Theta Logs and Exponents FAMAT State Convention 2017

ANSWERS

1. D
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. B
7. E
8. C
9. D
10. E
11. B
12. C
13. D
14. C
15. A
16. B
17. C
18. D
19. B
20. E
21. A
22. B
23. D
24. A
25. D
26. B
27. D
28. B
29. D
30. C

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Theta Logs and Exponents FAMAT State Convention 2017
𝑙𝑜𝑔 36 𝑙𝑜𝑔10
1. | 3 | = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 36 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 9 − 0
𝑙𝑜𝑔1 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 9
𝑙𝑜𝑔 36 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 2𝑙𝑜𝑔6 2𝑙𝑜𝑔3
| 3 |= × =4
𝑙𝑜𝑔1 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 9 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑙𝑜𝑔6
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 125 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 8 = 3 log 5 + 3 log 2 = 3(log 5 + log 2) = 3
 1
4 1 1 1 
3. 
n 1 3
n
 4   
 3 9 27
 ... 

 4  3 2
1 1
3
4. log 4 (log 2 (8 log 𝑥)) = 2 ⇒ log 2 (8 log 𝑥) = 16 ⟹ 8 log 𝑥 = 216
13
log 𝑥 = 213 ⟹ 𝑥 = 102
5. 4𝑥 = 𝑥 4
x log 4 = 4 log 𝑥
1 1
log 44 = log 𝑥 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑥 = {2,4}
1
6. 4𝑙𝑛5 = 2 ln 𝑥
4𝑙𝑛5 = ln √𝑥
𝑙𝑛5 2 𝑙𝑛25 2 𝑙𝑛625
𝑥 = (𝑒 4 ) = (𝑒 2 ) = 𝑒2
7. 𝑓(0) = 𝑃 = 1200
1
𝑓(4) = 2400 = 1200𝑒 4𝑟 ⇒ 𝑟 = ln 2
4
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
4800 = 1200𝑒 4 ln 2 ⇒ 𝑒 4 ln 2 = 4 ⇒ 24 = 4 ⇒ 𝑡 = 8
Exceeds $4800 after the eighth year so the answer is 9

8. log 3   
16

 

 16  log 81 log16  log81 4log 2  4log 3
 4
2  81  log 3
2  
log 3  log 2 log 3  log 2
80
  log 4 log 5 log81
80
log n  1
9.  log  n  1   log  n 1  log 2  log 3 ... log 79
n 3
n 1
n 3

Cancel out the logs that repeat on the top and bottom
80
log 80  log 81 4 log 80
 log  n  1  log 2  log 3  log 2
n 3
n 1

10. If 𝑔(𝑥) = 0, then log(𝑥 2 − 3) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 1 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±2

Set 𝑓(𝑥) = ±2
log(𝑥 − 5) = 2 ⟹ 𝑥 = 105 log(𝑥 − 5) = −2 ⟹ 𝑥 = 501⁄100
Except 𝑥 ≠ −2,2 because if that were the case then 𝑓(𝑥) wouldn’t exist
11. The first way: Set 2 log 𝑥 − log 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = {−2,2}
𝑥 ≠ −2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2
The second way: Set 𝑥 2 + 2 log 𝑥 − 9 = 1
𝑥 2 + 2 log 𝑥 = 10 ⇒ 𝑁𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
12. The ones digit is cyclic based on the powers of 7 7 , 9 , 3 , 1 , 7 ,.... .
first power second power third power fourth power fifth power

The 2013th power has a ones place of 7

2×log 3×2 log 3 2×log 3×2 log 3 4
13. 𝑀 = log 3+log 9
= 3log 3
= 3 log 3
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Theta Logs and Exponents FAMAT State Convention 2017
32016 −32013 33 −1 26 1
14. = = =
32017 −32014 34 −3 78 3
9 1 6
15. ( ) (𝑥 2 )3 (− 2𝑥) = 21⁄16
3
√48+√75 √16+√25 9√6 3√6
16. ⇒ 𝐸𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 √3 ⇒ = =
√18 √6 6 2
17. 16 + 16−𝑥 = 64 ⇒ (4𝑥 + 4
𝑥 −𝑥 )2
= 16 + 2 + 16−𝑥
𝑥

4𝑥 + 4−𝑥 = √66
18. Two conditions must be satisfied: I. The expression under the radical must be nonzero and II. The
denominator of the same expression must be nonzero
7
I. > 0 ⇒ 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
2log 𝑥−5
II. 2 log 𝑥 − 5 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 > 102.5
1 1 1 log 5
19. + log + log =
log5 2 8 25 32 625 2𝑥
log 5 2log 5 4 log 5 log 5
+ 3 log 2 + 5 log 2 =
log 2 2𝑥
log 5 (2⁄3)log 5 (4⁄5) log 5 log 5
+ + =
log 2 log 2 log 2 2𝑥
log 5+(2⁄3)log 5+(4⁄5) log 5 log 5
=
log 2 2𝑥
2 4
log 5+log 53 +log 55 log 5
=
log 2 2𝑥
2 4
1+ +
log 5 3 5 log 5
=
log 2 2𝑥
37
log 515 log 5
=
log 2 2𝑥
37
log 5 log 5
15
= divide by log 5
log 2 2𝑥
37
15 1
= 2𝑥 cross multiply and divide by 74/15
log 2
15
𝑥= log 2
74
20. I isn’t always true because 𝑎 = −5 does not satisfy ln(𝑎2 ) < 0, it would be more correct to say I
is sometimes true rather than always true
II isn’t always true because 𝑎 can be negative
III is sometimes because 𝑙𝑛(𝑎2 ) < 0 ⇒ 2 ln 𝑎 < 0 ⇒ ln 𝑎 < 0 but 𝑎 can be negative based on
the condition 𝑎2 > 1 which means ln 𝑎 > 0 does not always hold
𝑒 𝑥+5
21. =9
𝑒 2𝑥−2
𝑥+5−(2𝑥−2)
𝑒 =9
−𝑥+7
𝑒 =9
−𝑥 + 7 = ln 9
𝑥 = 7 − ln 9
22. Let 10𝑥 = 5210 since the number of digits in 10𝑥 is always ⌊𝑥⌋ + 1
𝑥 = 210 log 5

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Theta Logs and Exponents FAMAT State Convention 2017
log 5 = log 10 − log 2 = 0.7
𝑥 = 147 ⟹ 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 147 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑠
2199
23.  log x  log  x  1
1000
2199
1000 1001 2199
 log x  log  x  1  log 1001  log 1002  ...  log 2200
1000
2199
1000 1001 1002 2199 
 log x  log  x  1  log  1001  1002  1003  ...  2200 
1000
2199
 1000 
 log x  log  x  1  log  2200   3  log 2200
1000
2199
 1000 
 log x  log  x  1  log  2200   1  log 22
1000

24. 18356 = (5 × 3 + 3)356

When expanded all terms except the last will be a multiple of 5. The last term will be 3356
3 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 5 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 3
9 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 5 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 4
27 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 5 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 2
81 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 5 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 1
243 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 5 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 3
Repeats for every fourth power. The remainder is 1
25. If 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = 1
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 − 3) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 √𝑥
(𝑥 − 3)
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 =1
√𝑥
(𝑥 − 3)
= 3 ⇒ (𝑥 − 3)2 = 9𝑥
√𝑥
15 ± 3√21
𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 9 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 =
2
13
26. 4513 = (32 × 5)13 = 32 × 513
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑠 = (2 × 13 + 1) × (13 + 1) = 2 × 13 × 14 + 14 = 378
log 3+log 1458 log 3+log 3+log 486 8log 3+log 2
27. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 4374 = log 3
= log 3
= log 3
= 8 + log 3 2
28. To maximize 1 − log 2 (𝑓(0)), minimize f  0 
From the given information, we can conclude
f  6  f  0
6
60
f 7  f 0
7
70

f 9  f  0
9
90

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Theta Logs and Exponents FAMAT State Convention 2017
Hence f  0  must at least share the factors 6, 7, 8, and 9. The smallest possible value of f  0 
must be the LCM.
f  0  6  7  8  9
1 − log 2 (𝑓(0)) = 1 − log 2 (6 × 7 × 8 × 9)
1 − log 2 (𝑓(0)) = 1 − log 2 (2 × 3 × 7 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 9)
1 − log 2 (𝑓(0)) = 1 − log 2 24 −log 2(3 × 7 × 9)
1 − log 2 (𝑓(0)) = 3 −log2 (189)
1
29. Let y  23 
1
23 
1
23 
23  ...
1
By the transitive property, y  23 
y
y 2  y 23  1
2
 23  23
y  y 23  
2
  1
 2  4
Obviously, y must be positive.
23 27
y 
2 4
23  3 3
y
2
30. 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = ⌊log 𝑛⌋ ⇒ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑠 3

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