Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chemical Reac4on Engineering and Kine4cs
October 23‐ Nov 26, 2009
Lecture 6:
Fixed Bed Catalytic Reactors
Brian G. Higgins
Department of Chemical Engineering and
Materials Science
University of California, Davis
Email: bghiggins@ucdavis.edu
Lecture notes posted at
hNp://www.ekayasolu4ons.com
Multiple Scales for Reactor Analysis
fixed bed reactor
inters>>al pores
catalyst pellet
From: Rawlings and Ekerdt: Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design Fundamentals, 2002
Catalyst Pellet
catalyst support
(alumina) catalyst site
(Pt, Ni, Ru)
pores
void volume
support volume
pellet volume: V = Vs + Vg
Ms Ms
density of support: ρs = bulk density of pellet: ρb =
Vs V
Vg ρb
porosity of pellet: ! = or !=1−
V ρs
Surface area of support from 0.5 m2/g to 100 m2/g
Transport/Reaction Sequence for Catalyst Pellet
(Step 1) Transport of reactants/energy up to catalyst exterior surface
(Step 2) Transport of reactants from surface to interior of pellet
Transport/Reaction Sequence for Catalyst Pellet
cont.
species O2 CO species
(Step 3) Adsorp>on, reac>on, desorp>on at cataly>c surface
Transport/Reaction Sequence for Catalyst Pellet
cont.
(Step 4) Transport of products from catalyst surface to external surface of pellet
Coupling of transport
and chemical reac>on
(Step 5) Transport of products into the bulk fluid lead to concentra>on
and temperature
gradients in pellet
Rates of individual steps determine overall rate of reac>on in pellet
Rate Limiting Steps
(i) Intrapar>cle transport controlled ‐ Step (2):
If this is the slow step in process, then system said to be diffusion limited.
(ii) Kine>c or reac>on controlled‐ Step (3)
If surface reac>on is the slow step in process , then system is reac>on limited.
(iii) External transport controlled – Step (1)
If transport of bulk reactants to catalyst pellet surface is the slow step, then system
is external transport limited.
Diffusion Limited versus Reaction Limited
z
CA (δ)
δ
JA JsA CA (z)
CA (0)
k
A−
→B
dCA CA (δ) − CA (0)
Diffusion flux: JA = −D ≈D
dz δ
Reac>on flux: JsA = −k CA (0)
!
reaction rate kδ 2
Thiele modulus: Φ= =
diffusion rate D
dCA
= 0, r = 0 CA = CAs , r = R
dr
Out[42]= 0.4
! "2
0.2
! "1 reactant concentra>on nearly
0.0
zero except near surface
r !3 r !R
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
i.e., diffusion limited
Φ→0
As , diffusion is very fast rela>ve to reac>on kine>cs, thus reactant
molecule can diffuse to center of par>cle before being consumed.
Effectiveness Factor for Catalyst Pellet
Volume average rate of produc>on:
!
1 R
R AP = RA (r)4πr2 dr
V 0
Rate of produc>on at surface concentra>on:
RAS = −k CAS
R AP
Effec>veness factor: η=
R AS
η=1
For , en>re volume of pellet is reac>ng at the same high rate
η≈0
For , pellet reacts at low rate; reactant unable to penetrate into pellet
Effectiveness Factor versus Thiele Modulus
! "
1 1 1
η= −
Φ tanh(3Φ) 3Φ
1.00
0.50
η=1
1
0.20 η≈
0.10
Φ
Η
Out[52]=
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
η=1
For , en>re volume of pellet is reac>ng at the same high rate
η≈0
For , pellet reacts at low rate; reactant unable to penetrate into pellet