-
cording to Japanese legends the tooth of Indras heaven
would be stolen from Drona's turban by a demon called
Sokushikki (demon fleet foot); however he was caught
135 Aston, W. G. (2008). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times. New York: Cosimo, Inc.
ISBN 9781605201467.
Page 87
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
by an even faster divinity and the tooth was given to
Indra.136
Although no mention is made of Xuanzang
specifically having a tooth, a Japanese tradition claims
one was eventually taken by the monk Gishin and kept
in Tendai and Fujiwara.137
Relics in Korea
Tongdosa temple, (one of the three Three
Jewel Temples of Korea), was founded by Jajangyulsa
after he returned from a pilgrimage to China in 646
136 Strong 2007, p. 187.
137 Strong 2007, p. 188.
Page 88
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
AD. The temple houses a robe, begging bowl and a
piece of skull said to belong to Buddha.138
Other temples built by Jajang also house
relics. Bongjeongam hermitage is said to possess sarira
from Gautama, while Sangwonsa houses bone setting
relics. 139
Additionally Jeongamsa Temple, and
Beopheungsa Temple are said to contain relics.140
At Bulguksa Temple in South Korea, be-
neath a three story stone pagoda; 46 sarira have been
138 "Tongdosa Temple, Busan, South Korea 통도사 (通度寺), 부산시". orientalarchitecture.com.
139 "Lifeinkorea". Retrieved 20101214.

^ "Pleasetakemeto". Archived from the original on 20100714. Retrieved 20101214.
140 http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/CU/CU_EN_8_3_1_4.jsp
Page 89
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
kept for over 1200 years, 2 more having appeared re-
cently.141
It is said that Korean emperor Huizong tried
to sink a tooth relic at sea but was unable to do so142
Relics in LaosPha That Luang is the most
important national symbol of Laos.
Buddhist missionaries from the Mauryan
Empire are believed to have been sent by the Emperor
Ashoka, including Bury Chan or Praya Chanthabury
Pasithisak and five Arahata monks who brought a holy
141 The Korea Herald. "Buddha's sarira removed from Bulguksa pagoda". koreaherald.com.
142 Strong 2007, p. 192.
Page 90
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
relic (believed to be the breast bone) of Buddha to the
stupa.143
Relics in MalaysiaIn 2001, Mahindarama
Buddhist Temple, located in George Town, became the
first temple in Penang to house the relics of the Bud-
dha.144
The two bone fragments of the Buddha had
been presented to the temple's Chief Monk, Ven. E. In-
daratana Maha Thera, while he was in India during the
previous year.
143 "Half Day Tour In Vientiane". Lasi Global. May 1, 2009. Retrieved September 26, 2009
144 Mahindarama Buddhist Temple : 85 Years of History (1918 2003). George Town, Penang: Mahindarama
Dhamma Publication. 2004.
^ "Devotees all set for Wesak Day Community | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 20170706.
^ "Mahindarama Buddhist Temple". www.mahindaramatemple.com. Retrieved 20170706.
Page 91
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The relics are currently on display within
the temple's main prayer hall.
In 2012, a small portion of the Buddha's
relics was presented by the Thai royal family to Wat
Chetawan in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, as a token of
goodwill of Thai Buddhists towards Malaysian Bud-
dhists.145
The relics had been discovered in Uttar
Pradesh, India in 1898, before being gifted by India's
British authorities to Siam's King Chulalongkorn.
145 "Lord Buddha's Relics Presented to Malaysian Buddhists". nalanda.org.my.

^ "PJ's Thai Buddhist temple gets new stupa Community | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved
20170706.
Page 92
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Fa Yu Chan Si temples crystal pagoda con-
tains sarira from Gautama Buddha and other Buddhist
masters.
In conjunction with 24 hours Metta around
the World 2013, a silvergolden casket containing Gau-
tama Buddha's relics was brought by Ven. Dham-
mananda from Sri Lanka to be enshrined in Samadhi
Vihara, Shah Alam.146
Relics in MongoliaAccording to legend,
Abtai Sain Khan was given a Buddha relic by the third
Dalai Lama.
146 "Samadhi Vihara Buddhist Missionary Society Malaysia". bmsm.org.my.
Page 93
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The fourteenth Dalai Lama has prayed for
this relic during his visit to Mongolia in 2011;
its location was kept a close secret for con-
cern it would be taken by the Soviet government.147
Relics in MyanmarThe Shwedagon Pagoda
in Myanmar houses 8 strands of Buddha's hair taken
by his first 2 disciples Tapussa and Bhallika; to the site
where three relics of Buddha's previous incarnations
had been enshrined.
Shwedagon was created with the help of the
King of Okkalapa and the Sule nat (spirit)s. Sule
147 "Samadhi Vihara Buddhist Missionary Society Malaysia". bmsm.org.my.
Page 94
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Pagoda is also said to contain one of the Buddha's
hairs148
The Kanishka casket is said to have con-
tained three bone fragments of the Buddha,149 which
were forwarded to Burma by the British following the
excavation,150where they still remain in U Khanti's
dezaung (hall).
The Uppatasanti Pagoda also holds a tooth
relic from China.151
148 F_100542. "Myanmar marks 2600 anniversary of Shwedagon Pagoda". people.com.cn.
149 Spooner, D. B. (19089): "Excavations at ShāhjiDherī." Archaeological Survey of India, p. 49.
150 Marshall, John H. (1909): "Archaeological Exploration in India, 19089." (Section on: "The stūpa of
Kanishka and relics of the Buddha"). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1909, pp. 10561061
151 "Than Shwe's New Pagoda Hides More than a Buddha Relic". The Irrawaddy. March 10, 2009. Archived
from the original on 20100811. Retrieved 20131020.
Page 95
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The Chakesadhatuvamsa, or chronicle of
the six hair relics of the Buddha, was written in
Myanmar.
The text says that Buddha gave six hairs to
disciples at Venuvana in Rajagrha.
These were given to 6 bordering countries
who had never seen the Buddha.152
The stories say that when the Buddha came
to Mon State to give sermons, he gave six of his hairs
to hermits from Kyaiktiyo, Zinkyaik (to Tissa), Mount
Zwegabin (to Thiha), Kaylartha, Kyaikdaeyone and
Myathabeik.
152 Strong 2007, p. 82.
Page 96
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
A pair of belu brothers from Kyaikhtisaung
also received a hair. All the hermits and belus en-
shrined the hair in great stones.153
Burmese and Sri Lankan tradition says that
Trapusa and Bhallika lost some of the hair relics to the
Naga king Jayesana; who took them to worship in his
undersea palace.
The Hledauk Pagoda in Burma crumbled
during an earth quake in 1912; exposing 2 relic cham-
bers. Inside was a vessel containing relics from the
153 "Once offlimits, Mon State reveals its beauty". Retrieved 20170903.
^ Ds. Aung 2015, p. 1617.
Page 97
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Buddha and small figures of bronze representing stages
of his lives.154
On his way flying through the air with 499
disciples to Sunaparanta Buddha stopped at Sacca-
bandha where he talked the heretic teacher of the same
name into becoming an arhat.
On his way home from Sunapranta Buddha
stopped by the banks of the Nammada river where he
was welcomed by a devote Buddhist naga king who
asked for a memento to honor, so he left an impression
of his footprint in the river bank.
154 Strong 2007, p. 143.
Page 98
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
They visited Saccabandha again who asked
for something to honor as well; Buddha obliged by
pressing his foot into solid stone.155
Relics in NepalAccording to UNESCO,
Ramagrama stupa is the only undisturbed original stu-
pa containing relics of Lord Buddha; built in the 6th
century BCE.156
Nepal believes Tilaurakot to be Kapilavas-
tu, and nominated it along with Lumbini for world her-
itage status.
155 Strong 2007, p. 91.
156 UNESCO (2014). "Ramagrama, the relic stupa of Lord Buddha". Tentative Lists. Paris: UNESCO World
Heritage Centre. Retrieved 20141130.
Page 99
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
An excavation at Tilaurakot in 1962 re-
vealed ancient brick structures but no relics.157
In 1970's thousands of Buddha relics were
said to begin growing out of the east side of the stupa
of Swayambhunath in Kathmandu.158
According to Xuanzang, relics of Koṇāga-
mana Buddha were held in a stupa in Nigalisagar; vis-
ited by Ashoka, in what is now southern Nepal159
Relics in PakistanThe Kanishka stupa in
Peshawar, Pakistan has been described as one of the
tallest in the world and has been visited by early Chi-
157 A. Srivathsan. "Gautama Buddha, Four Bones And Three Countries".
Page 100
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
nese Buddhist pilgrims such as Faxian, Sung Yun and
Xuanxang.
The stupa was excavated in 1908–1909 by a
British archaeological mission; where the Kanishka
casket was discovered with three small fragments of
bone.160
In peshawar Faxian reported in the fourth
century that the Buddha's begging bowl held 4 liters
and was made of stone, made of four bowls bestowed
upon him by the four guardian gods of the four quar-
ters of mount Vinataka surrounding mount Sumeru.161
Another legend is of a Yuezhi king who wanted to take
160 Spooner, D. B. (1908–9): "Excavations at ShāhjiDherī." Archaeological Survey of India, p. 49.
161 Strong 2007, p. 212.
Page 101
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
away the bowl but could not with the strength of eight
elephants, so he constructed a stupa over it.
Relics in PersiaXuanzang said that the
Buddha's begging bowl had found its way to Persia af-
ter spending time in many different countries. It is said
the bowl will one day be given to Maitreya Buddha162
According to Faxian however, Buddha's
alms bowl took several hundred years to travel across
several countries before being taken by a naga king.
The bowl would then reappear at Mount
Vinataka, where it would by divided into the original
four bowls and given to the four guardian kings to be-
162 Strong 2007, p. 213.
Page 102
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
stow on Maitreya. Maitreya would then press the
bowls together forming one again, with the next thou-
sand buddhas repeating this same process; using the
same bowl.
According to Daoxuan, the Buddha's bowl
— given to him at the time he was offered milk rice —
was made of clay. It was bestowed by a mountain deity
who had been given the bowl by the previous Kassapa
Buddha.
The bowl was later repaired by Indra and
the guardians of the four quarters crafted thousands of
Page 103
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
stone replicas, which were placed in thousands of stu-
pas all over the world.163
Relics in RussiaIn 2011 the head of the
Buddhist Patriarchy of Sri Lanka met with Kirsan
Ilyumzhinov to discuss the movement of relics from
Sri Lanka to the Republic of Kalmykia.
Former president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov will
become the next guardian of these Buddha relics.164
Relics in SingaporeThe tooth relic is
housed in the Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Muse-
um in the Chinatown district of Singapore.165
163 Strong 2007, p. 215.
164 Baira Tsedenova. "Kirsan Ilyumzhinov to become a custodian of the Buddha Shakyamuni relics". fide. -
com.
165 "Soft launch of the Buddha Tooth Relic Temple & Museum, Singapore". Retrieved 20110105
Page 104
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
It is claimed the relic was found in a col-
lapsed stupa in Myanmar.166
Relics in Sri LankaHair Relics of Gautam
Buddha on display at the Gangaramaya Temple in
Colombo.
In the Mahavamsa, Ashoka chooses not to
retrieve Buddha relics in the possession of Nagas at
Ramagrama.
It was said that on his deathbed Buddha
told a prophecy that of the eight dronas of his body
relics, one would be venerated by the Koliyas of Ram-
agrama, then the relics would belong to the Nagas until
166 "Origin of BTRTM". Archived from the original on 20111006. Retrieved 20110105.
Page 105
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
being enshrined in Sri Lanka. Ashoka is told more
prophecy by arhats, who speak of the future enshrine-
ment of these relics by king Dutthagamani.167
The two quarts of relics that were enshrined
in the village Rāmagāma were, according to The Bud-
dha's determination, destined to be enshrined in the
Great Stūpa Ruvanveli. King Dutugemunu who, on the
fullmoon day of the month of Āsāëha (June–July), un-
der the constellation of Uttarāsāëha, would officiate in
the ceremony for the enshrining of the relics in the
Great Stūpa, worshipped the Sangha (Order of monks)
on the day before the fullmoon day, reminded them
167 Strong 2007, p. 160167.
Page 106
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
that tomorrow is the appointed day for the enshrining
of the relics and requested them to give him the relics.
The Saïgha ordered then the novice Arahant
Soõuttara, who was gifted with the six supernormal
faculties, to bring the relics, which Arahant Soõuttara
manages to bring and offer to the Sangha.
Tradition says that Trapusa and Bahalika
visited Sri Lanka and brought a hair relic with them in
a golden reliquary to Girihandu.
Trapusa and Bhallika had initially been dis-
gusted by the hair and fingernail relics. only after he
explains the jataka tale of Sumedha laying his hair at
the feet of Dipamkara are they convinced this is meri-
Page 107
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
torious.168Buddha is said to have given hair relics to
Maha Sumana the god of Adams peak, which were en-
shrined at Mahiyangana; he also left a footprint at
Sumanakuta.169
In 1561 in Portuguese Goa, a tooth taken
from Sri Lanka said to belong to the Buddha was
crushed, burned in a brazier then tossed into the river
in front of a crowd by archbishop Don Gaspar.170
Don Juan Dharmapala the Christian king of
Kotte claimed to have to Kandy tooth. However, ac-
cording to the Culavamsa; Konnappu Bandara; who
168 Strong 2007, p. 74.
169 Strong 2007, p. 92.
170 Strong 2007, p. 1.
Page 108
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
had betrayed the Portuguese also claimed to possess
the tooth. He used his possession of the tooth along
with his marriage to a Kandyan princess to seize the
throne.171
The celebrated procession of the tooth in
Kandy coincides with an earlier celebration dedicated
to Vishnu.172
King Devanampiyatissa built Thuparamaya
in which was enshrined the collarbone of the Buddha.
It is considered to be the first dagoba built in Sri Lan-
ka.173
171 Strong 2007, p. 196.
172 Strong 2007, p. 201.
173 http://www.lankalibrary.com/
Page 109
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
When the Danta and Hemamala family ar-
rive in Sri Lanka in 362409 CE, they deliver one of the
four eye teeth relics to King Sirimeghavanna; who
places it with the bowl relic.
The relics remain together in Anuradhapura
for 600 years until being moved to the new capital of
Polonnaruva; at which point it becomes the most ven-
erated relic in Sri Lanka.174
It is believed the bowl produces rainfall, a
fourteenth century legend says that king Upatissa put
an end to a drought by filling the bowl with water, and
sprinkling the ground while following a cart with a
174 Strong 2007, p. 193194.
Page !110 of !345

ISBN 9789769631373
golden statue of Buddha.175 It is said the Buddha's dis-
ciple Ananda had done with when Vaisali suffered
from famine and pestilence from drought.
In the twelfth century at Parakkamabahu's
festival for the tooth relic a rain cloud filled the ponds
but did not rain on the celebration.
Then king Dutugemunu received from the
Sangha the Buddha's relics upon his head in a casket
and departed from the golden pavilion in the midst of
manifold offerings and honours made by gods and
Brahmas.
175 Strong 2007, p. 198.
Page !111 of ! 345

ISBN 9789769631373
He circumambulated the relicchamber three
times, entered it from the east, and then laid the relic-
casket on a couch of one koñi worth's silver that was
arranged in the north side.
An image of the Buddha was then, accord-
ing to the Buddha's determination, created in the lion's
reclining posture (sīhaseyya), and all the relics were
enshrined within that image.
When the enshrining of the relics in the
Great Stūpa Ruvanveli was completed, the two novices
Uttara and Sumana closed the relicchamber with the
stoneblocks that were previously hidden to be used as a
lid.
Page !112 of !345

ISBN 9789769631373
In the Thupavamsa numerous types of be-
ings attended the enshrinement of the relics into the
Mahathupa; including the Naga king Mahakala who
until recently guarded them.
The relics were to be placed atop a golden
throne crafted by Visvakarman the divine artificer; the
throne brought by Indra. Brahma offers his invisible
umbrella of sovereignty, with the king Dutthagamani
offering his own.
The arhat Indagutta creates a metal canopy
over the universe, so that Mara will not interfere, as
monks chanted the sutra pitaka. Dutthagamani cere-
moniously enters with the urn atop his head; but as he
Page !113 of !345

ISBN 9789769631373
is about to place the urn on the golden throne, the
relics rise into the air and form Buddha, with each of
the 32 major signs and 8 lesser signs of a great man.
In this form he performs the twin miracle of
fire and water, fulfilling the fifth of his death bed reso-
lutions. One hundred and twenty million gods and hu-
mans gain arhatship from this experience.
The relics return to the urn and they are laid
to rest and the chamber sealed with forty meter stone
slabs.176
176 Strong 2007, p. 160171.
Page !114 of !345

ISBN 9789769631373
Relics in ThailandThe Piprahwa relics were
given to Rama V (the King of Siam) a couple of years
after their discovery in 1898, where they still reside.177
Rama V had Phu Khao Thong, a manmade mountain
constructed at Wat Saket.
After 1888 the Stupa would house a Bud-
dha relic from Sri Lanka alongside relics from prison-
ers.178Phra Borommathat Chedi is the oldest stupa con-
taining Buddha relics in Thailand.179
177 K. Kris Hirst. "Bones of the Buddha Secrets of the Dead". About.com Education
178 Justin Thomas McDaniel (2011). The Lovelorn Ghost and the Magical Monk: Practicing Buddhism in
Modern Thailand. ISBN 9780231527545.
^
179 UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Wat Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan, Nakhon Si Thammarat". un -
esco.org.
Page !115 of !345

ISBN 9789769631373
Wat Phra That Doi Suthep was founded af-
ter a monk followed a dream and found a shoulder
bone that glowed and replicated itself; leading him to
believe it was a Buddha relic. (phra that).180
Wat Com Ping in northern Thailand claims
to enshrine over 50,000 buddha relics.181 Relics of the
head were found in Teankam temple, Lampang prov-
ince in 2007.
The temple was built by King Indraditya in
the 12th century.
180 "Moon Spotlight Chiang Mai & Northern Thailand". google.com.
Page !116 of !345

ISBN 9789769631373
Relics in TibetAn exhibit donated by the
Dalai Lama features relics from Gautama Buddha as
well as 40 other Buddhist masters from India, Tibet
and China; taken with him out of Tibet after the 1959
invasion.
The exhibit was the idea of Lama Zopa
Rinpoche; it started in 2001 and has toured 61 coun-
tries182Relics in Vietnam
Xa Loi Pagoda served as the headquarters
for Buddhism in South Vietnam during the Vietnamese
civil war, its construction began in 1956 to house re-
182 Electa Draper. "Historical relics of the Buddha and other masters displayed in Denver".
Page !117 of !345

ISBN 9789769631373
mains of the Buddha183 Giác Lâm Pagoda has housed
Buddha relics since they were brought to the temple
from Sri Lanka by Narada in 1953.184 Tịnh Xá Trung
Tâm founded in 1965 also houses relics.185
Relics in Heaven It is said the placenta of
Buddha ratnavyuha was taken by Brahma to be en-
shrined in a stupa.186
When Buddha left the palace to seek en-
lightenment he severed his hair with a sword. Accord-
ing to theravada sources, throwing his top knot into the
183 Thích Đồng Bổn (20010628). "CHÙA XÁ LỢI: TRUYỀN THỐNG & ĐẶC ĐIỂM VĂN HÓA". Bud -
dhism Today (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 20080204.
184 Võ Văn Tường. "Các chùa Nam Bộ" (in Vietnamese). Buddhism Today. Retrieved 20080428.
185 McLeod, pp. 70–75.
186 Strong 2007, p. 64.
Page !118 of !345

ISBN 9789769631373
air, and says if he is to be Buddha it will remain in the
sky.
It stays at a height of one league, until it is
taken by Indra to Trayastrimsa heaven.187 Mulasarvas-
tivada Vinaya recounts how a friend of Kasyapa Bud-
dha named Ghatikara gives him a monastric robe,
bowl, razor, girdle, needle and water strainer.
In another version the bodhisattva encoun-
ters this divinity disguised as a hunter and trades him
his benares silk robes; which are enshrined in a catiya.
Alternatively new robes came to Buddha
from ten brothers from Kapulavastu who received
187 Strong 2007, p. 65.
Page !119 of !345

ISBN 9789769631373
hemp robes from their mother, about to parinirvanize
they told her to give the robes to the Buddha; foresee-
ing his birth.
The mother gave the robes to her daughter
near death; who gave them to a tree spirit to give to the
son of Suddhodana.
Indra disguises as a hunter, then takes the
robes from the tree and gives them to Buddha in ex-
change for the silk robes; which he enshrines in heaven
and dedicates a festival to the robes188
The bowl in which Buddha received milk
rice after his long fast is said to have floated down the
188 Strong 2007, p. 6667.
Page 120
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Nairanjana River before sinking down to the naga king
Kala putting it with the bowls of the three previous
Buddhas.
Page 121
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chapter 4 A Number of Relics
A number of relics189 are claimed to be as-
sociated with Jesus and have been displayed through-
out the history of Christianity.
While some individuals believe in the au-
thenticity of Jesus relics, others doubt their validity.
For instance, the sixteenthcentury philoso-
pher Erasmus wrote about the proliferation of relics,
and the number of buildings that could be constructed
from wooden relics claimed to be from the crucifixion
cross of Jesus.190
Page 122
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Similarly, at least thirty Holy Nails were
venerated as relics across Europe in the early 20th cen-
tury.191
Part of the relics are included in the so-
called Arma Christi ("Weapons of Christ"), or the In-
struments of the Passion.
Some relics, such as remnants of the Crown
of Thorns, receive only a modest number of pilgrims,
while others, such as the Shroud of Turin, receive mil-
lions of pilgrims, including Pope John Paul II and Pope
Benedict XVI.192
191 Thurston, Herbert (1913). "Holy Nails" . In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York:
Robert Appleton Company.
192 Pope John Paul II (19980524), Pope John Paul II's address in Turin Cathedral, Holy See
Page 123
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
As Christian teaching generally states that
Christ was assumed into heaven corporeally, there are
few bodily relics. A notable exception is the Holy
Foreskin of Jesus.
The "True Cross" refers to the actual cross
used in the Crucifixion of Jesus. Today, many frag-
ments of wood are claimed as True Cross relics, but it
is hard to establish their authenticity.
The story of the fourthcentury discovery of
the True Cross was reported in Jacopo de Voragine's
Page 124
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The Golden Legend published in 1260. that included
the lore of saints venerated at the time.193
Tradition and legend attribute the discovery
of the True Cross to Saint Helena, mother of Constan-
tine the Great who went to Palestine during the fourth
century in search of relics.
Eusebius of Caesarea was the only contem-
porary author to write about Helena's journey in his
Life of Constantine. But Eusebius did not mention the
True Cross, although he dwelt on the piety of Helena
and her reporting the site of the Holy Sepulchre.194
193Margaret Aston, Faith and Fire Continuum Publishing, 1993 ISBN 1852850736 p. 272
194"NPNF201. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine
Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org.
Page 125
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
In the fifth century writings by Socrates
Scholasticus, Sozomen and Saint Theodoret report on
the finding of the True Cross.
Pieces of the purported True Cross, includ-
ing half of the INRI inscription tablet, are preserved at
the basilica Santa Croce in Gerusalemme in Rome.
Other small pieces of the True Cross are re-
portedly preserved in hundreds of other European
churches.
The authenticity of the relics and the accu-
racy of reports of finding the True Cross is not accept-
ed by all Christians.
Page 126
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The belief in the Early Christian Church
tradition regarding the True Cross is generally restrict-
ed to the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches.
The medieval legends of the True Cross
provenance differ between Catholic and Eastern Or-
thodox tradition. These churches honour Helena as a
saint, as does also the Anglican Communion.195
AcheiropoietaA number of acheiropoieta
(i.e. not made by hand) images reported to be of the
face or body of Jesus impressed on cloth have been
displayed. In most cases these images are subject to in-
tense debate and speculation.
195 "Saint Helena Queen and Widow". anglicancatholic.org. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
Page 127
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Although devotions to the face of Jesus are
practiced, the term "Holy Face of Jesus" relates to the
specific devotions approved by Pope Leo XIII in 1895
and Pope Pius XII in 1958 for the image from the
Shroud of Turin.196
Shroud of Turin A recent photo of the
Shroud of Turin face, positive left, negative on the
right having been contrast enhanced
The Shroud of Turin is the bestknown and
intensively studied relic of Jesus.197
196 Cruz 2003, p. 200
197 "The Shroud of Turin is the single, most studied artifact in human history" statement considered as
"widely accepted" in Lloyd A Currie, The Remarkable Metrological History of Radiocarbon Dating [II]
Archived 20101206 at the Wayback Machine, J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 109, 2004, p. 200.
Page 128
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The validity of scientific testing for the au-
thenticity of the Shroud is disputed. Radiocarbon dat-
ing in 1988 suggest the shroud was made during the
Middle Ages.198
Arguments against the 1988 carbon dating
results include conflicts in the interpretation of the evi-
dence, that samples were from a nonrepresentative
corner, and the presence of additional carbon content
because of fire damage.199
198Damon, P. E.; D. J. Donahue; B. H. Gore; A. L. Hatheway; A. J. T. Jull; T. W. Linick; P. J. Sercel; L. J.

Toolin; C. R. Bronk; E. T. Hall; R. E. M. Hedges; R. Housley; I. A. Law; C. Perry; G. Bonani; S. Trumbore;
W. Woelfli; J. C. Ambers; S. G. E. Bowman; M. N. Leese; M. S. Tite (February 1989), "Radiocarbon dating of
the Shroud of Turin", Nature, 337 (6208): 611–615, doi:10.1038/337611a0, retrieved 20071118.
199 Brendan Whiting, 2006, The Shroud Story, Harbour Publishing, ISBN 064645725X
^ Gove, H E (1990), "Dating the Turin ShroudAn Assessment" (PDF), Radiocarbon, 32 (32:1, 87–92): 87–92,
doi:10.1017/S0033822200039990, retrieved 20090627.
^ Joe Nickell. "Claims of Invalid "Shroud" Radiocarbon Date Cut from Whole Cloth". Skeptical Inquirer.
Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved 20091006.
^ Daily Telegraph article on Carbon dating https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/
2008/02/25/nshroud125.xml
^ Lorenzi, Rossella. "Shroud of Turin's Authenticity Probed Anew". Discovery Channel. Discovery Communi-
cations. Archived from the original on 20080403. Retrieved 20080330.
^ Shroud mystery refuses to go away: BBC News 2008 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7307646.stm
Page 129
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Pollen residues on the Shroud provide evi-
dence for an origin in the Jerusalem area before the 8th
century.200
Both skeptics and proponents have en-
trenched positions on the Shroud's authenticity, often
pitting science against divine formation preventing a
dialogue to resolve the issue to the satisfaction of
all.201
The Sudarium of Oviedo is a bloodstained
cloth, measuring c. 84 × 53 cm, curated in the Cámara
200 XVI International Botanical Congress. "Botanical Evidence Indicates 'Shroud Of Turin' Originated In
Jerusalem Area Before 8th Century". ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 3 August 1999. <www.sciencedaily.com/
releases/1999/08/990803073154.htm>.
201 Colin Evans, 2002 A question of evidence ISBN 0471440140 page 10

^ Paul Vignon, 2002 The Shroud of Christ ISBN 1885395965 page 3
Page 130
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Santa of the Cathedral of San Salvador, Oviedo,
Spain.202
The Sudarium (Latin for sweat cloth) is
claimed to be the cloth wrapped around the head of Je-
sus Christ after he died, noted in the Gospel of John
(20:6–7).203
The Sudarium is soiled and crumpled, with
dark flecks that are symmetrically arranged but do not
form an image as with the Shroud of Turin. Proponents
for the relic's authenticity, such as Vatican archivist
202 Michael McDonnell (2007). Lost Treasures of the Bible. ISBN 1847533167. page 31.
203 John 20:6
Page 131
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Msgr Giulio Ricci, 204 contend that both cloths covered
the same man.
The Holy Face of Genoa The Image of
Edessa is also known as the Mandylion.
Two images are claimed to be the
Mandylion: the Holy Face of Genoa at the Church of
St. Bartholomew of The Armenians in Genoa and the
Holy Face of San Silvestro, curated in the Church of
San Silvestro in Capite in Rome until 1870, and now in
the Matilda Chapel of the Vatican Palace.205
204 Ruffin 1999, p. 47
205 Houlden 2003, vol. 2, p. 66
Page 132
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
That the Mandylion is in fact the Shroud of
Turin is the subject of debate.206
The Veil of Veronica, used to wipe the
sweat from Jesus' brow as he carried the cross, is
claimed to bear the likeness of the face of Christ. To-
day, several relics are claimed to be the Veil of Veroni-
ca.
An image kept in Saint Peter’s Basilica in
Rome is purported to be the Veil of Veronica revered in
the Middle Ages.
The most detailed recorded inspection in
the 20th century occurred in 1907 when Jesuit art his-
206 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus#CITEREFWilson1991
Page 133
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
torian Joseph Wilpert inspected the image.[citation
needed]
The Hofburg Palace in Vienna has a copy of
the Veil of Veronica, identified by the 1617 AD signa-
ture of the secretary of Pope Paul V, during whose
reign a series of six copies of the veil were made.207
The image at the Monastery of the Holy
Face in Alicante, Spain was acquired by Pope Nicholas
V from relatives of the Byzantine Emperor in 1453 and
placed in Alicante in 1489.
The Jaén Cathedral in Spain has a copy of
the Veronica which probably dates from the 14th cen-
Page 134
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
tury Siena, known as the Santo Rostro and acquired by
Bishop Nicholas de Biedma.208
In 1999, Father Heinnrich Pfeiffer an-
nounced at a press conference in Rome that he had
found the Veil in the Capuchin monastery in the village
of Manoppello, Italy, where it had been since 1660.209
This Veil is discussed in Paul Badde's 2010
book The Face of God.210
Advocates of the Shroud's authenticity
claim that the face of the Manoppello Image corre-
209 Ian Wilson, Holy Faces, Secret Places, page 161
210 The Face of God: The Rediscovery of the True Face of Jesus, Igantius Press, Paul badde, 2010.
Page 135
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
sponds to the face presented on the Shroud of Turin
and the blood stains on the Sudarium of Oviedo.211
3D properties of the Manoppello Image are
reported.212
Other relics
Holy Chalice (Holy Grail) The Holy Chal-
ice is the container Jesus used at the Last Supper to
serve wine (see Gospel of Matthew (26:27–28)). 213
211http://www.sudariumchristi.com/uk/tomb/compare.htm
212 J. Jaworski , G. Fanti 3D PROCESSING TO EVIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS REPRESENTED IN

MANOPPELLO VEIL (article)
213 https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew.26:27–26:28
Page 136
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Several Holy Chalice relics are reported in
the legend of Holy Grail, though not part of Catholic
tradition.214
Of the existing chalices, only the Santo Cál-
iz de Valencia (English: Holy Chalice of the Cathedral
of Valencia) is recognized as a "historical relic" by the
Vatican,215 although not as the actual chalice used at
the Last Supper.216
214 Thurston, Herbert (1913). "Chalice" . In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York:
215 "The History of the Holy Chalice", Official website of the Valencia cathedral The Holy Chalice of the
Lord Supper
216 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus#CITEREFGriffin2001
Page 137
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Though not claiming the relic's authenticity,
both Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI have
venerated this chalice at the Cathedral of Valencia.217
CrucifixionRelic with a holy nail at the
Bamberg Cathedral
Many relics currently displayed result from
the journey of Saint Helena, the mother of Constantine
the Great, to Syria Palaestina in the fourth century.
The authenticity of many of these relics is
questioned. For instance, the Holy Nails brought back
217 Pope to Venerate Holy Grail, Zenit News, 20060707, archived from the original on 20100725
Page 138
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
by Saint Helena, the Catholic Encyclopedia notes are
problematic based on the number of claimed relics:218
Very little reliance can be placed upon the
authenticity of the thirty or more holy nails which are
still venerated, or which have been venerated until re-
cent times, in such treasuries as that of Santa Croce in
Rome, or those of Venice, Aachen, Escurial, Nurem-
berg, Prague, etc. Probably the majority began by pro-
fessing to be facsimiles which had touched or con-
tained filings from some other nail whose claim was
more ancient.
218 Thurston, Herbert (1913). "Holy Nails" . In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York:
Page 139
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Many churches claim to have relics from
the Crown of Thorns placed on the head of Jesus by
the soldiers prior to his crucifixion.
The Scala Sancta, the stairs from Pontius
Pilate's praetorium, ascended by Jesus during his trial
were also reportedly brought to Rome by Saint Helena
of Constantinople in the 4th century.
The Basilica of the Holy Blood in Bruges,
Belgium, claims a specimen of Christ's blood on a
cloth in a phial, given by Thierry of Alsace after the
12th century.
Other claimed relics, based on the Crucifix-
ion of Christ include:
Page 140
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The Holy Coat: The possession of the
seamless garment of Christ (Latin: Latin tunica incon-
sultilis; John 19:23), for which the soldiers cast lots at
the Crucifixion, is claimed by the cathedral of Trier,
Germany, and by the parish church of Argenteuil,
France.
The Argenteuil church claims that their
Holy Coat was brought by Charlemagne.
The crucifixion site called Golgotha, is in
the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Inside
the church the crucifixion site consists of a pile of rock
about 7 metres (23 ft) long by 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide by
4.8 metres (16 ft).[citation needed]
Page 141
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The Iron Crown of Lombardy and Bridle of
Constantine are allegedly made from the Holy Nails.
The Holy Lance is the spear used by the
Roman soldier Longinus to pierce Jesus' side when he
was on the cross.
The Holy Sponge, is reported to be in
church Santa Croce in Gerusalemme in Rome.
The Column of the Flagellation, which Je-
sus was tied to during the Flagellation of Christ, is re-
portedly in the Basilica of Saint Praxedes in Rome.
Crown of ThornsThe relics of the Passion
presented at NotreDame Cathedral in Paris include a
piece of the True Cross from Rome as delivered by
Page 142
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Saint Helena, along with a Holy Nail and the Crown of
Thorns.
Saint John tells that, in the night between
Maundy Thursday and Good Friday, Roman soldiers
mocked Jesus by placing a thorny crown on his head
(John 19:12).
The crown is a circle of cane bundled to-
gether and held by gold threads.
The thorns were attached to this braided
circle, which measures 21 centimetres in diameter. The
seventy thorns were reportedly divided up between the
Byzantine emperors and the Kings of France.
Page 143
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The accounts of pilgrims to Jerusalem re-
port the Crown of Thorns. In 409, Saint Paulinus of
Nola states the Crown was kept in the basilica on
Mount Zion in Jerusalem.
In 570, Anthony the Martyr reports the
Crown of Thorns in the Basilica of Zion. Around 575,
Cassiodorus wrote, "Jerusalem has the Column, here,
there is the Crown of Thorns!" Between the 7th and the
10th centuries, the Crown of Thorns was moved to the
Byzantine emperors' chapel in Constantinople for safe-
keeping.
Page 144
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
In 1238, the Latin Emperor Baldwin II of
Constantinople pawned the relics for credit to a Venet-
ian bank.
Saint Louis, the king of France redeemed
the Crown from the Venetian Bank. On 10 August
1239, the king deposited 29 relics in Villeneu-
vel'Archevêque.
On 19 August 1239, the relics arrived in
Paris. Wearing a simple tunic and with bare feet, the
King placed the Crown of Thorns and other relics in
the palace chapel in a structure he commissioned.
During the French revolution, the relics
were stored in the National Library. After the Concor-
Page 145
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
dat in 1801, the relics were given to the archbishop of
Paris who placed them in the Cathedral treasury on 10
August 1806.
Since then, these relics have been con-
served by the canons of the Metropolitan Basilica
Chapter, who are in charge of venerations, and guarded
by the Knights of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre of
Jerusalem.
Napoleon I and Napoleon III each offered
reliquaries for the crown of thorns.
Page 146
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
They were on display at NotreDame Cathe-
dral during scheduled religious ceremonies, until a se-
rious fire struck the cathedral on 15th April, 2019.219
Bodily relics Christian teaching states that
Christ ascended into heaven corporeally. Therefore, the
only parts of his body available for veneration are
those obtained prior to the Ascension.
At various points in history, a number of
churches in Europe have claimed to possess the Holy
Prepuce, Jesus' foreskin from his Circumcision220
219 Notre Dame de Paris Veneration of the Crown Archived 20101028 at the Wayback Machine
^ Template:Url=https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.cbsnews.com/amp/news/notredamecathedralfire-
heroeshumanchaincrownofthornsblessedsacrament/
220 Notre Dame de Paris Veneration of the Crown Archived 20101028 at the Wayback Machine
^ Template:Url=https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.cbsnews.com/amp/news/notredamecathedralfire-
Page 147
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
A section of the Holy Umbilical Cord be-
lieved to remain from the birth of Christ is currently in
the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran.221
St. Paul's Monastery on Mount Athos
claims to have relics of Gifts of the Magi, while
Dubrovnik's Cathedral, Croatia, claims to have the
swaddling clothes the baby Jesus wore during the pre-
sentation at the Temple.222
The knife used by Jesus during the Last
Supper was also a matter of veneration in the Middle
Ages, according to the 12thcentury Guide for Pilgrims
221 "Where to See Religious Relics in Rome, Italy". about.com.
222 JanekovicRomer, Zdenka (1996), Javni rituali u politickom diskursu humanistickog Dubrovnika (in
Croatian), Zavod za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskog fakulteta Zagreb Institute of Croatian history, Faculty of
Philosophy Zagreb, p. 78
Page 148
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
to Santiago de Compostela.223 According224 to French
traveler JulesLéonard Belin the knife used by Jesus to
slice bread was permanently exhibited in the Logetta
of St Mark's Campanile in Venice.225
223 Snoek, Godefridus (1995), Medieval Piety from Relics to the Eucharist, Leiden: E.J. Brill, p. 248,
ISBN 9789004102637
225 Belin, JulienLéonard (1843), Le Simplon et l'Italie septentrionale: promenades et pèlerinages (in
French), BelinLeprieur, p. 218
Page 149
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chapter 5 An Object Surviving from an Earlier
Time
railway relics"
synonyms:artefact · historical object · an-
cient object · antiquity · antique · heirloom · object of
virtu · curio · fossil a part of a deceased holy person's
body or belongings kept as an object of reverence. 
"miracles wrought by the relics of St Stephen" 
synonyms: remains · body parts · bones · corpse · dead
Page 150
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
body · cadaver · holy/sacred objects · reliquiae 
a person or thing that has survived from an earlier time
but is now outmoded. "the supermodel has become an
embarrassing relic from the early 1990s”
Pyongyang227, the cradle of the Korean na-
tion, has a great number of sites of all the primitive
ages; Paleolithic cave sites including Komunmoru Site
(upper Paleolithic Age), sites of Neolithic Age, sites of
Bronze Age, etc., and it has prospered as the political,
economical, military and cultural center throughout the
whole period of history.
227 http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1424/
Page 151
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The city has been the capital of Ancient Ko-
rea for nearly 3000 years as the center of Taedonggang
Civilization,228 which is representative of ancient civi-
lization flourished 5000 years ago, and also of
Koguryo from 427 till 668.
During the period of Koryo Dynasty it was
designated as the secondary capital, and continued to
be the major city in the northwestern part of the Kore-
an peninsula during the Li Dynasty as well.
Hence, numerous sites during the Ancient
Korea are found in and around the city; the Tomb of
King Tangun (founder king of the Ancient Korea), cas-
Page 152
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
tle sites such as Hwangdae Castle and Chongamdong
Earthen Castle, village sites such as Namgyong Site.
and Pyodae Site, and dolmens. Pyongyang229 abounds
in the sites of Koguryo period as well. Koguryo moved
its seat of power from Kuknae Castle (Jian, China) to
the area in and around Mt. Taesong with Anhak Palace
as its center, and again to the area of the present part of
the city between the rivers Taedong and Pothong.
This area was encircled by a largesc aled
castle and remained as the capital until 668.
There still remain the ruins of Anhak Palace
and parts of Mt. Taesong Fortress as the capital relics,
Page 153
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
and the defensive works of Jangan Fortress (the first
urban fortress built in Korea) in the city. Jangan
Fortress230 has been utilized by the later dynasties
without any modification to its structure or purpose,
and there are still the gates and other parts of the
fortress such as Taedong Gate, Pothong Gate, Ulmil
Pavilion and Ryongwang Pavilion.
And in the heart of the city there remain
Sungryong Hall and Sungin Hall and other temples,
Confucian buildings, the fivestoried octagonal pagoda
Page 154
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
in Yongmyong Temple and other numerous stone
buildings231.
231 The Tentative Lists of States Parties are published by the World Heritage Centre at its website and/or in
working documents in order to ensure transparency, access to information and to facilitate harmonization of
Tentative Lists at regional and thematic levels.
The sole responsibility for the content of each Tentative List lies with the State Party concerned. The publica-
tion of the Tentative Lists does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever of the World Heritage
Committee or of the World Heritage Centre or of the Secretariat of UNESCO concerning the legal status of
any country, territory, city or area or of its boundaries. Property names are listed in the language in which they
have been submitted by the State Party
Page 155
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chapter 6 Chinese Cultural Relics for-
bidden to be exhibited abroad
The list of Chinese cultural relics forbidden
to be exhibited abroad comprises a list of antiquities
and archaeological artifacts held by various museums
and other institutions in the People's Republic of Chi-
na, which the Chinese government has officially pro-
hibited, since 2003, from being taken abroad for exhi-
bition.
Many of the relics on the list symbolize the
breakthrough of archaeological discoveries that were
made in China since the mid20th century, when ar-
chaeology as a modern science began to take root in
Page 156
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
China. These items are among the most important ex-
cavated treasures in China, and have a particular his-
torical, cultural or artistic significance.
In June 2012, the State Administration of
Cultural Heritage announced the second batch of 37
cultural relics forbidden to be exhibited abroad, cover-
ing paintings and works of calligraphy.232
In August 2013, a third batch of 94 items
were announced, most of which are treasures excavat-
ed at archaeological sites.233
232 第二批禁止出国(境)展览文物目录(书画类) (in Chinese). State Administration of Cultural Heritage. 11

June 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
233 94件一级文物列入"第三批禁止出境展览文物目录" (in Chinese). Chinanews. 19 August 2013. Re -

trieved 3 February 2015.
Page 157
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Government regulations prohibiting exhibi-
tion abroad
According to Article 49 of the Regulations
for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Re-
public of China on Protection of Cultural Relics (State
Council Decree No.377) promulgated on 18 May
2003:
The only existing or fragile relics among
the gradeone relics are prohibited from being taken out
of the country for exhibition.
The catalogue of cultural relics prohibited
from being taken out of the country for exhibition shall
be made public on a regular basis by the competent
Page 158
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
cultural relics administrative department of the State
Council.234
A first list of sixtyfour cultural relics that
are forbidden to be exhibited abroad was published by
the State Administration of Cultural Heritage on 19
January 2002 (a year before the above regulation was
enacted).[5]
In addition to the list of items explicitly
prohibited from being exhibited abroad, cultural relics
that fall within one of the following five categories are
234 Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Protection of Cul -
tural Relics, State Administration of Cultural Heritage, 29 October 2007, archived from the original on 19
March 2012
^ 中华人民共和国文物保护法实施条例, The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of Chi-
na, 23 May 2005
Page 159
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
also prohibited from being exhibited outside of
China:235
ancient human remains
the main object of reverence at a place of
religious observation
firstgrade cultural relics that are unique and
easily damaged
objects listed in the catalogue of cultural
relics that are prohibited from being exhibited abroad
cultural relics that are not suitable to be ex-
hibited abroad because of their state of preservation
235 文物出境展览管理规定, State Administration of Cultural Heritage, 28 October 2007
Page 160
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Furthermore, cultural relics may not be sent
abroad for exhibition if they have not previously been
officially exhibited within China.236
First batch of items prohibited from being
exhibited abroad
In 2002, the State Administration of Cultur-
al Heritage announced its first list of 64 firstgrade cul-
tural relics that are forbidden to be taken out of main-
land China for exhibition.237
236 Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Protection of Cul -
tural Relics, State Administration of Cultural Heritage, 29 October 2007, archived from the original on 19
March 2012
237 国家文物局发出通知　首批一级文物禁止出国（境）展览, The Chinese Cultural Heritage Protec -

tion Web Site
^ 国家文物局发出通知　首批一级文物禁止出国（境）展览, Beijing Global Culture Information Technol-
ogy
Page 161
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chapter 7Relics of Thomas Becket Returned
Matt Hunter and Hugo Gye For Mailonline
The fragment of the saint's elbow is usually
kept in Esztergom Cathedral, Hungary's main religious
centre, but is now going on display in a number of
churches around London and Kent, where Becket lived
and worked.
grimage.html
Page 162
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The 12thcentury Archbishop of Canterbury
is one of the most important English saints after he was
murdered in Canterbury Cathedral, apparently on the
orders of King Henry II.
Archbishop of Westminster Cardinal Vin-
cent Nichols (left) receives the Hungarian relic of St
Thomas Becket from Archbishop of EsztergomBu-
dapest Cardinal Peter Erdo before a ceremony at
Westminster Cathedral
Page 163
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The fragment of the saint's elbow is usually
kept in Esztergom Cathedral, Hungary's main religious
centre, but will now go on display in a number of
churches around London and Kent, where Becket lived
and worked
The 12thcentury Archbishop of Canterbury
is one of the most important English saints after he was
murdered in Canterbury Cathedral, apparently on the
orders of King Henry II
He was honoured as a martyr up until the
Reformation but after Henry VIII smashed the
Catholic Church, his shrine in Canterbury was de-
Page 164
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
stroyed and his memory was only maintained else-
where in Europe.
Church leaders hope that the weeklong tour
of his relics will help to revive awareness of Becket's
importance as well as building bridges between the
Catholic and Protestant establishments.
The saint's elbow fragment is protected by a
gold case decorated with jewels which is normally kept
in the Hungarian cathedral.
It is not known exactly how the relic made
its way from Britain, where Becket was buried, to east-
ern Europe, but the bone is known to have been in
Hungary for at least 500 years.
Page 165
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Hungary's President Janos Ader (left) and
his wife Anita Herczegh view the Hungarian relic of St
ThomasBecket during a ceremony at Westminster
Cathedral
Archbishop of Westminster Cardinal Vin-
cent Nichols carries the Hungarian relic in the cathe-
dral
One possibility is that it was taken to the
country by Lukács Bánfi, who was Archbishop of Es-
ztergom when Becket presided over Canterbury be-
tween 1162 and 1170.
Another is that the bone was removed from
Becket's body in 1220, when his grave was opened and
Page 166
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
he was reburied, with relics extracted and sent around
the continent.
A number of the relics are contained in oth-
er religious institutions a section of his skull is kept at
Stonyhurst College in Lancashire, while other body
parts are found in Westminster Cathedral, St Thomas'
in Fulham, St Magnus the Martyr in the City of Lon-
don and a church dedicated to the saint in Canterbury.
Home: The relics will go on display at Can-
terbury Cathedral, the site where Becket was killed
Royal Servant Who Became The King's
Mortal Enemy
Page 167
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
c. 1120 Becket is born in Cheapside in
London on St Thomas' Day, December 21, the son of a
textiles marchant named Gilbert
1143 Becket works as an accountant in
London for the banker Osbert Huitdeniers
1145 The young man is taken on by
Theobald, the Archbishop of Canterbury, propelling
him into a position of power which led to his travelling
around Europe
1154 Becket is made archdeacon of Canter-
bury and shortly afterwards enters the service of Henry
II as chancellor, making him one of the King's most
trusted followers
Page 168
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
1162 He becomes Archbishop of Canter-
bury following the death of his old master Theobald
1163 Becket falls out with Henry II after
launching a campaign to assert the rights of the Church
to pass judgment on priests who commit crimes
1164 The Archbishop goes into exile in
France in order to avoid claims of embezzlement made
against him by the King
1170 He returns to England but again fights
with Henry after opposing the King's attempts to
crown his son. Killed in Canterbury Cathedral on De-
cember 29, apparently on Henry's orders
Page 169
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
1220 Becket's tomb is opened and relics are
distributed around Europe
1538 The shrine to the martyr in Canterbury
Cathedral is destroyed by Henry VIII
The various relics have been brought to-
gether this evening at Westminster Cathedral, the most
important Catholic church in Britain, where a mass
will be led by Cardinal Vincent Nichols and the Hun-
garian cardinal Péter Erdő, and attended by the coun-
try's President János Áder.
On Tuesday the pilgrimage will move on to
Westminster Abbey which is an Anglican institution
Page 170
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
and the relics will be displayed in St Margaret's, the of-
ficial church of the House of Commons.
On Friday the bone will go to Kent, visiting
Rochester Cathedral and moving on to Canterbury the
next day.
Becket's relic will finally return to Canter-
bury Cathedral, the site of his killing on Saturday af-
ternoon, with worshippers walking a mile and a half to
the church where they are set to be met by Justin Wel-
by, the Archbishop of Canterbury.
A mass will be celebrated there on Sunday
lunchtime before the relic is flown back to Hungary.
Page 171
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Richard Chartres, the Bishop of London,
said that the Becket tour was a chance to foster closer
links between Catholics and Anglicans.
'He teaches us to consider what are the his-
toric roots of European unity,' he told The Times.
Becket was the Archbishop of Canterbury
from 1162 until he was murdered by knights of Henry
II in 1170, after the monarch reportedly said: 'Who will
rid me of this troublesome priest?'
The two men had long been close, with
Becket serving as royal chancellor before he was ele-
vated to the position of Archbishop partly because
Page 172
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Henry was keen to have an ally at the head of the
Church.
Iconic: The story of Becket was immor-
talised in a 1964 film of the same name starring Peter
O'Toole, left, as Henry II and Richard Burton, right as
the Archbishop
Welcome: Bishop of London Richard
Chartres, left, and Archbishop of Canterbury Justin
Welby, right, are involved with the relic tour
But Becket performed a remarkable Uturn:
after years of being a tireless advocate of the royal
cause and extracting as much money as possible from
Page 173
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
the Church, he began to assert the rights of religion
fiercely, bringing him into conflict with the King.
He spent several years in exile in France af-
ter being accused of embezzlement, and when he was
allowed back to England he clashed with Henry once
again over the King's plans to have his son crowned as
his successor.
The churchman was killed in Canterbury
Cathedral by four swordsmen on December 29, 1170.
The top of his head was sliced off in the bloody attack.
He was canonised by Pope Alexander III
and is revered as a saint and a martyr by the Catholic
and Anglican churches.
Page 174
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Before the Reformation he was sometimes
considered the patron saint of England, while his mar-
tyrdom in Canterbury helped to establish the city as the
country's main destination for religious pilgrims, as
depicted in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.
Becket's life and death have inspired a
number of great artists and writers, including T.S. Eliot
whose 1935 play Murder in the Cathedral chronicles
his martyrdom.
As with nearly all saints' relics, the authen-
ticity of the bones going on display this week is dis-
puted some claim that all of Becket's remains were de-
stroyed on the orders of Henry VIII in 1538.
Page 175
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chapter 8 What Do You Think About
Relics?
Dale Ahlquist Recently an impressive array
of relics239 was displayed throughout the Twin Cities.
It was part of a traveling display sponsored by the Vat-
ican. I missed it. But I made up for it by going to Croa-
tia.
Croatia is something of a relic, especially
its capital city of Zagreb, where I spent several days,
almost my entire time during my first visit to Eastern
Europe.
Page 176
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
One of my hosts told me that the name Za-
greb240 may come from the Croatian verb that means
“to grab,” as the city has certainly been grabbed by
others again and again.
It has survived centuries of war, of foreign
rule, of assaults on the bodies, souls, and spirits of its
citizens.
It was ruled by the Communists for almost
50 years. Before that it had been conquered by the
Nazis.
And before that by the Hungarians, the
Turks, and whatever empire happened to covet that ter-
Page 177
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
ritory, not for itself, but because it was connected to or
on the way to someplace else.
In every era the locals have had to fight off
invaders, and the heroic stories241 are breathtaking.
“There is too much history here for such a small
place,” is their saying.
Today they are enjoying a rare moment of
relative freedom, but there is a new menace that threat-
ens to take over.
Croatia, which is over 85% Catholic, faces
the danger that threatens the rest of the West and East:
Secularism. The attack on faith can be overt, as it was
Page 178
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
under the communists, who murdered Blessed Alojzije
Cardinal Stepinac by poisoning him, or it can be sub-
tle, as it is today when the enemy slowly seduces
Catholics into a casual, comfortable and complacent242
mindset that soon slips into skepticism, drawing them
away from doing the diligent and deliberate deeds of
faith.
The body of Blessed Cardinal Stepinac lies
in a glass tomb behind the high altar in the cathedral as
a reminder of what it means to follow Christ.
Page 179
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
It is a sacred relic, and it is highly revered
by those who enter the cathedral. But there are thou-
sands who don't bother entering.
Page 180
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chapter 9
List of Relics243
The Seamless robe of Jesus in Trier Cathe-
dral
Detail of the Girdle of Mary in the Basilica
of Our Lady in Maastricht
The Shrine of the Three Kings in Cologne
Cathedral
Relics of the True Cross of Jesus are
claimed by many churches around the world.
The same applies to Holy Nails, Holy
Sponges, Holy Lances, Holy Thorns and other Instru-
Page 181
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
ments of the Passion. Famous examples are the Holy
Nail in the Iron Crown of Lombardy in Monza Cathe-
dral, the Holy Lance that was part of the Crown Jewels
of the Holy Roman Empire in the Hofburg Palace in
Vienna, and the Holy Thorn Reliquary in the British
Museum in London,
The Seamless robe of Jesus is kept in a pur-
posebuilt chapel in Trier Cathedral.
The Sandals of Jesus Christ were donated to
Prüm Abbey, Germany, by popes Zachary and Stephen
II in the 8th century.
The Marienschrein in Aachen Cathedral
contains four important relics: the nappy and loin cloth
Page 182
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
of Jesus, the dress of Mary and the decapitation cloth
of John the Baptist.
The Karlsschrein in the same church con-
tains the remains of Charlemagne, who was locally
venerated at a saint.
The Girdle of Mary is kept in the Basilica
of Our Lady in Maastricht, Netherlands.
The Shrine of the Three Kings in Cologne
Cathedral contains the remnants of the biblical Magi.
St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican contains
Saint Peter's relics.
Page 183
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The Apostle Paul's relics are allegedly con-
tained in the Basilica of Saint Paul.244
St Mark's relics are held at St Mark's Basil-
ica in Venice.
St James' relics are reputedly held at the
Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
St Andrew's relics are contained in the
Basilica of St Andrew in Patras, Greece.
St John the Evangelist's tomb is purported
to be in the Basilica of St. John at Ephesus in Turkey.
Relics claimed to be those of John the Bap-
tist were discovered in a Bulgarian monastery in
244 "Relics of St Paul discovered". Independent Catholic News.
Page 184
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
2010.245Many other churches claim to have remains of
John the Baptist, especially of his skull.
Reliquary arms of Saint Thomas the Apos-
tle can be found in churches around the globe.
Most contain only a fragment of the arm
that allegedly touched Christ's side wound after the
Resurrection.
Saint Thomas Aquinas' relics are contained
in the Church of the Jacobins, Toulouse, France.
Saint Francis of Assisi's relics are enshrined
in the Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi, Italy.
245 St John the Baptist's bones 'found in Bulgarian monastery' The Telegraph, 4 August 2010
Page 185
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Saint Catherine of Siena's head is stored in
San Domenico church, Siena, with her body in Santa
Maria sopra Minerva Church in Rome.
Saint George's arm is kept in Lod, Poland.
Saint Servatius' relics are largely kept in a
gilded chest and bust in the Basilica of Saint Servatius
in Maastricht, Netherlands. Some of his relics are in
Tongeren, Belgium, and Quedlinburg, Germany.
Saint Lambert's skull is contained in a reli-
quary bust in Liège Cathedral, Belgium.
Saint Hubert's remains were enshrined in
the Abbey of SaintHubert, Belgium.
Page 186
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Saint Willibrord's remains are in Echter-
nach, Luxemburg.
Blessed Mary of the Divine Heart relics and
incorrupt body are exposed in the Church of the Sacred
Heart of Jesus in Ermesinde, Portugal246.
Page 187
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chapter 10 Fascinating Cultures That
May Soon Disappear
of time, 10 Fascinating Cultures247 That May Soon
Disappear
Heather Ramsey October 17, 2014 Tribal
people throughout the world are defending themselves
against the incursion of a modern society that scorns
their rights and their unique ways of living.
Here are 10 fascinating indigenous cultures
that are on the verge of extinction.
Page 188
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The Korowai The primitive Korowai have a
long tradition of cannibalism, but it’s their tree houses
in southeastern Papua, Indonesia that make them fasci-
nating.
A family of up to eight people will live in a
wooden house with a sagoleaf ceiling that’s built 6–12
meters (20–40 ft) above the ground on a single tree.
Sometimes, a house rests on several trees with wooden
poles adding support.
The Korowai live in the trees to avoid
imagined attacks after dark by walking corpses and
male witches on the ground. Each house physically
lasts about a year. But they’re so critical to each per-
Page 189
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
son’s identity that time is defined by the houses that a
person has lived in. For example, a unit of time may be
described by the number of houses that fell apart dur-
ing it.
An event such as a birth, death, marriage, or
killing happened at the time of a specific house. An era
consists of a series of events that occurred when a se-
ries of houses were inhabited.
The Korowai usually die before middle age
because they lack any kind of medicine. There are
about 3,000 tribe members left. Wearing only banana
leaves, these huntergatherers eat bananas, sago, deer,
and wild boar.
Page 190
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Until the 1970s, when anthropologists came
to study them, most Korowai didn’t know that out-
siders existed.
But in recent decades, the younger Korowai
have drifted away to settlements built by Dutch mis-
sionaries. Soon, only old tribe members will remain in
the trees.
Their culture is expected to disappear with-
in the next generation.
9 The Samburu For hundreds of years, the
Samburu roamed semiarid northern Kenya in search of
water and grass for the livestock that are their sole
source of food. The Samburu are now threatened by in-
Page 191
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
tense droughts, and they face an ever greater threat
from the Kenyan authorities.
The police rape the Samburu, beat them,
and burn their houses down.
The recent harassment began after two
American wildlife charities bought Samburu land and
gave it to Kenya to create a national park.
The charities believed that they were pur-
chasing land from a private owner, possibly former
Kenyan president Daniel arap Moi.
Thousands of Samburu families were
forced to relocate or live like squatters on the edge of
Page 192
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
their disputed land. The Samburu are now challenging
their violent eviction in court.
But life for young Samburu girls is brutal
within their tribe, too. A systematic rape ritual called
“beading” is supposed to prevent promiscuity in girls,
some as young as six years old.
A close male acquaintance, often a relative,
who wants an early promise of marriage will contact
the child’s parents and put a necklace of red beads on
the girl.
“Effectively, he has booked her,” says
Josephine Kulea, a Samburu woman. “It’s like a [tem-
Page 193
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
porary] engagement, and he can then have sex with
her. ”
The girls are forbidden from getting preg-
nant, but no contraceptives are used, so many become
pregnant despite the taboo.
The infants who don’t die naturally are
killed or given away. If a girl keeps her baby, she
won’t be permitted to marry when she’s an adult.
Kulea has tried to rescue some of these girls
by placing them in a shelter and moving their babies to
orphanages.
8 The Loba Hidden in the harsh terrain of
the Nepalese Himalayas is the former Tibetan kingdom
Page 194
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
of Mustang, also known as Lo. To enter its capital, Lo
Manthang, is to step back in time to a 14thcentury
walled city steeped in a purely Tibetan Buddhist cul-
ture.
Mustang was closed to most foreigners un-
til 1992 and was only accessible by foot or on horse-
back until recently.
We’re now learning about its history from
ancient texts, painted murals, and other religious arti-
facts discovered in Mustang caves built into steep
cliffs.
The people of Mustang, called the Loba,
live off the land with almost no modern technology
Page 195
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
and few educational opportunities for their children.
But the Loba do have a history of cultural resistance
against Chinese rule.
When the Dalai Lama sought refuge in In-
dia in the 1960s, CIAbacked resistance fighters (called
the Khampas) made Mustang their base.
Eventually, the CIA stopped its support, and
Nepal was pressured by China into taking military ac-
tion against the Khampas.
The Dalai Lama called on the Khampas to
surrender. The few who didn’t committed suicide, and
the resistance was formally over. China has closely
watched this region ever since.
Page 196
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Now, China is funding a new highway be-
tween the cities of Lhasa in Tibet and Kathmandu in
Nepal that will make Mustang part of a major trade
route.
While some of Mustang’s people welcome
modernization, their leaders are concerned that their
Tibetan Buddhist culture will be lost forever, especially
as more residents leave the area for better jobs and ed-
ucation elsewhere.
7. The San We’ve previously looked at the
San’s religious beliefs, their language and even their
giraffe dance.
Page 197
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Now, we’re going to examine the possible
extinction of Africa’s first people.
The government of Botswana evicted these
huntergatherers from the Central Kalahari Game Re-
serve (CKGR) in the name of conservation while per-
mitting diamond mining, fracking, and tourism.
The San (or Bushmen) were forcibly reset-
tled into camps with goats or cattle to become herders,
a lifestyle they don’t understand. Unemployment is
rampant.
As Goiotseone Lobelo described it, “The
police came, destroyed our homes and dumped us in
the back of trucks with our belongings and brought us
Page 198
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
here. We are getting AIDS and other diseases we didn’t
know about; young people are drinking alcohol; young
girls are having babies. Everything is wrong here.”
The San fought the government in court and
won the right to return to CKGR. But government offi-
cials only granted this to the few whose names were in
the court documents.
The government has also banned all hunt-
ing except on ranches or game farms, which effectively
destroys the San way of life.
According to Jamunda Kakelebone, another
displaced San, “Our death rate is increasing. They want
to develop us. To eradicate us. Our people die of HIV
Page 199
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
and TB. When we were on our own, our death rate was
low. Old people died of age. Now, we go to funerals.
It’s terrifying.
In 20 years, it’s going to be byebye, Bush-
men.”
6 The Awa Before their territory was invad-
ed, the nomadic Awa tribe had lived in harmony with
the Amazon rain forest in Brazil for centuries.
They were huntergatherers who made pets
of orphaned animals.
They shared mangoes with parakeets and
their hammocks with coatis, which are similar to rac-
coons.
Page 200
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The women sometimes breastfed monkeys
and even small pigs.
Then, in 1967, American geologists on a
survey mission accidentally landed their plane on the
world’s largest iron ore deposit, which was in the Cara-
jas Mountains.
That led to the Great Carajas Project, a
huge mining operation backed by the World Bank and
industrialized nations such as the US and Japan.
The Awa’s territory was invaded by loggers,
ranchers, and settlers, who destroyed large swaths of
the rain forest for the minerals and other resources
there.
Page 201
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The invaders also killed many of the Awa,
sometimes by shooting them and other times by giving
them gifts of poisoned flour.
There are only about 350 Awa left, 100 of
whom have no contact with outsiders.
Finally, under pressure from rights groups
such as Survival International, the Brazilian govern-
ment launched Operation Awa to evict the invaders and
return the dwindling Awa to their land. The question is
whether Brazil will make sure the loggers and ranchers
don’t return.
Page 202
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
5 The Cocopah The Cocopah (which means
“River People”) are fighting to preserve their dying
culture against governments that manipulate the tribe’s
access to water.
These natives farmed and fished for over
500 years in the delta of the lower Colorado River,
which lies in Arizona in the US and the states of Baja
California and Sonora in Mexico.
At one time, this people numbered around
22,000, but now they’ve dwindled to about 1,300.
Only 10 native speakers remain. Traditionally, there
was no written language.
Page 203
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Starting in 1922, the US and Mexico di-
verted most of the Colorado River away from the delta
where the Cocopah lived.
Two million acres of wetlands dried up,
crippling the tribe’s ability to farm and fish. Then, dur-
ing the 1980s, the US managed El Nino flooding by
opening dam reservoirs, sending floodwaters surging
through the delta and destroying the Cocopah’s homes.
The tribe was forced to move to El Mayor,
which had no water rights or arable land.
A couple of years ago, the US and Mexico
agreed to let about 1 percent of the Colorado River
flow to the delta in an effort to restore the wetlands.
Page 204
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
But even if that works, the Cocopah face another prob-
lem.
In 1993, the Mexican government created
the Alto Golfo de California y Delta del Rio Colorado
Biosphere Reserve, a conservation project that soon re-
stricted the Cocopah’s fishing so much that they
couldn’t make a living.
Many members of the tribe left to find jobs
elsewhere. As 44yearold Monica Gonzalez says,
“Sometimes I think our leaders talk about the Cocopah
as if we had already died, but we are alive and still
putting up a struggle.”
Page 205
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
4The Mursi: Maurits VermeulenA tribe of
less than 10,000 people from southwestern Ethiopia,
the Mursi are known for the lipplates worn by their
women.
Lipplates are a symbol of social adulthood
and potential fertility. At 15 or 16 years old, a girl has
her lower lip pierced, inserting a wooden plug to hold
the cut open until it heals.
Over the next several months, the girl will
stretch her lip with a series of increasingly larger plugs.
The most persistent girls will eventually
wear lipplates of at least 12 centimeters (5 in) in diam-
eter.
Page 206
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Although the Mursi are considered nomads
by the Ethiopian government, they’re actually quite
settled.
Depending on the rainfall, they may move
to find a place with water to grow crops like sorghum,
beans, and maize.
They also need grasslands to feed their cat-
tle—which are not only a food source, but also a cur-
rency to trade for grain and to validate social relation-
ships like marriage.
In recent decades, the Ethiopian govern-
ment has begun largescale development of the Mursi’s
land into national parks and commercial irrigation
Page 207
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
schemes. Thousands of the tribe have been evicted. Aid
agencies agree that abuses such as beatings and rapes
have occurred, but not in a “systematic” way.
It’s possible that some international aid to
Ethiopia, though intended for local road construction
and other services, is being used by the government to
forcibly resettle the Mursi.
This will likely destroy their traditional cul-
ture.
The Tsaatan’s affection for and dependence
on their reindeer makes them unique. The reindeer give
them milk and cheese as well as transportation across
Page 208
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
the frigid mountains and taiga (a swampy forest) of
their homeland in northern Mongolia.
There are only about 500 Tsaatan248 left.
Disease and problems from inbreeding have caused
their reindeer to dwindle, too. So the Tsaatan no longer
wear reindeer hides or use animal skins to cover their
tepees. They’re nomads, moving every five weeks to
find lichen for their beloved animals.
The tribe has an uneasy relationship with
tourists. Too many visitors come without an interpreter,
litter the environment, and take photos as if the Tsaatan
Page 209
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
are in a zoo. It’s also important to them that tourists
ride horses that won’t hurt the reindeer.
But the Tsaatan’s biggest problem249 is that
their 3,000yearold culture may not survive past this
generation. Without the government assistance that
they once relied on, the Tsaatan are struggling.
The children turn to computers and other
technology to prepare them to live in the modern
world. Younger people are leaving the taiga for the
cities, and the older Tsaatan are afraid they’ll be left
alone.
Page 210
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
2 The Ladakhis Imagine the most idyllic
culture250 you can. Patience, tolerance, and honesty are
held above all other values. People always help one
another, and there’s no money but also no poverty.
Lying, stealing, aggression, and arguments
are almost unknown. Major crimes simply don’t exist.
Everybody is irrepressibly happy.
You’re imagining the actual Ladakh culture
that existed for centuries before the modern world in-
truded to destroy it like the serpent in the Garden of
Eden.
Page !211 of !345

ISBN 9789769631373
Of course, life wasn’t really perfect. Set
high in the Himalayas in the northern Indian state of
Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh251 is a barren desert in
the summer and a frozen moonscape in the winter.
With few resources and no modern technol-
ogy, the Ladakhis established farms, supplemented by
herding. Ladakh was almost completely isolated until a
road was built in 1962 to connect this area with the rest
of India.
But modernization didn’t have a major im-
pact on this society until 1975, when tourism slithered
in.
Page 212
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Then, like Adam and Eve after eating the
fruit, the Ladakhis saw their nakedness (or, in this case,
their primitive lifestyle) and became ashamed. They
compared themselves to the freespending tourists and
the glamorous people they saw in films and on TV. For
the first time, they felt poor and inferior252.
Their selfsustaining culture and their family
structure began to break down as they chased happi-
ness through material wealth.
As they modernize, they’re becoming self-
ish, competitive, frustrated, and argumentative.
Page 213
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
They’re becoming intolerant of other reli-
gions, dependent on the government, insecure, and
alone in a crowded world.
They’re becoming us.
1 The Huaorani253 have a long history of us-
ing deadly spears and blowguns against everyone else
in their Amazon rain forest home in Ecuador. For them,
revenge is a lifestyle.
Energy companies want to drill in the Ama-
zon rain forest to extract the huge reserves of crude oil
that lie beneath the IshpingoTambocochaTiputini (ITT)
area of Yasuni National Park.
Page 214
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Despite environmental concerns, it’s com-
ing down to a battle between the Ecuadorian govern-
ment and the Huaorani. Both sides have alternated be-
tween highminded words and possible ransom de-
mands whenever it suits their purposes.
In 2007, Ecuadorian254 President Rafael
Correa proposed that governments around the world
give Ecuador $3.6 billion in exchange for Ecuador not
drilling the ITT.
In 2013, when it became clear that world
leaders weren’t paying up, Correa went to Plan B,
drilling for oil. He also abandoned his commitment to
Page 215
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
protect Amazon tribes from drillers by denying that the
tribes exist. Correa claims to need the Amazon oil rev-
enue to help the poor.
As for the Huaorani255, some claim that
they’ll fight to the death with blowguns, machetes, and
spears if oil companies drill on their land and threaten
their way of life. But the Huaorani are no military
match for the government.
Weya Cahuiya, who represents a Huaorani
tribal organization, says, “Every time the oil compa-
nies expand, they divide us.
Page 216
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
There are fights between families because
some people get things and others don’t. The govern-
ment needs to pay us. All of us. They need to respect
us and if they want to come in, they have to pay us or
we’ll kill them.”256
Sabrina Costello, studied Fashion Design at
Fashion Institute of Technology257 believes that Philo-
sophical evolution of thought creates new ways of
thinking about life, and changes a people's goals and
values.
257 https://www.quora.com/Whydoestraditionalculturedisappear
Page 217
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Physical environmental changes which af-
fect daily life such as weather, overcrowding, war Ex-
posure to new cultures, genocide and outwardly im-
posed attempts at cultural assimilation
Political forces exert legal requirements
which are enforced by the rule of law.
A few people may try to cling to the old
ways. Hopefully what is good and beautiful in the old
ways will survive and the ignorance, bigotry and prej-
udices will die.
Page 218
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
On the other handLaura WilliamsMay, Eng-
lish as a Sec.Lang Teacher and horticulturist (1979pre-
sent) believes that Because people want “stuff’ from
other cultures and always have.
What is quaint to us is labor intensive and
not very effective for them.
And when people are exposed to other cul-
tures they see some aspects of them that they consider
superior to their own culture and that makes the culture
disappear unless it is extremely deeply based.
So people run around china buying up cul-
tural artifacts and selling them to foreigners.
Page 219
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The foreigners value these and the Chinese
can now afford a TV with which to experience the rest
of the world. Fair trade it seems to me.
Something that has survived the passage of
time, especially an object or custom whose original
culture has disappeared: “Corporal punishment was a
relic of barbarism” ( Cyril Connolly )
Something cherished for its age or historic
interest.
An object kept for its association with the
past; a memento.
Page 220
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
An object of religious veneration, especial-
ly a piece of the body or a personal item of a saint.
or relics A corpse; remains.
Page 221
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chapter 11
Danube Coughs Up WW II Relics
LAUREN JOHNSTON As the mass of tan-
gled iron emerged258 from the water, wideeyed towns-
people marveled at the catch — a World War II Ger-
man military jeep, coughed up by the droughtshrunken
Danube River.
Batina fire chief Josip Valkai ran an expert
eye over the socalled Kuebelwagen just dragged out by
a truck.
"The Volkswagen insignia and motor in the
rear make it a dead giveaway," he said. "So does the
Page 222
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
faintly visible Nazi swastika on gasoline cans we
found tucked inside."
Until now, the leftovers on this pivotal bat-
tlefield have been small — spent cartridges, the occa-
sional skull. But as months of drought have drained the
Danube259 to its lowest level in a century, larger relics
are coming to light.
Among the items awaiting recovery this
week are a tank whose turret surfaced several days ago
and an armored personnel carrier.
Page 223
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Smaller items recently dredged from the
river bottom include Schmeisser rifles and a crocodile-
leather wallet, its contents soaked past recognition.
Downstream, in Serbia260, the rusty rem-
nants of warships believed to belong to Nazi Ger-
many's Black Sea Fleet have begun protruding in re-
cent days 110 miles east of the capital, Belgrade. Au-
thorities on Thursday warned ships to steer clear be-
cause of live ammunition believed still to be on the
ships.
The river depth, normally as much as 50
feet in some places, has fallen to barely 10 feet.
Page 224
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The vessels are believed to have been de-
liberately blown up by retreating German troops to im-
pede Soviet forces in the final stages of World War II.
War relics are no novelty in the Batina area
of northeastern Croatia. Up to 60,000 soldiers perished
here as Soviet troops caught up with German forces re-
treating toward Budapest in late 1944.
The Red Army triumphed after 12 days of
fighting in one of the pivotal battles in the allied libera-
tion of the Balkans.
Batina's oldtimers still remember cavalry
soldiers trudging back across the river on horseback,
Page 225
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
with one or two bare horses reined in along their sides
— their riders dead or missing.
"It's no wonder skeletons and various war
artifacts keep surfacing in our region," said Ivica
Prakatur, a retired hospital nurse.
Moscow, which funds a memorial at Batina,
plans to send experts to the scene to investigate some
of the finds.
"The river was wide and deep and certainly
holds many mysteries," said Anatolij Calisev, a mili-
tary attache at the Russian Embassy in Zagreb, the
Croatian capital.
Page 226
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
"Maybe there are documents that could help
identify victims."
The heat wave gripping Europe, described
by experts as one of the worst in 150 years, is slowly
moving southeastward after killing scores of people
across the continent.
In Bulgaria, shipping officials warned earli-
er this week that navigation on the Bulgarian stretch of
the Danube could be suspended by the end of the
week. Water levels in some places had fallen nine feet
to their lowest in 100 years.
In Romania, the Danube had its lowest flow
of any August since measurements began in 1840, the
Page 227
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
state news agency Rompres reported. A nuclear power
plant in eastern Romania may have to close one reactor
if the water level falls another 28 inches because too
little water would be drawn to cool it, the government
said Friday.
In Croatia, a Ukrainian barge, the Fyodor
Ryabinin, briefly ran aground Tuesday.
None of this mattered to kids in Batina,
who waded through the ordinarily mighty river, now
barely kneehigh.
"I feel like Moses," Laszlo Kovacs261 said
as plodded to the other side.
Page 228
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chapter 12 Iron
From being a crucial building block262 of
steel to nourishing plants and helping carry oxygen in
your blood — iron is always busy helping sustain life
on Earth.
Iron is a brittle, hard substance, classified as
a metal in Group 8 on the Periodic Table of the Ele-
ments.
The most abundant of all metals, its pure
form rapidly corrodes from exposure to moist air and
high temperatures.
Page 229
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Iron is also the fourth most common ele-
ment in Earth's crust by weight and much of Earth's
core is thought to be composed of iron.
Besides being commonly found on Earth, it
is abundant in the sun and stars, according to the Los
Alamos National Laboratory.
Iron is crucial to the survival of living or-
ganisms, according to Jefferson Lab.
In plants, it plays a role in the production of
chlorophyll.
In animals, it is a component of hemoglobin
— a protein in blood that carries oxygen from the
lungs to the tissues in the body.
Page 230
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Ninety percent of all metal that is refined
these days is iron, according to the Royal Society of
Chemistry.
Most of it is used to make steel — an alloy
of iron and carbon — which is in turn used in manu-
facturing and civil engineering, for instance, to make
reinforced concrete.
Stainless steel, which contains at least 10.5
percent chromium, is highly resistant to corrosion.
It is used in kitchen cutlery, appliances and
cookware such as stainless steel pans and skillets.
The addition of other elements can provide
steel with other useful qualities. For instance, nickel
Page 231
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
increases its durability and makes it more resistant to
heat and acids; manganese makes it more durable,
whereas tungsten helps it maintain hardness at high
temperatures, according to Jefferson Lab.
Just the facts
Atomic number (number of protons in the
nucleus): 26
Atomic symbol (on the Periodic Table of
Elements): Fe
Atomic weight (average mass of the atom):
55.845
Density: 7.874 grams per cubic centimeter
Phase at room temperature: Solid
Page 232
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Melting point: 2,800.4 degrees Fahrenheit
(1,538 degrees Celsius)
Boiling point: 5,181.8 F (2,861 C)
Number of isotopes (atoms of the same
element with a different number of neutrons): (include
how many are stable isotopes): 33 Stable isotopes: 4
Most common isotopes: Iron56 (natural
abundance: 91.754 percent)
History and properties of iron
Archeologists estimate that people have
been using iron for more than 5,000 years, according to
Jefferson Lab. In fact, it turns out that some of the
Page 233
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
most ancient iron known to humans literally fell from
the sky.
In a study published in 2013 in the Journal
of Archeological Science, researchers examined an-
cient Egyptian iron beads that date to around 3200
B.C. and found that they were made from iron mete-
orites.
The Old Testament in the Bible also men-
tions iron multiple times, according to Los Alamos Na-
tional Laboratory.
Iron is mostly obtained from minerals
hematite and magnetite. In smaller degrees, it can also
Page 234
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
be obtained from the minerals taconite, limonite and
siderite, according to Jefferson Lab.
Iron has four different allotropic forms,
which means that it has four different structural forms
in which atoms bond in different patterns, according to
Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Those forms are called ferrites, known as
alpha (which is magnetic), beta, gamma and omega.
Iron is an important nutrient in our diet.
Iron deficiency, the most common nutritional deficien-
cy, can cause anemia and fatigue that affects the ability
to perform physical work in adults.
Page 235
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
It can also impair memory and other mental
function in teens, according to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. Women who have iron defi-
ciency while pregnant are at an increased risk of hav-
ing small and early babies, the CDC warns.
There are two types of dietary iron: heme
iron and nonheme iron.
Heme iron — which is the more readily ab-
sorbed type of iron — is found in meat, fish and poul-
try, whereas nonheme iron — which is also absorbed
but to a lesser extent than heme iron — is found in
both plant foods (such as spinach, kale and broccoli)
and meat, according to the American Red Cross.
Page 236
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
People absorb up to 30 percent of heme
iron, compared with 2 to 10 percent of nonheme iron,
the ARC reports, adding that foods rich in vitamin C
such as tomatoes or citrus fruits can help absorb people
absorb nonheme iron.
Who knew?
Blood is red because of the interaction be-
tween iron and oxygen, according to the University of
California, Santa Barbara.
The blood looks red because of the way in
which the chemical bonds between the two elements
reflect light.
Page 237
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Pure iron is actually soft and malleable, ac-
cording to the University of Denver.
In 2007, researchers discovered a huge
plume of ironrich water emanating from hydrothermal
vents in the southern Atlantic Ocean.
Iron is necessary for the growth of phyto-
plankton — tiny marine bacteria that use carbon diox-
ide from the atmosphere to fuel photosynthesis.
Some researchers have therefore argued
that fertilizing the oceans with extra iron could help
suck up excess carbon dioxide.
But a study published online in November
2010 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Page 238
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Sciences found that this might not be such a good idea,
as all this extra iron could actually trigger the growth
of toxinproducing algae that contribute to the contami-
nation of marine wildlife.
About 90 percent of all metal that is refined
today is iron, according to the Royal Society of Chem-
istry.
Iron is a crucial component of a meteorite
class known as siderites, according to Los Alamos Na-
tional Laboratory.
An iron pillar dating to about A.D. 400 still
stands today in Delhi, India, according to Los Alamos
National Laboratory.
Page 239
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The pillar is about 23.75 feet (7.25 meters)
high and measures 15.75 inches (40 centimeters) in di-
ameter. Despite being exposed to weather conditions,
the pillar has not corroded much due to its unique
composition of metals.
Examples of ironrich foods include meat,
such as beef, turkey, chicken and pork; seafood, such
as shrimp, clams, oysters and tuna; vegetables, such as
spinach, peas, broccoli, sweet potatoes and string
beans; bread and cereals, such as bran cereals, whole
wheat bread and enriched rice; other foods, such as
beans, lentils, tomato paste, tofu and molasses, accord-
ing to the American Red Cross.
Page 240
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The surface of Mars is red due to a large
amount of iron oxide (rust) on its surface, according to
Nature. Mars has more than twice as much iron oxide
in its crust than Earth.
Earth's solid inner and liquid outer cores are
primarily composed of iron (approximately 85 percent
and 80 percent by weight, respectively).
The electric current generated by the liquid
iron creates the magnetic field protecting Earth, ac-
cording to NASA.
Iron is also found in the cores of all of the
planets in the Solar System.
Page 241
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Iron is the heaviest element formed in the
cores of stars, according to JPL. Elements heavier than
iron can only be created when high mass stars explode
(supernovae).
The Latin name for iron is ferrum, which is
the source of its atomic symbol, Fe.
The word iron is from an AngloSaxon
word, iren.
The word iron is possibly derived from ear-
lier words meaning "holy metal" because it was used to
make the swords used in the Crusades, according to
WebElements.
Current research
Page 242
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Iron has been the subject of numerous med-
ical studies, some of which show that high levels of
iron in the blood may in fact be linked to an increased
risk of cardiovascular problems.
"There is some research suggesting that
people who have more ferritin in their blood system
and markers of higher iron in the body may be more at
risk in terms of some cardiovascular diseases," said
Judith WylieRosett, a professor at the department of
epidemiology and population health and the depart-
ment of medicine at Albert Einstein College of Medi-
cine of Yeshiva University in New York.
Page 243
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
"And whether that's causing the risk or
that's a biomarker for something else going on is un-
clear," WylieRosett told Live Science. (Ferritin is a
type of protein that stores iron, while the ferritin test
measures the amount of iron in your blood.)
In a study of more than 1,900 Finnish men
ages 42 to 60 years, published in 1992 published in the
journal Circulation, researchers found a link between
high levels of iron and increased risk of heart attack.
In a more recent study, published online in
January 2014 in the Journal of Nutrition, researchers
found that heme iron, found in meat, increased the risk
for coronary heart disease by 57 percent, but no such
Page 244
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
association was found between nonheme iron and
coronary heart disease risk.
Interestingly, recent research has also
linked the accumulation of iron in the brain to
Alzheimer's disease.
In a study published in August 2013 in the
Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, researchers found that
the amount of iron in the hippocampus — an area of
the brain associated with the formation of memories —
was increased and associated with tissue damage in the
hippocampus area in people with Alzheimer's disease,
but not in healthy older people.
Page 245
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
"The accumulation of iron in the brain may
be influenced by modifying environmental factors,
such as how much red meat and iron dietary supple-
ments we consume and, in women, having hysterec-
tomies before menopause," study author Dr. George
Bartzokis, a professor of psychiatry at the Semel Insti-
tute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA,
said in a statement.
Iron deficiencies have also been linked with
depression, according to a 2017 study published in the
Journal of Psychiatric Research by a group of Aus-
tralian researchers who were trying to find a link be-
Page 246
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
tween genetics, iron levels and depression, especially
with teenagers.
The researchers found that although there is
a link between iron levels in the bloodstream and mea-
sure of depression, there is no evidence for a genetic
relationship between the two.
The researchers used data available from
twin studies and looked at a variety of factors while
comparing teenaged twins to adult twins.
The link between iron levels and depression
is most likely to be observed during periods of time
when the body requires higher amounts of iron such as
during growth spurts.
Page 247
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
A 2017 article published in the European
Journal of Nutrition by a research group from Iran de-
scribed a study in which iron supplements were given
to new, nonanemic mothers with postpartum depres-
sion (PPD). A group of 70 women began the double-
blind trial one week after giving birth and PPD symp-
toms were compared six weeks later.
The group taking the iron supplement expe-
rienced a significantly greater improvement of PPD
symptoms than the group taking the placebo. 263
Page 248
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chapter 13 Historian Collects 'Forgotten'
Relics from One of the Most Poignant Symbols of
the Cold War
Tom Metcalfe has asserted that The founda-
tion researches264 and documents historical aspects of
the wall and maintains the Berlin Wall Memorial in a
park along the former innercity border,
an openair exhibition that features some of the
thick concrete slabs that made up much of the 100mile-
long (160 kilometers) barrier, which stood until 1989.
264 https://www.livescience.com/64678berlinwallforgottenrelics.html
Page 249
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Wichmann keeps key artifacts from the foun-
dation's collection in the museum building nearby, but
he also collects larger relics of the Berlin Wall in a
closedoff area near the Berlin Wall Memorial265 he
calls the "lapidarium" — a place where stone monu-
ments and sculptures are collected.
Among more than 300 objects, Wichmann's
Berlin Wall lapidarium holds light towers, border signs
and markings, concrete foundations and the large
plates of steel that made up about 30 miles of the out-
skirts of the city's internal border.
Page 250
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Divided City
The Berlin Wall was put in place in 1961 by
East Germany, which was controlled by the Soviet
Union — one of the four nations that governed the
former capital city after Germany266 was defeated in
World War II.
As the postwar peace developed into the Cold
War, in 1951, the internal border between the Federal
Republic of Germany (FRG) — as West Germany was
called then — and the eastern German Democratic Re-
public (GDR) was closed.
Page 251
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
But Berlin stayed open, and the city became
the main route used by East Germans to leave the GDR
— an estimated 3.5 million people by 1961.
In response, East German police and soldiers
put the Berlin Wall in place on Aug. 13, 1961. East
Germany claimed it was built to stop Western267 cul-
tural influences, but around 80 people trying to cross
the Berlin Wall from east to west were shot and killed
by East German border guards during the years that it
stood.
Page 252
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The wall stood until Nov. 9, 1989, when it was
torn down by celebrating crowds after East Germany
lifted its travel restrictions to the West.
Wichmann explained that the barrier took dif-
ferent physical forms over the 28 years that it divided
the city.
"There has never been 'the' Berlin Wall268," he
told Live Science in an email. "It was an everchanging,
dynamic system of fortification elements, control sys-
tems and military infrastructure … Its appearance de-
pended highly on the specific place and time."
Page 253
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
He noted that much of the wall wasn't made
from the concrete slabs that have come to characterize
it.
"Onethird of the sector border [was] seas,
canals or rivers," he said. "By showing and explaining
its various elements, people will get to know that it
was not just a wall."
Wichmann's collection269 reflects how the wall
changed, yet always remained a physical and ideologi-
cal barrier.
Page 254
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
"I intend to show the different aspects of the
border fortifications and how they were used to
strengthen the impression of a border not possible to
cross by any means," he said.
'Tear down this wall'
The collection will also highlight the human
and cultural sides of the wall. It didn't just divide the
city into two parts.
West Berlin270 was completely closed off from
the rest of the city and from the surrounding parts of
Page 255
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
East Germany — making it effectively an island in a
hostile political sea.
The wall became a symbol of Europe's ideo-
logical divisions, and it was a prominent feature in
Western efforts to bring the Cold War to an end:
The U.S. President Ronald Reagan called on
his Soviet counterpart, Mikhail Gorbachev, to "tear
down this wall" in a speech in West Berlin in 1987.
After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989271,
Germany was reunified and East Germany cast off its
links to the crumbling Soviet Union.
Page 256
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
For now, Wichmann's lapidarium of Berlin
Wall relics is only occasionally open for guided tours,
but he hopes to get the artifacts into a state where they
can be permanently displayed.
He also hopes to have the collection rendered
as digital threedimensional models that can be viewed
online by anyone.
Among his main interests, he said, are the
"special checkpoints" of the Berlin Wall where trains,
ships and even garbage trucks were allowed to cross272.
Page 257
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Such gateways were separate from the vehicle cross-
ings, like the famous "Checkpoint Charlie."
"These passages through the Wall were,
from the GDR's view, dangerous, as there had to be
very strict and constant controls, but on the other hand,
they were necessary, as they also guaranteed the col-
lecting of foreign currency," he said.
He is also interested in artifacts that show
the activities of East German soldiers stationed along
the wall.
"We should regard the members of the border
troops as an integral part of the Berlin Wall, but on the
Page 258
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
other hand, as people within the East German society,
also during their duty," he said.
"This 'human factor' of the Berlin Wall
should never be forgotten at all, and in the end, it was
the autonomous decision of an officer at the border that
finally opened up the Wall on Nov. 9 in 1989," Wich-
mann said273.
Page 259
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chapter14 Personal Reflections
I would like to bring this intellectual con-
versation to a close with an utterance espoused by
Stephen Stenning under the caption Destroying cultur-
al heritage: more than just material damage What is
cultural heritage274?
The word ‘culture’ is sometimes used to re-
fer to the highest intellectual endeavours and the pur-
suit of perfection and beauty.
As the poet and critic Matthew Arnold put
it, culture is 'the best that has been thought and known
in the world'.
Page 260
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
We now more commonly think of culture as
being about beliefs, customs, language and arts of a
particular society, group, place, or time and the sym-
bols and expression of shared values, traditions and
customs.
Cultural heritage is typically understood to
be built heritage, monuments related to culture such as
museums, religious buildings, ancient structures and
sites.
However, we should also include the slight-
ly less material things, i.e., stories, poems, plays,
recipes, customs, fashions, designs, music, songs and
Page 261
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
ceremonies of a place, as cultural heritage. These are
vital expressions of a culture and just as important.
Why should we protect cultural heritage?
Societies have long sought to protect and
preserve their cultural heritage, for reasons ranging
from education to historical research to the desire to re-
inforce a sense of identity.
In times of war and conflict, cultural identi-
ty and cultural heritage become all the more important.
Buildings, monuments and symbols of culture that
speak of shared roots acquire an increased signifi-
cance.
Page 262
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Accordingly, they can become targets of vi-
olent and oppressive action that seeks to destroy the
symbols valued by enemies or the iconography associ-
ated with alternative faiths and traditions275.
Page 263
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chapter 15 ConclusionReflections
I would like to bring this intellectual con-
versation to a close.
In view of the fact that I have always been
fascinated with the fact that according to the tradition
that has crystallized276 around it over two millennia,
the vernicle is the cloth with which a pious Jerusalem
woman compassionately dried the face of the suffering
Christ on the road to his crucifixion at Calvary;
and upon which his visage was miraculous-
ly imprinted in photographic facsimile. Some versions
of the welter of legend now surrounding it tell how this
Page 264
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
hallowed item was carried to Rome and presented to
the Emperor Tiberius, whom it is said to have cured.
Endorsed with indulgences and exposed for public
veneration by the papacy, it was popularized in pen
and paint by authors and artists in the later Middle
Ages.
Concomitantly within this environment I
have therefore thought that it was prudent tohave a
conversation titled Relics of Culture discoursed
through the lens of a Media Arts Specialist sinceI have
endeavored with a passionto seek information; 277
Page 265
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
and preserve culture by continuously creat-
ing discussions despite the fact that traditions are the
guideposts driven by appreciation278, buildings, ob-
jects, landscapes or other artifacts of historical signifi-
cance within the context of Relics
Page 266
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chapter 16 Conclusions
The Relics of Culture Volume 1, is theorize
abstract conversation about the culture of Relics which
are inextricably link;
They are not antithesis;
However, this discourse is framed and cor-
roborated in 30,544 words, 1,604 paragraphs,16 chap-
ters, and 346 pages.
The Relics of Cultureconversation is a pre-
text to discourse and examine in a context the explic-
itness and the specificity of cultural relic279 which an
Page 267
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
object esteemed and venerated because of association
with a saint or martyr something that is from a past
time, place, culture, etc.
Extracting pertinent information regarding
the following
Page 268
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
A number of relics283 are claimed to be as-
sociated with Jesus and have been displayed through-
out the history of Christianity. While some individuals
believe in the authenticity of Jesus relics, others doubt
their validity.
Page 269
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
railway relics"
Chinese cultural relics forbidden to be ex-
hibited abroad comprises a list of antiquities and ar-
chaeological artifacts held by various museums and
other institutions in the People's Republic of China,
which the Chinese government has officially prohibit-
ed, since 2003, from being taken abroad for exhibition.
Page 270
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Chinese cultural relics forbidden to be exhibited
abroad Some of the relics of Thomas Becket286 have
returned to the UK for the first time in centuries What
do you think about Relics?List of relics287.
grimage.html
grimage.html
Page 271
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
of time, 10 Fascinating Cultures290 That May Soon
Disappear
of time function in the spheres of memory, history, and
heritage.,
Page 272
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Fascinating Cultures brought together by
historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, and schol-
ars of religion 291 from various angles and with diverse
intellectual That May Soon Disappear
Page 273
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
life on Earth.
In this academic space has unearth facts
that indicate that Memorials295 become relics296 which

Page 274
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
are fixed in time at the moment of their manufacture
stir our modern conscience while a contact relic, or
secondary relic, is a physical object which has acquired
the status of a relic due to a physical closeness to the
body of a holy figure297
ISBN 9789769631373
ISBN 0299234436
Page 275
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
About the Author William Anderson Gittens
IDEOLOGY
Page 276
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Developing and growing in the context of excellence,
professionalism and quality in Multimedia Services
Married
Children Lisa Gittens and Laron Gittens
2018 Produced an outside broadcast at Wesleyan Holi-
ness Church the Barbados District for Retired Educator
Mrs. Shirley Smithen
2018 Produced Multimedia DocumentaryBelmont
Methodist Church Celebrating 180 Years in Barbados
2017 Produced Multimedia Trailer Codrington College
Estate Committee
2017 Produced Centennial Multimedia Documentary
& Murals Carrington Wesleyan Holiness Church
Page 277
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
2015 CEO/Managing Director Consultant Devgro Me-
dia Arts Services
2011Project Manager Thorsby
EDUCATION:
20042006 Post Masters work at the University of the
West Indies Cave Hill Campus Cultural Studies
2002 Management Course BIMAP
1995 Bachelors of Arts in Media Arts Jersey City State
Universityspecial concentration pre and postproduction
1992 General Education Diploma (U.S.A.)
1992 pursued the Diploma Video Production at the
Barbados Community College.
Page 278
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
1991 Diploma in Communication Arts at the Universi-
ty of the West Indies the course concentrated primarily
upon public speaking; Journalism techniques, Writing
and speaking; Audio and video production, and the le-
gal aspect of journalism.
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2015 CEO ,Managing Director, Consultant, 12th Jan-
uary 2015, Devgro Media Arts Services was registered
in the Register of Business Names under No. 54463
and a Member of Small Business Association #
20912Devgro Media Arts Services
Wewill develop and grow in what we do best in this
Global Spacein the context of Excellence, Profession-
Page 279
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
alism and Quality in the production of Multimedia
PowerPoint Presentations for
Anniversaries,Birthdays,Conference Planning,Consul-
t a n c y
Services,Documentaries,Funerals,Graduations,Publish-
ing andWeddings ..
July 48 2011 Coordinator 47th Caribbean Food Crops
Society Conference
Managing a budget of BDS. $200.000.00 dollars as
well as managing the logistical aspect of the confer-
ence, networking information to international dele-
gates, soliciting sponsorship, coordination 12 sub-
committees, drafting the president’s speech,
Page 280
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Liaising with the following;the Chief Immigration Of-
ficer requesting the waiving of visas for international
delegates from Haiti, ChiefProtocol Officer Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade regarding seating of
diplomats and specially invited guests. Ministry of
Health, requesting information of the countries that
will require vaccinations to facilitate their at Confer-
ence; CEO at Grantley Adams International Airport In-
corporated requesting passes for Liaison Officers and
Transportation Officers in facilitating delegates.
The Commissioner of Police requesting Police Officers
to provide security and to serve on the Protocol Com-
mittee for the conference.
Page 281
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Managed a budget of BDS$110,489.91the 21st Con-
ference of the World Organisation for Animal Health
(OIE) Regional Commission for the Americas held in
Barbados November 2629, 2012 at two hundred and
fortythree thousand six hundred dollars
(BDS$110,489.91) Barbados dollars;
AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER OCTOBER 2000:
1.13.75
2.A Portrait of Civilization Volume 1
3.Barbados in Review Vol.1,
4.Belmont Methodist Church Celebrating 180 Vol.1
5.Bridgetown Barbados Vol.1
6.Building for the Future Vol.1,
Page 282
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
7.Carrington Village Vol.1
8.Constitution & Culture Vol.1
9.Codrington College Vol.1
10.Colour Me Vol.1,
11.Conduit Vol.1
12.Digital Insurgency Vol.1
13.Established in Barbados Vol.1,
14.Established in Barbados Vol.2,
15.Excerpts from Icons Vol.1
16.Expressions of a Century Vol.1
17.Focus Vol.1,
18.Global Landmarks Vol.1
19.Have You Considered This Approach? Vol.1,
Page 283
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
20.Illustrations Vol.1
21.Images of Yesteryear in Barbados Vol. 2,
22.Images of Yesteryear in Barbados volume 1,
23.Is the Pen Mightier Than the Sword Vol.1?
24.Shades of a Global Culture Vol.1https://youtu.be/
HR18nlWshCA
25.Is There Anything New Under The Sun? Vol.1,
26.It’s the Lens Vol.1
27.It’s The Lens Vol.2
28.It’s The Lens Vol.3
29.Land Marks Vol.1,
30.Mediterranean Memories.Vol.1
31.Mia the Leader Vol.1
Page 284
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
32.Mise en scene Vol.1,
33.Monuments Vol.1,
34.Our Matriarch Vol.1
35.People of Conversation Vol.1,
36.People Vol.1,
37.People Vol.2,
38.Singular Island Vol.1
39.Social Psychology of Culture Vol.1
40.Technique Demonstration Vol.1,
41.The Children of Immigrants Vol.1,
42.The Launch Vol.1
43.The Space They Occupy Vol.1
44.The Optics Vol.1
Page 285
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
45.Through The Lens of a Media Arts Specialist Vol1
46.To Classic or not to Classic Vol.1
47.What’s That In Your Hand Vol.1
48.Who’s Culture Is It Anyway Vol.1
49.Why Little England? Vol.1
50.Narratives Vol.1
51.TheCultural SpheresVol.1
52.The Value of Culture Vol1
53.The Soul of Culture Vol1
54.The Humanity of Culture Vol1
55. Who/What Holds Your Culture Vol1
56. Reparations ! A Global Cultural Discourse Vol.1
57. What Is The Colour of Culture Vol.1
Page 286
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
58.Matrix! A Global Cultural Discourse Vol.1
59. A Slice of Culture Vol.1
60.What Practitioners Believe Vol.1
61. The Foreword of Culture Vol.1
62. The Relics of Culture Vol.1
Editor In Chief 19921994 Duties included setting up
meetings to discuss tender proposals. With prospective
tenders of publishing firms and photography firms for
selection.
Managed a staff of ten students; managed a budget of
$35,000.00 to $50,000.00 in U.S. currency pages, lay-
ing out pages press ready.
Page 287
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Taking photographs of students and activities on cam-
pus
1992 1994 Member of the Judicial Committee Jersey
City State University Duties included listening to stu-
dent's complaints that contravened the institutions 'reg-
ulations.
1990 ~ 1991 Seconded to the Faculty of Education,
University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus. Du-
ties included preparing workshops for CARNEID and
UNESCO.
Teaching graphic arts, video and still photography to
teachers in the Dip Ed Programme and Masters pro-
gramme Graphic Artist
Page 288
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
1990 1991 Technical Assistant Ministry of Education,
Youth Affairs and Sports Audio Visual Aids Depart-
ment. Dutiesprocessing black and white, colour film
and Transparencies slide, graphic arts and illustrations.
19831988 1 Official Composite Artists of The Royal
Barbados Police Force Duties included sketching com-
posites of suspects, stolen items jewelry from written
information,
1989 –2005 Freelance Photojournalist –Caribbean
Broadcasting Corporation Duties field assignments,
live broadcast, and shell umbra cup football Jazz festi-
val, Arial photography
Page 289
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
19781979 Supervisor at Barbados Knitting and Spin-
ning
19722015 Member of the Barbados Regiment and the
Barbados Boys Scouts Association
HONORS AND AWARDS
➢ Inducted in the Hall of Professionals of St.Giles
Primary
➢ Recipient of the 12th International Prestigious Scout
Award Arco Italy
➢ Presented to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of
England for outstanding contributions in the field of
art.
Page 290
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
➢ Presented to His Excellency Governor General Sir
Hugh Springer for outstanding contributions in the
field of art and Scouting in Barbados.
➢ Received Special accreditation from Hackney Eng-
land International Art Exhibition.
➢ Designer of postage stamps commemorating 60
years of scouting in Barbados
Page 291
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Works Cited
"Asoka and the BuddhaRelics". ntu.edu.tw.
"Bodh Gaya sacred relics to be showcased in Bhutan".
KuenselOnline.
"BOROBUDUR (INDONESIA)". ebscohost.com.
"Buddha remains" unveiled in east China temple âXin-
hua". News.xinhuanet.com. 20100612. Retrieved
20111017.
"Buddhist relics bring attention to Rosemead temple".
latimes.
"Buddhist relics to be housed in Orissa museum
News". inewsone.com.
Page 292
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
"Concept and Planning of Global Vipassana Pagoda
Global Vipassana Pagoda". globalpagoda.org.
"Half Day Tour In Vientiane". Lasi Global. May 1,
2009. Retrieved September 26, 2009
"Lifeinkorea". Retrieved 20101214.
"Lord Buddha's Relics Presented to Malaysian Bud-
dhists". nalanda.org.my.
"Moon Spotlight Chiang Mai & Northern Thailand".
google.com.
"NPNF201. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History,
Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine
Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org.
Page 293
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
"Once offlimits, Mon State reveals its beauty". Re-
trieved 20170903.
"Origin of BTRTM". Archived from the original on
20111006. Retrieved 20110105.
"Relics of St Paul discovered". Independent Catholic
News.
"Saint Helena Queen and Widow". anglican-
catholic.org. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
"Samadhi Vihara Buddhist Missionary Society Ma-
laysia". bmsm.org.my.
"Samadhi Vihara Buddhist Missionary Society Ma-
laysia". bmsm.org.my.
Page 294
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
"Soft launch of the Buddha Tooth Relic Temple & Mu-
seum, Singapore". Retrieved 20110105
"Than Shwe's New Pagoda Hides More than a Buddha
Relic". The Irrawaddy. March 10, 2009. Archived from
the original on 20100811. Retrieved 20131020.
"The History of the Holy Chalice", Official website of
the Valencia cathedral The Holy Chalice of the Lord
Supper
"The Shroud of Turin is the single, most studied arti-
fact in human history" statement considered as "widely
accepted" in Lloyd A Currie, The Remarkable Metro-
logical History of Radiocarbon Dating [II] Archived
Page 295
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
20101206 at the Wayback Machine, J. Res. Natl. Inst.
Stand. Technol. 109, 2004, p. 200.
"Tongdosa Temple, Busan, South Korea íµëì¬
(éåº¦å¯º), ë¶ì°ì". orientalarchitecture.com.
"Where to See Religious Relics in Rome, Italy".
about.com.
"å«éå®å½". The Chinese Cultural Heritage Protection
Web Site.
9 4 ä » ¶ ä ¸ ç º § æ ç © å å ¥ " ç ¬ ¬ ä ¸ æ ¹ ç ¦ æ-
¢åºå¢å~+mn~è§æç©ç®å½" (in Chinese). Chinanews.
19 August 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
A. Srivathsan. "Gautama Buddha, Four Bones And
Three Countries"
Page 296
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Three Countries".
Three Countries".
Arpan Shrestha (2007). http://www.buddhistchan-
nel.tv/index.php?id=41,5693,0,0,1,0#.UmS3qflJOSo
Artifact vs Relic What's the difference?
Aston, W. G. (2008). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan
from the Earliest Times. New York: Cosimo, Inc. ISBN
9781605201467.
Baira Tsedenova. "Kirsan Ilyumzhinov to become a
custodian of the Buddha Shakyamuni relics". fide.com.
Page 297
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Bassett, L. (ed) (2000) Earth and Faith: A Book of Re-
flection for Action, UNEP.
Belin, JulienLÃ©onard (1843), Le Simplon et l'Italie
septentrionale: promenades et pÃ¨lerinages (in
French), BelinLeprieur, p. 218
BendikKeymer, Jeremy David (August 2014). "The
Religion of the Future (book review)". Notre Dame
Philosophical Reviews. 37.
Brendan Whiting, 2006, The Shroud Story, Harbour
Publishing, ISBN 064645725X
Chapman, Bonaventure (2014). "Religious Atheism
and the Beautiful". Dominica. 57 (2): 7â23.
Page 298
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Cite error: The named reference en.chinagate.cn was
invoked but never defined
Colin Evans, 2002 A question of evidence ISBN
0471440140 page 10
Cruz 2003, p. 200
Damon, P. E.; D. J. Donahue; B. H. Gore; A. L.
Hatheway; A. J. T. Jull; T. W. Linick; P. J. Sercel; L. J.
Toolin; C. R. Bronk; E. T. Hall; R. E. M. Hedges; R.
Housley; I. A. Law; C. Perry; G. Bonani; S. Trumbore;
W. Woelfli; J. C. Ambers; S. G. E. Bowman; M. N.
Leese; M. S. Tite (February 1989), "Radiocarbon dat-
ing of the Shroud of Turin", Nature, 337 (6208):
611â615, doi:10.1038/337611a0, retrieved 20071118.
Page 299
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Dillenberger 1999, p. 5
Dindorf, p. 67.
Donald S. Lope Jr. "Buddha".
Ekroth, "Heroes and HeroCult", pp. 110â111.
Ekroth, "Heroes and HeroCult", pp. 110â111.
Electa Draper. "Historical relics of the Buddha and
other masters displayed in Denver".
Euripides, Heracleides 1032â34; Aeschylus, Eu-
menides 763ff.
F_100542. "Myanmar marks 2600 anniversary of
Shwedagon Pagoda". people.com.cn.
Page 300
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Gardner, G. (2002) Invoking the Spirit: Religion and
Spirituality in the Quest for a Sustainable World,
Worldwatch Paper No.164, Worldwatch Institute.
Goenka, S.N. (2007). For The Benefit Of Many. Vipas-
sana Research Institute. ISBN 8174142304
Gunnel Ekroth, "Heroes and HeroCult", in A Compan-
ion to Greek Religion (Blackwell, 2010), pp. 110â111.
Herodotus, Histories 1.46, as cited by Fainlight and
Herodotus, Histories 8.134 and Aeschylus, Seven
Against Thebes 587â588, as cited by Fainlight and
Houlden 2003, vol. 2, p. 66
Page 301
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
h t t p : / / e n g l i s h . v i s i t k o r e a . o r. k r / e n u / C U /
CU_EN_8_3_1_4.jsp
http://listverse.com/2014/10/17/10fascinatingcul-
turesthatmaysoondisappear/
Page 302
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Page 303
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/
201006/12/c_13346882.htm
http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1424/
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/beijing/201212/19/con-
tent_16031223.htm
h t t p : / / w w w. c u l t u r e u n b o u n d . e p . l i u . s e / v 6 / a 5 9 /
cu14v6a59.pdf
Page 304
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
cu14v6a59.pdf
cu14v6a59.pdf
cu14v6a59.pdf
http://www.lankalibrary.com/
http://www.sudariumchristi.com/uk/tomb/com-
pare.htm
http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_c/
mod10.html
http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_c/
mod10.html
Page 305
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
http://www.visitourchina.com/guide/attractionguide/
historicalrelics.html
http://www.wiseoldsayings.com/culturequotes/Edward
T. Hall
http://www.wiseoldsayings.com/culturequotes/Ellen
Goodman
http://www.wiseoldsayings.com/culturequotes/Johan
Huizinga
http://www.wiseoldsayings.com/culturequotes/Johan
Huizinga
http://www.wiseoldsayings.com/culturequotes/John
Podhoretz
Page 306
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
http://www.wiseoldsayings.com/culturequotes/Mary
Douglas
http://www.wiseoldsayings.com/culturequotes/U. G.
Krishnamurti
https://brainly.ph/question/287438
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic
Page 307
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relics_associated_with-
_Buddha
_Buddha
_Buddha
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relics_associated_with_-
Jesus
Jesus
Jesus
Page 308
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Jesus
Jesus#CITEREFGriffin2001
Jesus#CITEREFWilson1991
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Religion_of_the_-
Future
Page 309
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Religion_of_the_-
Future
https://wikidiff.com/artifact/relic
https://wikidiff.com/artifact/relic
https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew.
26:27â26:28
https://www.bing.com/search?
q=historical+relics+meaning&qs=AS&pq=historical+r
elics&sk=AS1&sc=517&cvid=37D2F08AC1A34BC8
8734BDD96F04AF1E&FORM=QBLH&sp=2&adlt=st
rict
Page 310
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
rict
rict
https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/culture Paulo
Coelho
https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/relice .Eugene
Kennedy
Page !311 of !345

ISBN 9789769631373
https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/relicHenry Wax-
man
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/danubecoughsupwwi-
irelics/
irelics/
irelics/
irelics/
irelics/
Page 312
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
irelics/
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article3604319/Re-
licmurderedarchbishopThomasBecketEnglandpilgrim-
age.html
age.html
age.html
h t t p s : / / w w w. f a i t h a n d c u l t u r e . c o m / h o m e /
2019/1/17whatdoyouthinkaboutrelics
Page 313
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/culturaldiffer-
ences Rasheed Ogunlaru
https://www.livescience.com/29263iron.html
Page 314
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/relic
https://www.merriamwebster.com/thesaurus/relic
https://www.merriamwebster.com/thesaurus/relic
https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religiouspro-
jections20102050/
https://www.quora.com/Whydoestraditionalculturedis-
appear
Page 315
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
I am referring, indirectly, to the Mozambican philoso-
pher, Severino Ngoenha, who in his book From Inde-
pendences to the Liberties, develops the idea that the
main task of an African Philosophy is to help people to
contribute in drawing a better future for themselves
and for Africa. He resumes African Philosophy as
âmission futureâ Ngoenha, S. (1992) Das Indepen-
deÌncias aÌs Liberdades, EdicÌ§oÌes Paulinas, Maputo.
Page 316
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
âmission futureâ. Ngoenha, S. (1992) Das Indepen-
Page 317
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Ian Wilson, Holy Faces, Secret Places, page 161
Irvine, Andrew (June 2015). "The Religion of the Fu-
ture (review)". Journal of the American Academy of
Religion. 83 (2): 554â568.
J. Jaworski , G. Fanti 3D PROCESSING TO EVI-
DENCE CHARACTERISTICS REPRESENTED IN
MANOPPELLO VEIL (article)
Page 318
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
JanekovicRomer, Zdenka (1996), Javni rituali u poli-
tickom diskursu humanistickog Dubrovnika (in Croat-
ian), Zavod za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskog fakulteta
Zagreb Institute of Croatian history, Faculty of Philos-
ophy Zagreb, p. 78
John 20:6
John Marshall, A Guide to Sanchi, 1918 p.46ff (Public
Domain text)
John Rogers. "Relics Transform Small California Bud-
dhist Temple".
John S. Strong (2007). Relics of the Buddha. p. 72.
ISBN 0691117640.
Page 319
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
ISBN 0691117640.
ISBN 0691117640.
ISBN 0691117640.
ISBN 9788120831391.
Justin Thomas McDaniel (2011). The Lovelorn Ghost
and the Magical Monk: Practicing Buddhism in Mod-
ern Thailand. ISBN 9780231527545.
K. Kris Hirst. "Bones of the Buddha Secrets of the
Dead". About.com Education.
Page 320
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
K. Kris Hirst. "Bones of the Buddha Secrets of the
Dead". About.com Education
K.R. Norman (1983). Pali Literature. ISBN
9783447022859.
Mahindarama Buddhist Temple : 85 Years of History
(1918 2003). George Town, Penang: Mahindarama
Dhamma Publication. 2004.
Margaret Aston, Faith and Fire Continuum Publishing,
1993 ISBN 1852850736 p. 272
Marshall, John H. (1909): "Archaeological Exploration
in India, 19089." (Section on: "The stÅ«pa of Kanish-
ka and relics of the Buddha"). Journal of the Royal
Asiatic Society, 1909, pp. 10561061
Page 321
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
McLeod, pp. 70â75.
Metawise LLC. "Buddha Relic was introduced to the
public". infomongolia.com. Archived from the original
on 20131005. Retrieved 20131020.
Michael McDonnell (2007). Lost Treasures of the
Bible. ISBN 1847533167. page 31.
MORGAN WHITAKER, AOL.COM https://
search.aol.com/aol/search?
Page 322
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Page 323
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Page 324
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
search.aol.com/aol/search?https://www.aol.com/article/
news/2017/01/16/drmartinlutherkings.
Notre Dame de Paris Veneration of the Crown
Archived 20101028 at the Wayback Machine
Notre Dame de Paris Veneration of the Crown
Archived 20101028 at the Wayback Machine
Pausanias 9.30.4â5, as cited and discussed by Nagy,
pp. 212.
Page 325
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Philostratus, Heroicus 5.3 and Life of Apollonius 4.14;
Joseph Falaky Nagy, "Hierarchy, Heroes, and Heads:
IndoEuropean Structures in Greek Myth", in Ap-
proaches to Greek Myth (Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1990), pp. 210â212. Ancient Greek vase paint-
ings also depict the head of Orpheus prophesying.
Plutarch, Demetrius 53 and Phocion 37â38, English
translations at LacusCurtius.
Plutarch, Theseus 36, Bill Thayer's edition of the Loeb
Classical Library translation at LacusCurtius.
Pope John Paul II (19980524), Pope John Paul II's ad-
dress in Turin Cathedral, Holy See
Page 326
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Pope to Venerate Holy Grail, Zenit News, 20060707,
archived from the original on 20100725
Read more at: https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/
eugene_kennedy_725041?src=t_relic
Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the
People's Republic of China on Protection of Cultural
Relics, State Administration of Cultural Heritage, 29
October 2007, archived from the original on 19 March
2012
Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the
People's Republic of China on Protection of Cultural
Relics, State Administration of Cultural Heritage, 29
Page 327
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
October 2007, archived from the original on 19 March
2012
Richard SALOMON and Gregory SCHOPEN (2002).
"Sarira and Scepter: Empress Wu's Political Use of
Buddhist Relics". Journal of the International Associa-
tion of Buddhist Studies.
Richard SALOMON and Gregory SCHOPEN (2002).
"Sarira and Scepter: Empress Wu's Political Use of
Buddhist Relics". Journal of the International Associa-
tion of Buddhist Studies.
Robinson, M. and Picard, D. (2006) Tourism, Culture
and Sustainable Development, Division of Cultural
Policies and Intercultural Dialogue, UNESCO.
Page 328
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Ruffin 1999, p. 47
Ruth Fainlight and Robert J. Littman, The Theban
Plays: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus,
Antigone (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), p.
xii.
Ryan, Karen L. (2009), Stalin in Russian Satire,
1917â1991, Univ of Wisconsin Press, pp. 157â159,
ISBN 0299234436
Senior (2008), pp. 2527.
Snoek, Godefridus (1995), Medieval Piety from Relics
to the Eucharist, Leiden: E.J. Brill, p. 248, ISBN
9789004102637
Page 329
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Spooner, D. B. (19089): "Excavations at ShÄhjiD-
herÄ«." Archaeological Survey of India, p. 49.
Spooner, D. B. (1908â9): "Excavations at ShÄhjiD-
herÄ«." Archaeological Survey of India, p. 49.
Stephen C. Berkwitz, ed. (20060101). Buddhism in
World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. p. 159.
ISBN 9781851097821.
St John the Baptist's bones 'found in Bulgarian
monastery' The Telegraph, 4 August 2010
Strong 2007, p. 1.
Strong 2007, p. 4.
Strong 2007, p. 7.
Strong 2007, p. 64.
Page 330
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Strong 2007, p. 65.
Strong 2007, p. 6667.
Strong 2007, p. 7374.
Strong 2007, p. 74.
Strong 2007, p. 75.
Strong 2007, p. 82.
Strong 2007, p. 91.
Strong 2007, p. 92.
Strong 2007, p. 133134.
Strong 2007, p. 133134.
Strong 2007, p. 136137.
Strong 2007, p. 143.
Strong 2007, p. 143.
Page 331
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Strong 2007, p. 160167.
Strong 2007, p. 160171.
Strong 2007, p. 180.
Strong 2007, p. 180.
Strong 2007, p. 181.
Strong 2007, p. 182183.
Strong 2007, p. 182.
Strong 2007, p. 185.
Strong 2007, p. 187.
Strong 2007, p. 187.
Strong 2007, p. 188.
Strong 2007, p. 188.
Strong 2007, p. 192.
Page 332
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Strong 2007, p. 192.
Strong 2007, p. 192.
Strong 2007, p. 193194.
Strong 2007, p. 193.
Strong 2007, p. 196.
Strong 2007, p. 198.
Strong 2007, p. 201.
Strong 2007, p. 203.
Strong 2007, p. 205.
Strong 2007, p. 206.
Strong 2007, p. 207.
Strong 2007, p. 212.
Strong 2007, p. 213.
Page 333
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Strong 2007, p. 215.
Strong 2007, p. 224.
Strong 2007, p. 225.
Strong 2007, p. 226.
Strong 2007, p. xiii.
Strong 2007, p. xiv.
Susan E. Alcock, "Tomb Cult and the PostClassical Po-
lis", American Journal of Archaeology 95 (1991), p.
447.
Page 334
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The Face of God: The Rediscovery of the True Face of
Jesus, Igantius Press, Paul badde, 2010.
The Korea Herald. "Buddha's sarira removed from
Bulguksa pagoda". koreaherald.com.
The sole responsibility for the content of each Tenta-
tive List lies with the State Party concerned. The publi-
cation of the Tentative Lists does not imply the expres-
sion of any opinion whatsoever of the World Heritage
Committee or of the World Heritage Centre or of the
Secretariat of UNESCO concerning the legal status of
any country, territory, city or area or of its boundaries.
Property names are listed in the language in which they
have been submitted by the State Party
Page 335
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The Tentative Lists of States Parties are published by
the World Heritage Centre at its website and/or in
working documents in order to ensure transparency,
access to information and to facilitate harmonization of
Tentative Lists at regional and thematic levels.
Thurston, Herbert (1913). "Chalice" . In Herbermann,
Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert
Appleton Company.
Thurston, Herbert (1913). "Holy Nails" . In Herber-
mann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York:
Page 336
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Thurston, Herbert (1913). "Holy Nails" . In Herber-
mann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York:
ThÃch Äá»ng Bá» (20010628). "CHÃA XÃ»¢I:
TRUYá»N THá»& Äáº¶C ÄM VÄN HÃA". Bud-
dhism Today (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 20080204.
UNESCO (2014). "Ramagrama, the relic stupa of Lord
Buddha". Tentative Lists. Paris: UNESCO World Her-
itage Centre. Retrieved 20141130.
UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Wat Phra Mahathat
Woramahawihan, Nakhon Si Thammarat". unesco.org.
Page 337
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Unger, Roberto Mangabeira (2014). The Religion of
the Future. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
ISBN 9780674729070.
VÃµ VÄn TÆ°á» "CÃ¡c chÃ¹a Nam Bá» (in Viet-
namese). Buddhism Today. Retrieved 20080428.
XVI International Botanical Congress. "Botanical Evi-
dence Indicates 'Shroud Of Turin' Originated In
Jerusalem Area Before 8th Century". ScienceDaily.
ScienceDaily, 3 August 1999. <www.sciencedaily.com/
releases/1999/08/990803073154.htm>.
^ "'Buddha remains' unveiled in East China temple".
China Daily. 20100612. Retrieved 20111017.
Page 338
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
^ "Devotees all set for Wesak Day Community | The
Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved
20170706.
^ "Mahindarama Buddhist Temple". www.mahindara-
matemple.com. Retrieved 20170706.
^ "PJ's Thai Buddhist temple gets new stupa Commu-
nity | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Re-
trieved 20170706.
^ "Pleasetakemeto". Archived from the original on
20100714. Retrieved 20101214.
^ Daily Telegraph article on Carbon dating https://
www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/
2008/02/25/nshroud125.xml
Page 339
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
^ Ds. Aung 2015, p. 1617.
^ Gove, H E (1990), "Dating the Turin ShroudAn As-
sessment" (PDF), Radiocarbon, 32 (32:1, 87â92):
87â92, doi:10.1017/S0033822200039990, retrieved
20090627.
^ Joe Nickell. "Claims of Invalid "Shroud" Radiocar-
bon Date Cut from Whole Cloth". Skeptical Inquirer.
Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved 20091006.
^ Lorenzi, Rossella. "Shroud of Turin's Authenticity
Probed Anew". Discovery Channel. Discovery Com-
munications. Archived from the original on 20080403.
Retrieved 20080330.
Page 340
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
^ Paul Vignon, 2002 The Shroud of Christ ISBN
1885395965 page 3
^ Shroud mystery refuses to go away: BBC News 2008
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7307646.stm
^ Template:Url=https://www.google.com/amp/s/
www.cbsnews.com/amp/news/notredamecathedralfire-
^ Template:Url=https://www.google.com/amp/s/
www.cbsnews.com/amp/news/notredamecathedralfire-
The Central People's Government of the People's Re-
public of China, 23 May 2005
Beijing Global Culture Information Technology
Page 341
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
The Chinese Cultural Heritage Protection Web Site
State Administration of Cultural Heritage, 28 October
2007
»ç~+mn~») (in Chinese). State Administration of Cul-
tural Heritage. 11 June 2012. Retrieved 3 February
2015.
Page 342
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Page 343
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
Page 344
! of 345
!
ISBN 9789769631373
ISBN 9789769631373
Page 345
! of 345
!

The Relics of Culture Vol.1 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

The Relics of Culture Vol.1 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

ISBN 9789769631373

I have always been fascinated by utterances

asserted by Alexandra Walsham.

Walsham has argued that “tradition that has

crystallized1 around it over two millennia, the vernicle

is the cloth with which a pious Jerusalem woman com-

passionately dried the face of the suffering Christ on

the road to his crucifixion at Calvary;

And upon which his visage was miracu-

lously imprinted in photographic facsimile.

Some versions of the welter of legend now

surrounding it tell how this hallowed item was carried

to Rome and presented to the Emperor Tiberius, whom

it is said to have cured.

Endorsed with indulgences and exposed for

public veneration by the papacy, it was popularized in

pen and paint by authors and artists in the later Middle

The deconstruction of Alexandra Wal-

sham’s utterances is the reason for this conversation

The Relics of Culture.

This text is discoursed through the lens of

a Media Arts Specialist .

What is equally important in this environ-

ment I have endeavoured with a passionto seek infor-

mation; 2and at the same time preserve culture by con-

tinuously creating discussions despite the fact that tra-

ditions are the guideposts driven by appreciation3,

buildings, objects, landscapes or other artifacts of his-

torical significance within the context of Relics;

These historical objects namely architec-

ture, buildings, objects, landscapes or other artifacts of

historical nature are of significance.

Artifacts 4 refer to simple objects that a

human created in the past.

These objects usually had a practical appli-

cation and were deemed useful in some form.

Artifacts are often studied by social, philo-

sophical and archaeological scientists.

There5 are also characterized as an object

remaining from a particular period and which had a

4 Artifact vs Relic What's the difference?

Conversely, the relic are objects surviving

from an earlier time, especially one of historical or

There are also an object esteemed and ven-

erated because of an association of a saint or a martyr.

That which remains; that which is left after

loss or decay; a remaining portion.

Something old kept for sentimental reasons.

(religion) A part of the body of a saint, or an ancient re-

ligious object, kept for veneration.

By comparison with synonyms, relic' em-

phasizes ''age,'' and to some degree ''value'' – a “' relic

of a lost civilization” surviving from an earlier time,

especially one of historical or sentimental interest.7

Importantly, Memorials 8 become relics9

which are fixed in time at the moment of their manu-

facture stir our modern conscience especially a contact

relic, or secondary relic, is a physical object which has

acquired the status of a relic due to a physical close-

ness to the body of a holy figure10.

William Anderson Gittens

9 https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/relice .Eugene Kennedy

The Relics of Culture Volume1