MPCF

BARAS CANAMAN, CAMARINES SUR

1ST SEM 2019-2020
FINAL OUTPUT

NAME: HUGO, CLYDE ANDREI P. COURSE: BSMT

YR/SEC: 2ND YR 2A5 INSTRUCTOR: MRS. NEGRO

I.TOPIC

II.OUTLINE OF THE TOPIC

III.LESSON PROPER

IV.SUMMARY

V.REFLECTION

VI.REFERENCE
 I. TOPIC:

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

In statistics, a central tendency (or measure of central tendency) is a central or typical

value for a probability distribution. It may also be called a center or location of the
distribution. Colloquially, measures of central tendency are often called averages. The
term central tendency dates from the late 1920s.]
The most common measures of central tendency are the arithmetic mean, the median and
the mode. A middle tendency can be calculated for either a finite set of values or for a
theoretical distribution, such as the normal distribution. Occasionally authors use central
tendency to denote "the tendency of quantitative data to cluster around some central value.
The central tendency of a distribution is typically contrasted with its dispersion or variability;
dispersion and central tendency are the often characterized properties of distributions. Analysis
may judge whether data has a strong or a weak central tendency based on its dispersion.
The following may be applied to one-dimensional data. Depending on the circumstances, it may
be appropriate to transform the data before calculating a central tendency. Examples are
squaring the values or taking logarithms. Whether a transformation is appropriate and what it
should be, depend heavily on the data being analyzed.
Arithmetic mean or simply, mean

the sum of all measurements divided by the number of observations in the data set.
Median

the middle value that separates the higher half from the lower half of the data set. The

median and the mode are the only measures of central tendency that can be used

for ordinal data, in which values are ranked relative to each other but are not measured

absolutely.
Mode
the most frequent value in the data set. This is the only central tendency measure that
can be used with nominal data, which have purely qualitative category assignments.

Geometric mean
The nth root of the product of the data values, where there are n of these. This
measure is valid only for data that are measured absolutely on a strictly positive scale.

Harmonic mean
 the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the data values. This measure
too is valid only for data that are measured absolutely on a strictly positive scale.
Weighted arithmetic mean
an arithmetic mean that incorporates weighting to certain data elements.

Truncated mean or trimmed mean

the arithmetic mean of data values after a certain number or proportion of the highest
and lowest data values have been discarded.
Interquartile mean
a truncated mean based on data within the interquartile range.

Midrange
the arithmetic mean of the maximum and minimum values of a data set.

Midhinge
the arithmetic mean of the first and third quartiles.

Trimean
the weighted arithmetic mean of the median and two quartiles.

Winsorized mean
an arithmetic mean in which extreme values are replaced by values closer to the
median.
Any of the above may be applied to each dimension
of multi-dimensional data, but the results may not
be invariant to rotations of the multi-dimensional
space. In addition, there are the
Geometric median
which minimizes the sum of distances to the data points. This is the same as the median

when applied to one-dimensional data, but it is not the same as taking the median of

each dimension independently. It is not invariant to different rescaling of the different

dimensions.

Quadratic mean (often known as the root mean square)

useful in engineering, but not often used in statistics. This is because it is not a good

indicator of the center of the distribution when the distribution includes negative values.
Simplicial depth
 the probability that a randomly chosen simplex with vertices from the given distribution

will contain the given center

Tukey median
a point with the property that every halfspace containing it also contains many sample

points

olutions to variational problems

Several measures of central tendency can be characterized as solving a variational problem, in

the sense of the calculus of variations, namely minimizing variation from the center. That is,

given a measure of statistical dispersion, one asks for a measure of central tendency that

minimizes variation: such that variation from the center is minimal among all choices of center.

In a quip, "dispersion precedes location". This center may or may not be unique. In the sense
of spaces, the correspondence is:

Lp dispersion central tendency

L0 variation ratio mode

L1 average absolute deviation median

L1 average absolute deviation geometric median

L2 standard deviation mean

L∞ maximum deviation midrange

The associated functions are called p-norms: respectively 0-"norm", 1-norm, 2-norm, and ∞

-norm. The function corresponding to the L0 space is not a norm, and is thus often referred to
in quotes: 0-"norm".
In equations, for a given (finite) data set X, thought of as a vector , the dispersion about a

point c is the "distance" from x to the constant vector in the p-norm (normalized by the
number of points n):

For and these functions are defined by taking limits, respectively

as and . For the limiting values are and for , so the

difference becomes simply equality, so the 0-norm counts the number of unequal points.

For the largest number dominates, and thus the ∞-norm is the maximum difference.
Uniquenes
The mean (L2 center) and midrange (L∞ center) are unique (when they exist), while the

median (L1 center) and mode (L0 center) are not in general unique. This can be understood

in terms of convexity of the associated functions (coercive functions).

The 2-norm and ∞-norm are strictly convex, and thus (by convex optimization) the

minimizer is unique (if it exists), and exists for bounded distributions. Thus standard

deviation about the mean is lower than standard deviation about any other point, and the

maximum deviation about the midrange is lower than the maximum deviation about any
other point.
The 1-norm is not strictly convex, whereas strict convexity is needed to ensure uniqueness

of the minimizer. Correspondingly, the median (in this sense of minimizing) is not in general

unique, and in fact any point between the two central points of a discrete distribution

minimizes average absolute deviation.

The 0-"norm" is not convex (hence not a norm). Correspondingly, the mode is not unique –
for example, in a uniform distribution any point is the mode.

Information geometry
The notion of a "center" as minimizing variation can be generalized in information
geometry as a distribution that minimizes divergence (a generalized distance) from a data
set. The most common case is maximum likelihood estimation, where the maximum

likelihood estimate (MLE) maximizes likelihood (minimizes expected surprisal), which can be
interpreted geometrically by using entropy to measure variation: the MLE minimizes cross

entropy (equivalently, relative entropy, Kullback–Leibler divergence).

A simple example of this is for the center of nominal data: instead of using the mode (the

only single-valued "center"), one often uses the empirical measure (the frequency

distribution divided by the sample size) as a "center". For example, given binary data, say

heads or tails, if a data set consists of 2 heads and 1 tails, then the mode is "heads", but

the empirical measure is 2/3 heads, 1/3 tails, which minimizes the cross-entropy (total

surprisal) from the data set. This perspective is also used in regression analysis, where least

squares finds the solution that minimizes the distances from it, and analogously in logistic

regression, a maximum likelihood estimate minimizes the surprisal (information distance).

Relationships between the mean, median and mode

 where μ is the mean, ν is the median, θ is the mode, and σ is the standard
deviation.
For every distribution,

II.OUTLINE OF THE TOPIC

What is Central Tendency?

Central tendency is a descriptive summary of a dataset through a single value that reflects the

center of the data distribution. Along with the variability (dispersion) of a dataset, central

tendency is a branch of descriptive statistics.

The central tendency is one of the most quintessential concepts in statistics. Although it does

not provide information regarding the individual values in the dataset, it delivers a

comprehensive summary of the whole dataset.

Measures of Central Tendency

Generally, the central tendency of a dataset can be described using the following measures:

 Mean (Average): Represents the sum of all values in a dataset divided by the total
 number of the values.

 Median: The middle value in a dataset that is arranged in ascending order (from the
smallest value to the largest value). If a dataset contains an even number of values, the
median of the dataset is the mean of the two middle values.


 Mode: Defines the most frequently occurring value in a dataset. In some cases, a
dataset may contain multiple modes while some datasets may not have any mode at all.

Even though the measures above are the most commonly used to define central tendency,

there are some other central tendency measures, including, but not limited to, geometric mean,

harmonic mean, midrange, and geometric median.

The selection of central tendency as a measure depends on the properties of a dataset. For

instance, mode is the only central tendency measure of categorical data while a median works

best with ordinal data.

Although mean is regarded as the best measure of central tendency for quantitative data, it is

not always the case. For example, mean may not work well with quantitative datasets that

contain extremely large or extremely small values. The extreme values may distort the mean.

Thus, you may consider other options of central tendency.

The measures of central tendency can be found using a formula or definition. Also, they can be

identified using a frequency distribution graph. Note that for the datasets that follow a normal

distribution, the mean, median, and mode are located on the same spot on the graph.
IV.SUMMARY

A measure of central tendency is a summary statistic that represents the center point or

typical value of a dataset. ... In statistics, the three most common measures of central

tendency are the mean, median, and mode. Each of these measures calculates the location of

the central point using a different method. Each statistic returns different values. The mean

and median provide relatively similar values therefore it would be important to understand

whether the data set represents a sample or whether the data set represents the population. If

the data is from a sample or could become more skewed by extreme values, the median is

probably a better representation of the central tendency in this case. If the population is evenly

distributed about the mean (or is normally distributed) the mean is a better representation of
central tendency. In the sample data set the mode provides little explanative power.

Understanding which measure of central tendency allows change agents to better target

changes and if your contract uses metrics to determine performance, which measure of central

measure you can have an impact. Changing or arguing over which to use smacks of poor

contracting or gaming the measure.

V.REFLECTION

This is a discovery lesson to deepen the understanding of central tendency (mean, median) by

posing relevant scenarios that students must examine and explore. It is the exploration of the

salary negotiations for the Los Angeles Lakers and the use of a see-saw to physically model

what the algorithm for an average truly finds. This will lead students to understand the pairing

of the measures of central tendency and spread dictated by the shape of the distribution. A

detailed explanation of the answers is provided with the guided discovery questions so that the

teacher will be able to deepen student knowledge by eliciting the nuances of the information

presented. “Why do We need to Measure Central Tendency of Any Data?”... Also we notice

that it is not reflecting typical on average sales and correct measure ... this article interesting
then stay tuned for more posts on interesting topics.

VI.REFERENCE

References Weisberg H.F (1992) Central Tendency and Variability, Sage University Paper Series

on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, ISBN 0-8039-4007-6 p.2 Upton, G.; Cook, I.

(2008) Oxford Dictionary of Statistics, OUP ISBN 978-0-19-954145-4 (entry for "central

tendency") Dodge, Y. (2003) The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms, OUP for International

Statistical Institute. ISBN 0-19-920613-9 (entry for "central tendency") Johnson NL, Rogers CA

(1951) "The moment problem for unimodal distributions". Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 22

(3) 433–439 Hotelling H, Solomons LM (1932) The limits of a measure of skewness. Annals

Math Stat 3, 141–114 Garver (1932) Concerning the limits of a mesuare of skewness. Ann
Math Stats 3(4) 141–142