Laplace Transform

Continuous time LTI system with impulse response h(t), the response y[t] of
the system to a complex exponential input to form est is
y[t] = H(s) est , where H(s) = ∫ h(t)e−st
For s imaginary (s = ) the integral in above equation corresponds to the
Fourier transform of h(t). For general values of complex variable s it is
referred to as the Laplace transform of impulse response h(t).
( )|s = = F{x(t)} = ( ) =∫ x(t) dt

Laplace transform pair

x(t) = ∫ ( )est Inverse Laplace Transform (synthesis equation)

( ) =∫ x(t) e−st Laplace transform or Analysis equation

 Region of Convergence For Laplace Transform
1. ROC of X(s)consists of strips parallel to the -axis in the s- plane.
∫ ( ) <∞

2. For rational Laplace transforms, the ROC does not contain any poles.
3 −2 ( ) LT (s-1)/(s2+3s+2)

3. If x(t) is of finite duration and is absolutely integrable (∫ ( ) < ∞ ),

then the ROC is the entire s-plane.
Maximum value of is ;∫ ( ) < ∫ ( )
If <0, then; ∫ ( ) < ∫ ( ) ;ROC = Re(s)>0

4. If x(t) is right sided, and if the line Re(s) = 0 is in the ROC, then all values of
s for which Re(s) > 0 will also be in the ROC.
 Region of Convergence For Laplace Transform

5. If x(t) is left sided, and if the line Re(s) = 0 is in the ROC, then all values of s
for which Re(s) < 0 will also be in the ROC.
6. If x(t) is two sided, and if the line Re(s) = 0 is in the ROC, then ROC will
consist of a strip in the s –plane that includes the line Re(s) = 0 .
7. If the Laplace transform X(s) of x(t) is rational, then its ROC is bounded by
poles or extends to infinity. No poles of X(s) are contained in the ROC.
8. If the Laplace transform X(s) of x(t) is rational, then if x(t) is right sided /
left sided, the ROC is the region in the s-plane to the right / left of the
rightmost/ leftmost pole.
Find Laplace transform of signal x(t), ROC and location of poles and zeros.
1. x(t) = eat U(t)
2. x(t) = -eat U(-t)
3. x(t) = U(t-5)
4. x(t) = U(t)
5. x(t) = U(t+5)
6. x(t) = e-5t U(-t+3)
7. x(t) = ejgt U(t)
8. x(t) = sin(3t) U(t)
9. x(t) = e-2t U(t)+ e-3t U(t)
10. x(t) = (t)
 Laplace Transform
Properties of Laplace Transform
The Laplace transform of x(t) are denoted by X(s) with notation
x(t) LT X(s), ROC =R1
and the Laplace transform of y(t) are denoted by Y(s) with notation
y(t) LT Y(s), ROC =R2
Linearity:
C(t) = Ax(t) +By(t) C(s)= A X(s) +B Y(s) ROC= R1∩R2.

Time Shifting: When time shifting is applied to a signal x(t), Laplace transform
of the resulting signal y(t) = x(t-to) may be expressed

x(t-to) LT X(s) , ROC =R1

 LT
Shifting in s-Domain:
x(t) LT X(s− ), ROC = R1+Re ( )

Time Reversal: let y(t) = x(-t)

x(-t) LT X(− ), ROC = -R1

Differentiation & Integration (in Time)

L
dx(t)/dt X( ) , ROC = R1
L
∫ x(t)dt X( ), ROC = R1 ∩ [Re (s)>0]

Differentiation in s domain
-t x(t) L X( ) , ROC = R1
 LT
Time and Frequency Scaling: For signal x(t) scaled signal is x( t), where ′ ′ is
a positive real number.

x LT X( ) , ROC = aR1

Multiplication: signal x(t) and y(t).

x(t) LT X(s) , ROC= R1.
y(t) LT Y(s) , ROC= R2.
x(t) y(t) LT [X(s) * Y(s) ] , ROC= R1∩R2.

Convolution: signal x(t) and y(t).

x(t)*y(t) LT X(s) Y(s), ROC= R1∩R2.
 LT
Conjugate & Conjugate symmetry: signal x(t) is has conjugate x*(t)

x(t) LT X(s), ROC = R1

x*(t) LT X*(s*), ROC = R1
if x(t) is real x(t) = x*(t) then X*(s∗) = X(s)
Re {X(s)} = Re {X(s*)}
Im {X(s)} = - Im {X(s*)}

Initial & Final Value Theorems: x(t)=0 for t=0 and that x(t) contains no
impulses or higher order singularities at the origin, one can directly calculate,
from LT, the initial value x(0+) theorem states that
x(0+)= lim s ∞ sX(s)
x(t) has a finite limit as t ∞, the final value theorem states that
lim t ∞ x(t)= lim s 0 sX(s)
 Causality & Stability
Causality {h(t) = 0 for t<0}: The ROC associated with the system function for
a causal system is a right half plane.(converse of this statement is not true)

For a system with rational system function, causality of the system is

equivalent to the ROC being the right half plane to the right of the
rightmost pole.

Stability: An LTI system is stable if and only if the ROC of its system function
H(s) includes the entire – axis. Re(s)=0

A causal system with rational system function H(s) is stable if and only if all
of the poles H(s) lie in the left half of the s-plane. (means all poles have
negative real parts.)
LTI Systems Characterized by Linear Constant Coefficient Differential
Equation

A class of continuous time system for which the input and output are related
through a Linear Constant Coefficient differential Equation.
( ) ( )
∑ =∑
( ) ( )
Taking Laplace transform at both sides ∑ =∑

∑
System function (Transfer function) for LTI system = =∑
1. a) Find system function for LTI system characterized by differential equation
( ) ( ) ( )
+4 +3 = +2
b) Find the impulse response
c) Find the response y(t) of system for input = ( )

2. Causal LTI system with system function = . For particular input

x(t) this system is observed to produce the output
= − ( ). Determine x(t).