Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2019‐2020/I
CE671A: Introduction to Remote Sensing
Dr. Salil Goel
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Email: sgoel@iitk.ac.in
Phone: +91 512 259 6179
Tutor/TA: Prashant Chauhan (prashc@iitk.ac.in)
Important Details Ashish Katiyar (ashkat@iitk.ac.in)
Lectures: L‐08
Laboratory: Varun Lab
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Quizzes (Surprise/Announced)
Mid Semester Examination (2 hours)
Course
End Semester Examination (3 hours)
Evaluation Policy
Home Assignments (multiple)
Laboratories and Term Paper
Submission deadline for HA will be informed.
HA should be prepared in the given LaTeX
template or hand‐written. It will be
communicated.
Home
Assignments
HA not prepared according to the given
instructions will not be graded.
HAs will be evaluated for completeness,
correctness and presentation.
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Lab report to be submitted by 12:00 PM next Wednesday (1
week).
Lab reports will be evaluated for completeness, correctness
Laboratory and presentation.
Exercises Lab reports should be prepared according to given template
in LaTeX or hand‐written. This will be communicated to you.
One Lab exam will be conducted.
Those who miss the lab turn will not be permitted to submit
the lab report.
Topics floated by me or suggested by you.
Term papers with a coding/programming component
are encouraged.
Term Paper Term paper presentation will be scheduled sometime in
October (probably last week).
You will be expected to write a term paper report, make
a presentation and provide a live demo of your code.
Exact schedule will be informed.
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All submissions will be done online via google drive. (Email from TA).
All reports/HA should be in accordance with the given instructions
(either in LaTeX template or hand‐written).
Reports/HA that are not according to the given instructions will not be
graded.
Policy on
Copied reports/HA etc. will be awarded zero marks.
Submissions
Plagiarism is unacceptable. Penalty: zero marks and issue will be
reported.
Submissions made within 24 hours after deadline will attract 50%
penalty.
Submissions made after 24 hours of the deadline will not be graded.
Lab reports/Term papers/HA
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Mid semester examination – 25%
End semester examination – 30%
Lab reports – 10%
Marks Lab exam – 5%
Distribution Term paper – 10 %
Quizzes – 15%
Home Assignments – 5%
James B. Campbell & Randolph H. Wyne, Introduction to
Remote Sensing, Guilford Press (5th Ed.)
Course
Material/Reference Arthur P. Cracknell & Ladson Hayes, Introduction to Remote
Books Sensing, CRC Press (2nd Ed.)
Material from research papers
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Course Outline
Remote sensing: Brief Introduction & Applications
Remote sensing process
Passive Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) & its interactions
Radiation laws & Scattering
Image formation process
Different types of resolution
Satellite orbits & Remote sensing satellites
Image processing and interpretation
Active Remote Sensing
Geoinformatics: An Overview
Chain & Tape
Total Station
LiDAR
Storage, Retrieval,
Photogrammetry
Presentation,
Satellite imagery
Analysis, etc.
.
.
Geoinformatics: Measurement and Management of Geo‐Information
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Geoinformatics: Measurement Tools
Chain and Tape
Compass
Theodolite
EDMI
Total Station
Auto‐level
Land Surveying
Difficult for inaccessible areas
Chain and tape – can be cumbersome
Total station – Fast and accurate
Geoinformatics: Measurement Tools
Stereo images for 3D model generation and
measurement.
Can be used to map inaccessible areas.
Generally weather dependent.
Can be quite costly
Aerial Photogrammetry
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Geoinformatics: Measurement Tools
Satellite Remote Sensing
• Altitude ~600 – 900 km
• Provides a synoptic view of the earth.
• Multiple sensor and multiple bands
• Resolution: meter to sub‐meter level resolution
• Repeatability: Observe same area at multiple time instant.
• Applications: Crop yield, soil mapping, glacier studies, LULC,
change detection etc.
Geoinformatics: Measurement Tools
Global Navigation Satellite Systems
• Absolutely new concept to know one’s location
• Uses a constellation of satellites to estimate the receiver
location.
• Minimum 4 satellites needed
• Minimum 24 earth satellites orbiting the earth for location
estimation anywhere on earth.
• Requires open sky
• Applications: Navigation, mapping, etc.
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Geoinformatics: Measurement Tools
Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)
• Can be performed from aircraft, drones or terrestrial.
• Provides a dense 3D point cloud.
• Multiple applications: Mapping, driverless cars etc.
• Other applications: Flood modelling, line of sight analysis
etc.
Geoinformatics: Management
Requirement to store and retrieve information
efficiently.
Requirement to present information.
Incorporate all information collected in analysis
to suit modern application.
GIS allows easy storage, retrieval, management
and transmission of geographic information
across various users and systems.
Example: Google maps
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Geoinformatics: Management
Example: Flood Relief and Management
A flood relief operation needs:
• Flood extent
• Road network and types of roads Develop a model that uses all this data
• Topographical information to locate sites on priority for rescue and
• Distribution of one story or multi‐story houses
• Distribution of probable shelters should be able to make use of all data
• Locations of rescue teams simultaneously.
• Other data
A GIS provides the platform for running
the model and for processing the result.
Remote Sensing: An Introduction
“ Remote sensing is the science of
obtaining information about objects
or areas from a distance, typically
from aircraft or satellites.”
Remote sensing could be performed
through detection of sound, heat, light or
force distribution.
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Remote Sensing: Applications
Urban planning
Environmental monitoring
Change detection analysis
Hydrological modelling
Soil moisture estimation
Snow cover estimation
Surveillance
Oil Spill detection
Surveying applications
LULC for decision making
Remote Sensing: Applications
Built‐up ‐> Red
Cultivated land ‐> Green
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Remote Sensing Platforms
Satellite Aircraft Drone(UAV)
Choice of the platform depends on:
• Required resolution
• Size of area (Coverage)
• Repeatability
• Cost limitations
• Other application dependent factors
Drones: Low coverage, High resolution
Satellites: High coverage, Low resolution
Active vs. Passive Remote Sensing
Active Remote Sensing Passive Remote Sensing
Use own energy source Measure naturally available energy
Generally unaffected by lighting conditions Need proper lighting conditions and
and/or cloud cover affected by cloud cover
E.g. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) e.g. Multi‐spectral Satellite Images
Energy requirements for target illumination Targets illuminated by natural sources (e.g.
are high Sun) are imaged.
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Remote Sensing Process
Passive Remote Sensing
Passive Remote Sensing
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Passive Remote Sensing
Energy source: Natural (external), e.g. Sun
River/Water body
The object is illuminated by the sun and the energy from the
target is recorded by the sensor on the platform
(aircraft/satellite).
Vegetation The sensor is called a ‘passive sensor’ (E.g. Camera).
The received radiation is processed to infer the parameters of
the target (earth surface).
Urban
Using remote sensing, we would like to categorize, identify,
classify or study the objects.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
EMR
Different objects will interact differently with different wavelengths.
We can study the target properties by measuring and studying the
properties of EMR reflected or emitted by the target.
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Different wavelength ‐> Different interaction with matter.
• Example‐1: Vegetation reflects strongly in NIR.
• Example‐2: Water is an almost perfect absorber in NIR.
• This knowledge can be useful in ‘feature identification’, as well as studying the feature
properties.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Restricted to radiation that is emitted with
reasonable intensity from the surface of the earth.
OR
Present in reasonable quantity in the radiation that
is emitted by the sun and reflected from surface of
earth.
EMR can get: Scattered, Absorbed, Reflected.
Visible light gets attenuated in the presence of fog, dust, mist or haze.
Can we use all the different wavelength
Low‐wavelength radiation gets scattered easily.
available in the spectrum to design a
High‐wavelength radiation has a low energy content. passive remote sensing system?
To sense longer wavelengths, larger areas need to be viewed.
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Complete Remote Sensing System
Source
Atmosphere: Effect varies with associated
wavelength.
Energy interactions: Assume that spectral signature
is known.
Sensor: Sensitivity, spatial resolution, etc.
Processing System
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Remote Sensing
Advantages Disadvantages
Large coverage (for satellite Interpretation is not
borne) straightforward ‐ Requires a certain
level of skill.
Remote and inaccessible areas
can be observed. Confusion due to data from
multiple sources.
Good repeatability – Allows to
observe changes in the Objects can be misclassified.
landscape.
Needs cross‐verification with
Easy and rapid data collection ground survey data.
Rapid processing for
interpretation
Basic Definitions
Radiant Flux
Rate at which photons strike a surface.
Measured in Watts and specifies energy delivered to a surface in a unit of time.
Irradiance
Radiant flux per unit area.
Measured in Watts per sq. m.
Measured radiation that strikes a surface.
Radiant Exitance
Rate at which radiation is emitted from a unit area.
Measured in watts per sq. m.
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Energy Laws
Energy Laws
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Emissivity
Blackbody Radiation
Stefan Boltzman Law
Wien’s Displacement Law
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Radiation
Atmospheric Interactions
As the energy passes through the atmosphere, it
undergoes refraction, scattering and absorption.
Example: Effects of dust, smoke, haze and other
atmospheric impurities due to their high concentrations.
The effect of atmosphere is minimal for aircraft or
UAVs.
For satellites, the effect can be quite significant
because the energy must pass through the entire
atmosphere.
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Scattering
Defined as “redirection of electromagnetic energy by particles
suspended in the atmosphere or by large molecules of
atmospheric gases”.
Rayleigh Scattering
Amount of scattering depends on:
◦ Size of particles Mie Scattering
◦ Abundance of particles
◦ Wavelength of radiation Non‐selective Scattering
◦ Depth of atmosphere
Scattering redirects the radiation so that incoming solar energy is
directed back towards space or earth’s surface.
Rayleigh Scattering
Size of particle << wavelength of radiation
Amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the
fourth power of wavelength.
Shorter wavelength is scattered more as compared to
longer wavelength.
Blue wavelength scatters about 4 times as compared to
red.
Molecules of oxygen and nitrogen cause this type of
scattering in visible part of EMR.
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Mie Scattering
Size of particle is similar to wavelength of the radiation.
Caused by large particles including dust, pollen and water droplets.
Larger influence on wavelengths in and near visible spectrum.
Wavelength dependent but relationship is not as simple as Rayleigh scattering.
Question:
In which part of the atmosphere would you expect Mie scattering and Rayleigh scattering?
Non‐selective Scattering
Particle size >> Wavelength of radiation
Non‐selective scattering is wavelength independent.
All visible wavelength is scattered equally.
This scattering introduces a whitish or grayish haze in the image.
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Significance of Scattering in RS
Scattering causes atmosphere to have a brightness of its
own and thus, shadows (or dark objects) do not appear jet
black.
The radiation in blue and UV regions of spectrum is
generally not considered useful for remote sensing.
Scattering directs energy from outside sensor’s FOV
towards the aperture and may reduce contrast in the
image.
Absorption
Process in which incident energy is retained by particles in the
atmosphere, and thus causing a loss of energy.
Most of the absorption is done by:
◦ Ozone
Absorption occurs 20‐30 km above surface.
Absorbs short wavelength of UV spectrum.
◦ Carbon dioxide
Lower atmosphere
Absorbs mid and far infra red regions of the spectrum
◦ Water Vapor
Lower atmosphere
More effective in absorbing radiation than atmosphere gases.
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Atmospheric Windows
Atmosphere selectively transmits energy of
certain wavelengths.
Depends on the absorption spectra of
atmospheric gases.
Wavelengths that are easily transmitted are
called ‘Atmospheric Windows’.
Atmospheric windows are important because
they define those wavelengths that can be
used for image formation.
Atmospheric
Windows
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