Introduction to Internet

Internet

The Internet or simply the Net is a worldwide network of computer networks. It is an

interconnection of large and small networks around the globe

Network

A Computer Network is a collection of computers and devices connected together via

communication devices and transmission media.

Network Devices

 Network Hub - a networking device which is used to connect multiple network hosts. A network
hub is also used to do data transfer.

 Network Switch – like a hub, but more intelligent than a hub because other than data
forwarding, it can also filter information.
 Modem - short for modulator-demodulator, a network hardware device that modulates one or
more carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission and demodulates
signals to decode the transmitted information.

 Router - a network device which is responsible for routing traffic from one to another network.
 Repeater - an electronic device that amplifies the digital signal it receives.
 Bridge - If a router connects two different types of networks, then a bridge connects two
subnetworks as a part of the same network.
Importance and Advantages of Computer Networks

 Sharing of devices such as printer and scanner

 Sharing of program/software
 Sharing of files
 Sharing of data
 Sharing of information
 Sharing of single high-speed internet connection
 Can accessed server centered database
 Better communication using internet services such as email, mailing list and Internet Relay
Chat(IRC)

Types of Computer Network

1. LAN – Local Area Network

 A network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area

Ex. Home network, School Computer Laboratory, Office Building

2. MAN – Metropolitan Area Network

 A high speed network that connects local area networks in a metropolitan area such as City
or town
 A MAN typically includes one or more LAN but covers a smaller geographical area than a
WAN
3. WAN –Wide Area Network
 A network that covers a large geographical area such as country or the world

Network Communication Medium

 Twisted Pair Cable – up to 10Gbps – 100m

 Coaxial Cables – 80x UTP
 Fiber Optic Cables – 26,000 x UTP
 Satellite - Agila

Introduction to Internet and WWW

 The internet or simple the Net is a worldwide network of computer networks. It is an

interconnection of large and small networks around the globe.
 It is a publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data
by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP).
 It is a “network of networks” that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic,
business and government networks which together carry various of information and services
such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer and the interlinked web pages and other
documents of the World Wide Web.

The Internet’s Major Services

1. The World Wide Web – i.e. www.facebook.com, www.youtube.com, en.wikipedia.org

o Most important service provided by the internet.
o An internet-based hypermedia initiative for global information sharing.
 o Developed in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee of the European Particle Physics Lab (CERN) in
Switzerland.
2. Electronic mail – i.e. Gmail, Yahoo mail, Outlook.com, Zoho Mail, Mail.com, etc.
o Electronic Mail, commonly known as email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital
messages from an author to one or more recipients.
3. Newsgroups (Usenet) – i.e. Yahoo News, Google News, CNN, BBC News, etc.

4. File Transfer Protocol – i.e. Upload and Download

o a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another host over a
TCP-based network, such as the Internet.

5. Chat – Real time typed conversation via computers. i.e. Facebook messenger, Yahoo
messenger, chat rooms, etc.
6. Instant Messaging – notifies you when one or more people are online allows exchange of
messages and files
7. Online services – i.e. online help, online backup services, online education, Online gaming
services, Social networking services, etc.
8. Peer-to-peer services – i.e. BitTorrent, Uber, Spotify, eBay, Lazada, etc.

Origin of Internet

Creation of ARPANET

- ARPANET is a wide area computer network of the late 1960s linking U.S. government,
academic, business, and military sites
- Before it became known as the Internet, ARPA’s (Advanced Research Projects Agency)
network served universities, defense contractors and a few government agencies.
- The goal of this project was to create a large computer networks with multiple paths – in
the form of telephone lines – that could survive a nuclear attack or a natural disaster such
as an earthquake.

From ARPANET to Internet

- Internet is the result of the linking between ARPANET, NSFnet (National Science Foundation
Network) and other networks.
 - The process of connecting separate networks is called internetworking.
- The Internet is born using the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
standard.

From Internet to WWW

- WWW (World Wide Web) was created in 1989 at the European Particle Physics Laboratory in
Geneva, Switzerland as a method for incorporating footnotes, figures and cross-references
into online documents.
- System expands
- Advances in computer capacities and speeds
- Introduction of glass-fiber cables
- Problems created by its own success
- More computers are linked (1984 – 1000 hosts)
- Large volume of traffic (success of e-mail)
- Use of Internet throughout the higher educational system

World Wide Web

A hypermedia-based system for browsing Internet sites. It is named the Web because it is
made of many sites linked together wherein a user can travel from one site to another by clicking on
the hyperlinks. “The World Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible information, an
embodiment of human knowledge.” – Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web

Often referred to as WWW or the web, this usually refers to information available on the
Internet that can be easily accessed with software called browser. Organizations publish their
information on the Web in a format known as HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language); this information is
usually referred to as their “home page” or “web site”.

What are the ways to access the Internet?

 Internet Service Provider (ISP), Regional

or National
 Online Service Provider (OSP) (AOL and
MSN, for example)
 Wireless Internet
Service Provider

What is a web address?

 It is a unique address for a Web page.

 Also known as uniform resource locator (URL).
Example:

http://www.google.com/

http://www.facebook.com/
What is a search engine?
Program used to find Web sites and Web pages by entering words or phrases called search text.

What are the twelve basic types of Web sites?

1. Portal – Web portal is a specially designed web site that brings information together from
diverse sources in a uniform way
MSN, Yahoo!, Google
2. News – websites that provide latest news
3. Informational – http://en.wikipedia.com , http://www.health.com
4. Business/Marketing – http://www.lazada.com , http://www.amazon.com
5. Educational – eLearning Sites i.e. Khan Academy, W3 Schools, Codecademy, National
Geographic
6. Entertainment – IMDb (Internet Movie Database), Netflix, Spotify, Youtube
7. Advocacy – websites that influence decisions within political, economic, and social systems
and institutions.
8. Blog - discussion or informational website published on the World Wide Web
9. Wiki - a website on which users collaboratively modify content and structure directly from
the web browser
10. Social Network – a website used to interact with others people in the internet
a dedicated website or other application that enables users to communicate
with each other by posting information, comments, messages, images, etc.

11. Content Aggregator – web sites that can be useful for newer websites trying to get more
exposure and traffic to their blog.
  It collects a list or category of links/posts and resources on a specific
niche.
12. Personal – created by an individual to contain content of a personal nature rather than
content pertaining to a company, organization or institution.
 primarily used for informative or entertainment purposes but can also be
used for personal career marketing (by containing a list of the individuals
skills, experience and a CV), social networking with other people with
shared interests, or as a space for personal expression.

What is networking?
Networking is the act of linking computers so that users can exchange information or share
access to a central store of information.
Communications Protocols
A communication protocol is a set of rules that every computer follows to transfer information.
The most widely used protocols on the Internet include TCP/IP, http and ftp (and a few others such as
PPP or Point-to-Point Protocol and POP or Post Office Protocol).
TCP/IP (Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
-is the primary protocol for transmitting information over the Internet. Whenever any type of
information moves over the Internet, it does so according to TCP/IP.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
-is the communications protocol that supports the movement of information over the Web,
essentially from a Web server to you. That’s why Web site addresses start with http://.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
-is the communications protocol that allows you to transfer files of information from one
computer to another.
Web Browser Software
Web Browser Software enables you to surf the Web. The most popular Web browsers today are
Internet Explorer (by Microsoft), Netscape and the Firefox (by Mozilla).
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)
- the markup language used for creating documents on the World Wide Web.
 Intranet and Extranet

Intranet
 a restricted version of the internet
 does not allow access to anyone outside of its network
 a private network accessible only to an organization's staff.
 dedicated network of computers within a single organization
 requires a login for authorized users

Extranet
 network within an organization
 using internet to connect to the outsiders in controlled manner
 It helps to connect businesses with their customers and suppliers and therefore allows working in a
collaborative manner.

Extranet Benefits

Extranet proves to be a successful model for all kind of businesses whether small or big. Here are some
of the advantages of extranet for employees, suppliers, business partners, and customers:

For employees

 Real-time market intelligence

 Improve channel management
 Access to invoicing information
For suppliers
 Supply chain integration
 Deliver sales information to partners
 Platform for web based EDI
For customers
 Sales force effectiveness
 Increase productivity
 Online order entry/tracking
 Online customer support
For business partners
 Reduced time to market
 Partner collaboration
 Improved procurement
 Quicker roll outs

Extranet Issues
1. Hosting
Where the extranet pages will be held i.e. who will host the extranet pages. In this context there
are two choices:
 Host it on your own server.
 Host it with an Internet Service Provider ISP in the same way as web pages.
But hosting extranet pages on your own server requires high bandwidth internet connection which
is very costly.
2. Security
Additional firewall security is required if you host extranet pages on your own server which result
in a complex security mechanism and increase work load.
3. Accessing Issues
Information cannot be accessed without internet connection. However, information can be
accessed in Intranet without internet connection.
4. Decrease Interaction
It decreases the face to face interaction in the business which results in lack of communication
among customers, business partners and suppliers.
 Internet Reference Models
OSI Reference Model
OSI is acronym of Open System Interface. This model is developed by the International organization of
Standardization ISO and therefore also referred as ISO-OSI Model.

 The OSI model consists of seven layers as shown in the following diagram. Each layer has a specific
function, however each layer provide services to the layer above.
 TCP/IP model is practical model and is used in the Internet. TCP/IP is acronym of Transmission
Control Protocol and Internet Protocol.

The Four Layer of TCP/IP Model

1. Application Layer
 It provides different services such as manipulation of information in several ways,
retransferring the files of information, distributing the results etc.
 The functions such as LOGIN or password checking are also performed by the application
layer.
 Protocols used: TELNET, FTP, SMTP, DN, HTTP, NNTP
2. Transport Layer
 It uses TCP and UDP protocol for end to end transmission.
 TCP is reliable and connection oriented protocol.
 TCP also handles flow control.
 The UDP is not reliable and a connection less protocol also does not perform flow control.
 Protocols used: TCP/IP and UDP
3. Internet Layer
 The function of this layer is to allow the host to insert packets into network and then make
them travel independently to the destination. However, the order of receiving the packet
can be different from the sequence they were sent.
  Protocols used: Internet Protocol (IP)
4. Network Access Layer
 This is the lowest layer in TCP/IP model. The host has to connect to network using some
protocol, so that it can send IP packets over it. This protocol varies from host to host and
network to network.
 Protocols used: ARPANET, SATNET, LAN, packet radio

Domain Name System Architecture

The domain name system comprises of Domain Names, Domain Name Space, Name Server

Domain Names
Domain Name is a symbolic string associated with an IP address. There are several domain names
available; some of them are generic such as com, edu, gov, net etc, while some country level domain
names such as au, in, za, us etc.
 Domain Name is the text version of an IP address

The following table shows the Generic Top-Level Domain names:

Domain Name Meaning Example
Com Commercial Business http://www.google.com
Edu Education http://www.antiquespride.edu.ph
Gov U.S. government agency https://www.usa.gov
Int International entity www.who.int/
Mil U.S. military https://www.fcg.pentagon.mil
Net Networking organization http://www.speedtest.net
Org Non-profit organization http://en.wikipedia.org

The following table shows the Country top-level domain names:

Domain Name Meaning
au Australia
in India
fr France
uk United Kingdom
jp Japan
ph Philippines
ca Canada
Domain Name Space
The domain name space refers a hierarchy in the internet naming structure. This hierarchy has
multiple levels from 0 to 127, with a root at the top. The following diagram shows the domain name
space hierarchy:

In the above diagram each subtree represents a domain. Each domain can be partitioned into sub
domains and these can be further partitioned and so on.

Name Server/DNS Server (Domain Name System)

Name server contains the DNS database. This database comprises of various names and their
corresponding IP addresses. Since it is not possible for a single server to maintain entire DNS database,
therefore, the information is distributed among many DNS servers.
 A DNS server translates the domain name into its associated IP address