Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Dr. Rudolf
Dr. Rudolf Habelt
Habelt GmbH
GmbH ∙· Bonn
Bonn 2013
2015
RÖMISCH-GERMANISCHE KOMMISSION, FRANKFURT A. M.
RÖMISCH-GERMANISCHE KOMMISSION
EURASIEN-ABTEILUNG, BERLIN DES
DEUTSCHEN ARCHÄOLOGISCHEN INSTITUTS
des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts
Boier zwischen
Kolloquien Realität
zur Vor- und Fiktion
und Frühgeschichte
Band 19
Akten des internationalen Kolloquiums in Český Krumlov
vom 14.–16.11.2013
herausgegeben von
Dr. Rudolf
Dr. Rudolf Habelt
Habelt GmbH
GmbH ∙· Bonn
Bonn 2013
2015
VII und 435 Seiten, 154 Abbildungen und 6 Tabellen
Redaktion: S. Sievers
Grafik und Einband: S. Berg
Satz und Herstellung: Bonifatius GmbH Druck / Buch / Verlag
Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier
ISBN 978-3-7749-4001-7
Inhalt
Vorwort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII
I Allgemeinere Überblicke
Roland Steinacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ethnische Identität und die Meistererzählung von der Wanderung.
Probleme der Frühgeschichte in Geschichtswissenschaft und Archäologie
Jan Bouzek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
The story of the Boii
Karl Strobel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Die Boii – ein Volk oder nur ein Name?
Zur Problematik von antiker Geographie und Ethnographie
Jiří Militký . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Die Boier und die Numismatik – Gegenwärtiger Stand der Forschung
und die Möglichkeiten der Interpretation des Fundbestandes
Radoslav Čambal, Igor Bazovský, Marek Budaj und Branislav Kovár . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Boische Besiedlung im Oppidum von Bratislava und in seinem Hinterland
Die Idee, eine Konferenz über den Stamm der Boier geschlossen zwischen Susanne Sievers (RGK Frank-
zu veranstalten, entstand im Jahre 2012 im polni- furt), Vladimír Salač (Arch. Institut der AW TschR)
schen Rzeszów. Damals organisierte dort die „Ar- und Maciej Karwowski (Universität Rzeszów), ge-
beitsgemeinschsft Eisenzeit des West- und Süddeut- meinsam ein solches Anliegen zu realisieren. Spon-
schen Verbandes für Altertumsforschung e.V.“ eine tan entstand damals auch der Titel der Konferenz
Konferenz, die sich mit den Erscheinungsformen sowie des Sammelbandes – „Boier zwischen Realität
von Gewalt in der Eisenzeit und ihrer Widerspie- und Fiktion“.
gelung in archäologischen Quellen befasste. Ein oft Die Organisation der Konferenz übernahm V. Sa-
angesprochenes Thema der Vorträge waren die Züge lač, der die Unterstützung des Archäologischen Ins-
der keltischen Stämme und ihre Zusammenstöße mit tituts der AW TschR in Prag sowie der Grantagentur
Griechen, Römern, Germanen bzw. anderen Völkern. der Tschechischen Republik (Projekt Nr. P405-11-
Es war nicht erstaunlich, dass der Stamm der Boier 0603) und nicht zuletzt von M. Karwowski und der
in diesem Zusammenhang häufiger genannt wurde. Universität Rzeszów gewann. Als Ergebnis dieser
Überraschend war allerdings, dass die Vorstellungen Zusammenarbeit entstand die Konferenz, die vom
über die Ausdehnung und die Lokalisierung des boi- 14. bis 16. 11. 2013 in Český Krumlov stattfand. Der
schen Gebietes sowie die Belege, auf die sie sich vorliegende Sammelband gibt die meisten der dort
stützten, höchst unterschiedlich waren. Diese vielfäl- gehaltenen Vorträge wieder. Die Finanzierung des
tigen Ansichten über die Boier führten zu intensiven Bandes übernahm die Römisch-Germanische Kom-
Diskussionen, bei denen die Meinungen der For- mission des DAI, die Redaktion lag in den Händen
scher häufig auseinandergingen und die Diskutieren- von S. Sievers, Frankfurt, unterstützt von der Gra-
den teilweise einander nicht mehr verstanden. Diese phikerin Silke Berg, Frankfurt. Besonderer Dank gilt
Tatsache wurde von den Diskussionsteilnehmern als John Collis und Anne-Marie Adam, die die engli-
sehr unbefriedigend empfunden, denn der Stamm schen bzw. französischen Artikel durchgesehen und
der Boier spielt in historischen, archäologischen so- den Gesamtband begutachtet haben.
wie numismatischen Interpretationen der Latènezeit Drei Jahre nach der ersten Idee liegt also eine
in Europa eine wichtige Rolle. Es zeigte sich, dass Zusammenfassung von Fakten und Ansichten zur
sich die Forschung über die Boier in einzelnen Län- Historie und Archäologie der Boier vor. Wie in
dern und auch Fächern weiter voneinander entfernt Rzeszów gab es auch in Český Krumlov sehr kontro-
hat, als die einzelnen Repräsentanten sich dessen verse Diskussionen, die durch die Anwesenheit von
bewusst waren. Und nicht nur das: In Ländern mit Vertretern verschiedener Fachrichtungen allerdings
unterschiedlichen Forschungstraditionen und mit noch zugespitzter waren. Unser Anliegen konnte
unterschiedlich intensivem Verhältnis zur Geschich- es daher nicht sein, ein allgemein gültiges Bild zu
te der Boier entstanden auch unterschiedliche Vor- zeichnen bzw. Bewertungen vorzunehmen; vielmehr
stellungen über sie. Aus manchen dieser Vorstellun- spiegelt der Band die derzeitige Meinungsvielfalt
gen wurden auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene wider, die von eher traditionellen Vorstellungen bis
gleichzeitig historische Axiome. Ein klassisches hin zu kritischen Bestandsaufnahmen, neuen Ideen
Beispiel hierfür ist beispielsweise die Aussage „Die oder Konzeptionen reicht. Auch in formal-sprachli-
Boier lebten in Böhmen“. cher Hinsicht zeichnen sich einige Unterschiede ab.
Die Vorträge und nachfolgenden Diskussionen in Die Beiträge können vom Leser aber auch nach den
Rzeszów haben allerdings gezeigt, dass sich einige Gesichtspunkten von Generationen, archäologischen
Axiome widersprechen, wobei ihre Herkunft häufig Schulen, Fächern usw. unterschieden bzw. beurteilt
geheimnisvoll oder vergessen ist. Wir sind deshalb werden. Der Band versteht sich somit letztlich als
zur Ansicht gelangt, dass das Thema der Boier eine Bestandsaufnahme und Basis für künftige kritische
aktuelle Zusammenfassung der Erkenntnisse und Auseinandersetzungen mit diesem Thema. Er glie-
Ansichten sowie ihre gründliche Überprüfung ver- dert sich in allgemeinere Überblicke und regionale
dient, sogar verlangt. Dieses Ziel war am einfachs- Studien. Die Entscheidung, ob es uns gelungen ist,
ten durch die Veranstaltung einer Konferenz über die das 2012 in Rzeszów gesetzte Ziel zu erreichen,
Boier-Problematik zu erreichen, gefolgt von der He- muss nun der Leser treffen.
rausgabe der Akten des Kolloquiums. Hinsichtlich
des gerade angeführten Axioms bot sich Böhmen Frankfurt, im September 2015
als Veranstaltungsort für die Konferenz an. Noch in
Rzeszów wurde eine freundschaftliche Vereinbarung Maciej Karwowski, Vladimír Salač, Susanne Sievers
Marko Dizdar
The Late Iron Age of South-Eastern Pannonia is do- Europe. These routes were also important during the
minated by the community of the Scordisci with their Late Iron Age when in South-Eastern Pannonia ap-
characteristic material legacy, which belongs to the peared items from neighbouring and distant regions,
Central European La Tène Culture. South-Eastern which bear witness to the existence of the intensive
Pannonia was on the crossroads of the communicati- contacts of the Scordisci with other communities,
on routes that connected Central and South-Eastern especially those in Central Europe (fig. 1).
All these Early La Tène finds from Late Hall- important communication routes leading through
statt south-eastern Pannonian sites bear witness to the valleys of the Sava, Drava and Danube rivers.
the existence of contacts with Central Europe du- It is difficult to say whether the appearance of Ear-
ring the first and the beginning of the second half ly La Tène finds was caused by the movement of
of the 4th century B.C. Also, these finds bear testi- individuals and small groups, or were objects of
mony to contacts between indigenous communities trade and exchange, but what most probably hap-
and newcomers, which were more intensive along pened was a combination of both models. The items
298 Marko Dizdar
2 5
Fig. 3. 1 Sapropelite bracelet from Ilok; 2–3 glass bracelet of group 15 from Ilok; 4 glass bracelet of group 15 from Osijek;
5 glass bracelets of group 15 from Gomolava (Osijek: after Šimić 1997; Gomolava after Jovanović / Jovanović 1988).
300 Marko Dizdar
Fig. 4. 1 Segment of the bronze belts from Kostolac; 2–4 segments of the bronze belts from Nĕmčice (Kostolac: after
Spasić 1992; Nĕmčice: after Čižmář et al. 2008).
from the Osijek-Zeleno Polje cemetery23 can be South-Eastern Pannonia in the territory of the Scor-
connected with finds from Central Europe, espe- disci31. A number of distinct variants suggest that
cially with Middle La Tène Bavarian cemeteries24. they were produced in several local workshops, al-
Other contemporaneous graves from South-Eastern though the idea itself may have originated in a pro-
Pannonia contained local bronze belts of lyre-sha- duction centre situated in Central Europe.
ped and rectangular segments dated throughout the Besides weapons and items of attire and jewel-
entire Middle La Tène period, although most of the lery, as evidence of probable contacts between
belts date from LT C125. South-Eastern Pannonia and Central Europe during
the Early and Middle La Tène (LT B2–C1) there are
finds of kantharoi on a higher or lower cylindrical
Middle to Late La Tène foot, which are sometimes decorated with various
compositions of stamped concentric circles and
The contacts continued during the later phase of the garlands. These kantharoi were found in greatest
Middle La Tène (LT C2), when in Central Europe numbers in the cemeteries of the Scordisci, while
the cemeteries stopped, while in the territories of kantharoi found at Central European sites have so-
the Scordisci graves from this phase are still docu- mewhat different forms, but the basic idea had ob-
mented. Evidence of direct contacts of the Scordisci viously came from the south32.
with the Central European area is probably found in Uninterrupted contacts, even more intensive,
the segment of a Nĕmčice type belt from the site of continued into the Late La Tène (LT D), when some
Čair in Stari Kostolac. The segment is thickened in important changes occurred in the social structure
the middle, while at the ends of rectangular plaques and organization of communities across Central Eu-
there are three small holes (fig. 4,1)26. The closest rope and South Pannonia. During the Late La Tène
analogy is found in the segment of similar shape phase the Scordisci continued to develop their ma-
from the site of Kunszentmárton in the basin of the terial culture, which shows, as in previously phases,
river Tisza27. The Nĕmčice type belts were compo-
sed of profiled segments connected with chainlets28.
For dating the segment from Čair, besides a number
23 Spajić 1962, 42–43 pl. XX,22–23; Šimić 1997, 35
of Central European finds, an especially important
fig. 16.
is the find of a belt of the Nĕmčice type from Rohr 24 Dizdar, forthcoming.
in Styria, probably from a cremation grave of LT 25 Jovanović 1982–1983; 1983; Popović 2002; Rustoiu
C2 date29. Nĕmčice type belts are for the time being 2004-2005; 2008; 2011; Bujna 2011, 116–118.
most common at sites in Lower Austria and Burgen- 26 Spasić 1992, 8 pl. I,10.
land, as well as in Western Slovakia, although the 27 Sellye 1939 Taf. 19,4; Werner 1979, 35 Abb. 4,5.
finds of unfinished segments at the Nĕmčice settle- 28 Reitinger 1966, 232–233; Werner 1979, 40–41;
ment point to a local production in Moravia, too (fig. Pieta 1982, 47; 2000, 142; Čižmář et al. 2008, 661; Buj-
na 2011, 123–124 fig. 52.
4,2–4). Partly contemporaneous with these belts are
29 Modrijan 1958, 9 Abb. 3,1–4; Kramer 1994, 30 Taf.
bronze fibulae with rectangular plaques and enamel
34,7–8.
decoration in variously shaped depressions, which 30 Čižmář 2005, 133 fig. 2; Pieta 2010, 31–32 fig. 9.
were previously very often considered as evidence 31 Teleagă 2008, 95–96 fig. 6; Guštin 2011, 125–126
of contacts in the opposite direction30. According to fig. 8; Ferencz 2012, 79–82 fig. 2.
a recent review, these fibulae originated in Central 32 Egri / Rustoiu, 2008; Rustoiu / Egri 2010; 2011;
Europe but were later produced in workshops in Dizdar 2013, 330–339.
The boii and their conections with the Scordisci 301
certain differences from Central European heritage, One of the characteristic shapes of Late La Tène
which mostly depend on their position on the border fibulae in the Scordiscan area are bronze fibulae of
zone of the La Tène Culture. In this phase fortified Middle La Tène scheme with loops at the end of the
settlements of the Scordisci developed into cent- bent foot and a spring with four or more coils con-
res of trade and exchange, as part of communica- nected with an external chord (“fibules à ‘crête’”)34.
tion networks that encompassed some very distant These fibulae from Scordiscan sites were probably
regions, and they achieved the status of political, produced locally and worn by local inhabitants (fig.
economic and religious centres for their respective 5,2)35. Analogies are documented at Late La Tène
regions. As in the previous phase, in the major part sites in Western Hungary36 (fig. 5,3) but also at Stra-
of Central Europe there is a lack of graves, which, donice, where the occurence of this type of fibula
on the other hand, are found in the territory of the is considered a foreign element and a proof of con-
Scordisci. Cemeteries of the Scordisci yielded rich- tacts with the Carpathian Basin. Interestingly, quite
ly equipped weapon graves, while female graves similar bronze fibulae are documented further to the
contain characteristic elements of costume and je- west on sites also dated to LT D137. The idea of ex-
wellery. The emergence of a warrior elite is parti- isting contacts in same direction was confirm with
cularly important, which corroborates the important a find of bronze Pestrup fibula (“Spiralfuβfibeln“)
social and economic transformations that started oc- which was revealed in the Late La Tène settlement
curring from the mid-2nd cent. B.C. The grave goods in Vinkovci (fig. 5,1)38.
included weaponry and horse gear, presenting them Among fibulae from sites in Eastern Slavonia,
as horsemen, and thus emphasizing their prominent probably the most prominent are bronze fibulae of
social status, further confirmed by their possession the Vinkovci type, which have a low triangular or le-
of prestigious goods, such as imported bronze ves- af-shaped bow and unperforated rectangular or tra-
sels33. However, the contacts with Central Europe pezoidal foot. Fibulae have a spring with four coils
and Late La Tène sites are again most visible in ele- connected with an internal or external chord. Since
ments of female costume and jewellery. Vinkovci-type fibulae are particularly numerous at
sites in Vinkovci and its neighbourhood, it is sup-
posed that they were produced in local workshop/s
on the western zone of the Scordiscan settlement
area, probably based on the model of the Nauheim
type fibula from the west39. The north-westernmost
findspot of a Vinkovci type fibula is the Oberleiser-
berg40. Confirmation of the existence of contacts in
the opposite direction is provided by a group of cast
bronze fibulae discovered at Scordiscan sites. Ba-
sed on the shape of the bow and perforated foot,
fibulae of the Szalacska and Oberleiserberg types
can be recognized41. Although it is not excluded terret-ring of the Hopstätten type from Vinkovci,
that some cast fibulae were produced in Scordiscan the south-easternmost specimen found so far48. In-
workshops, the idea surely arrived from the north- tensive trade and exchange contacts have also been
west. Maybe the best evidence for these connec- corroborated by the finds of different types of coins,
tions with Central Europe is the belt clasp with red like a gold stater of the Vindelician type from an
enamel from the double grave 3 in the Late La Tène unknown find spot in Vinkovci49 or a gold stater of
cemetery at Sotin-Zmajevac (fig. 6,1)42. This is for the Boii from Osijek, and a hoard from Bački Obro-
the time being a unique find in the distribution area vac, which also contained Boian staters50. Findspots
of the Scordisci, in which the position of Sotin on of staters of the Boii in Western Hungary point to
the Danube, which yielded several other finds that at least two possible connection routes – one lea-
originate in, or arrived through, Central Europe ding along the so-called Amber Route, and another
(e.g. a horn chain43), point to a stronger exposure that passed near Lake Balaton with the oppidum at
of the western territory controlled by the Scordisci Szalacska as an important transmission centre51.
to influences from Central Europe (fig. 6,2–3). In As during the Early and Middle La Tène, cont-
addition to these objects of attire, important for the acts with contemporary Central European sites may
recognition of contacts are also finds of fragments be documented by certain specific types of pottery
of Late La Tène glass objects, such as cobalt-blue decoration, for instance, the appearance of wheel-
bracelets of D-shaped cross-section44 or blue glass thrown painted vessels in the Scordiscan material
ring-beads with radial decoration45. culture during the Late La Tène. The most common
During the Late La Tène phase the connections forms are oval pots and bowls, reddish in colour and
between Central Europe and South-Eastern Pan- decorated with alternating bands of various widths,
nonia, in addition to dress accessories and jewel- mostly red and white in colour. Interestingly, the
lery, are also indicated by certain items of horse concentration of sites with painted vessels can be re-
gear, like bronze buttons46 and trefoil-shaped strap cognized at the western zone of the Scordiscan sett-
separators47 of various types, found at Scordiscan lement area, that is, in Eastern Slavonia and Western
sites, but also in Central European oppida. One of Syrmia, which were the closest for the spreading of
the most important proofs of contacts is a bronze such ideas from Central European sites52.