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AMITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

C lass XII Chemistry
HOTS Questions

Kindly delete Q26,Q32,Q53.

SOLID STATE
1. In a crystalline solid, anions B- are arranged in CCP. Cations A+ is equally distributed
between octahedral and tetrahedral voids. If all octahedral voids are occupied, what is the
formula of solid? (2M)

2. An alloy of gold and cadmium crystallizes with a cubic structure in which gold atoms occupy
the corners and cadmium atoms fit into face centres. What formula would you assign to the
alloy? (1M)
3. Thallium chloride, TlCl crystallizes in either a simple cubic lattice or face centered cubic
lattice of Cl- ions with Tl+ ions in the holes. If the density of the solid is 9gm/c.c. and edge of
the unit cell is 3.85 x 10-8cm. What is the unit cell geometry? (3M)
4. Iron II oxide has a cubic structure and each unit cell has a side 5A0. If the density of the
oxide is 4g/cm3. Calculate the number of Fe2+ and O2- ions present in each unit cell. (Molar
mass of FeO = 72 gmol-1) (2M)
5. Analysis shows that Wustite has the formula Fe0.93O. What fraction of Fe exists as Fe2+ and
Fe3+ ions? (2M)
6. Chromium metal crystallizes with a BCC lattice. The length of the unit cell edge is found to
be 287 pm. Calculate the atomic radius .What would be the density of chromium in g/cm3?
(3M)
7. What is the total volume of atoms in a face–centered cubic unit cell of a metal with radius
‘r’? (1M)
8. In a crystalline solid, anions B are arranged in ccp. Cations ‘A’ are equally distributed
equally between tetrahedral and octahedral voids. If all the octahedral voids are occupied,
Find formula of the compound. (2M)

SOLUTIONS
9. 4% NaOH (W/V) and 6% urea solution (W/V) are equimolar but not isotonic. Why? (1M)
10. The vapour pressure of water at 25.0۫۫ C is 23.8 torr. Determine the mass of sodium chloride
needed to add to 400ml of water to change the vapour pressure to 2.8 torr. Assume the
density of water to be 1.0g/ml. (1M)
11. How many grams of Al2(SO4)3 do you need to make 87.62g of 0.0162m Al2(SO4)3 solution?
(1M)
12. Find the mole fraction of the ZnSO4 in a solution whose density is 1.25g/ml and whose
molarity is 1.19 M ZnSO4. (2M)
13. At a given temperature the vapour pressure of pure liquid diethyl ether and isopropyl alcohol
are 730 torr and 310 torr respectively. A solution prepared by mixing isopropyl alcohol and
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diethyl ether obeys Raoult’s Law. At this temperature, what is the vapour pressure of diethyl
ether over a solution in which its mole fraction is 0.270? (2M)
14. Two sodium chloride solutions are separated by a semi permeable membrane. The
concentration of solution ‘A’ is 0.50 M and the concentration of solution ‘B’ is 0.250 M.
Over time, there will be a measurable movement of
(a) water from solution A to B.
(b) water from solution B to A.
(c) sodium chloride from solution B to A.
(d) sodium chloride from solution A to B.
(e) two of these are correct. (1M)
15. A 0.250 M solution of CaCl2 has an observed osmotic pressure of 10.1 atm at 230 C.
Determine the observed van’t Hoff factor for this experiment. (2M)
0
16. You are given the problem of lowering the freezing point of H2O from 0 C to 0 ۫ F (-17.8 ۫ C).
What volume of methyl alcohol (CH3OH) should you add to 10.0 litres of H2O? The density
of CH3OH is 0.787g/ml. Assume the density of water to be exactly 1.00g/ml. (2M)
17. Of the following compounds, which are likely to increase in solubility as the temperature of
the solution increases?
(a)Glucose, C6H12O6
(b)CO2
(c) NaBr
(d)CuSO4
(e)CH4 (1M)
18. Give reasons for the following: (3M)
(a) Raw mangoes are placed in concentrated salt solution before making pickle.
(b) Saline gargles are suggested to soothe sour throat.
(c) It is not possible to obtain absolute alcohol by the method of fractional distillation.
19. A nurse prepared three injections of concentration 1.0%, 0.75% and 0.9% saline to be
injected intravenously to a patient. Which is the most suitable concentration to be used?
Why? (2M)
20. Arrange the following one molal solution in the increasing order of boiling points, freezing
points and osmotic pressures – glucose, sodium chloride, sodium phosphate, and aluminium
phosphate. (3M)
21. In which of the following solvents will we get an abnormal molar mass for benzoic acid? a)
Water b) Benzene. Give Reasons. (2M)
22. Calculate the amount of ice that would separate out on cooling a solution containing
50g of ethylene glycol in 200g of water to -9.3oC (Kf for water = 1.86Kmol-1Kg)
(3M)

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
22. Why is salt bridge not required in lead storage battery? (1M)
23. What would happen if the protective tin coating over an iron bucket is broken from some
places? (1M)
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24. Why does electrolysis of aqueous solution of NaBr and NaI give Br2 and I2 respectively
whereas that of NaF gives O2 instead of F2? (2M)
25. Estimate the minimum potential difference needed to reduce Al2O3 at 500o C. The free
energy change for the decomposition reaction:
2/3 Al2O3→4/3 Al + O2 is ∆G= +960 kJ (F = 96500 C mol-1) (1M)
26. How many grams of chlorine can be produced by electrolysis of molten NaCl with a current
of 1 Ampere for 15 minutes? (2M)
27. When silver electrode having reduction potential 0.80V is connected to SHE to make the cell,
will it act as anode or cathode? Give reasons for your answer. (1M)
28. The standard reduction potential values of three metallic cations X, Y, Z are 52, -3.03, -
1.18V respectively. What will be the order of reducing power of the corresponding metals?
(1M)
29. Which will have greater molar conductivity and why?
(a) Solution A- 1 mol KC1 dissolved in 200cc of the solution
(b) Solution B - 1 mol KC1 dissolved in 500cc of the solution (2M)
30. Calculate the potential of hydrogen electrode in contact with a solution whose pH is 9.
(1M)
31. Interpret the data given below: (3M)

Wt. of Nails in DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3

HCl solution 3.652g 3.024g 2.796g

NaOH solution 3.595g 3.587g 3.580g

NaCl solution 3.742g 3.582g 3.498g

CHEMICAL KINETICS
32. The activation energy of a reaction is 0; will the rate constant depend on temperature?
Give reason. (1M)
33. 1 liter of 2M acetic acid is mixed with 1L of 3M ethyl alcohol to form ester .What
would be the decrease in initial rate if each solution is diluted by an equal volume of
water? (2M)
34. State any one condition under which a bimolecular reaction may be kinetically of
first order. (1M)
35. Mechanisms of some reactions are given below. Predict the overall rate law- (a)
Step I- NO2 + NO2 → NO3 + NO (slow)
Step II – NO3 + CO → CO2+ NO2 (fast)
(b) Step I- ClO- + ClO- → ClO2- + Cl- (slow) (2M)
- - - -
Step II – ClO + ClO2 → ClO3 + Cl (fast)
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36. The reaction NO2Cl (g) + NO (g) = NO2 (g) + NOCl (g) is a single step reversible
reaction. The energy of activation for the forward reaction is 28.9KJ and that for the
backward reaction is 41.8KJ.
(a) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction and indicate Ea(f), Ea(b) and ∆rH in
the diagram.
(b) What is the molecularity of the reaction? (3M)
37. (a)The following reaction takes place in one step: 2NO (g) + O2 (g) → 2NO2 (g). How
will the rate of the reaction change if the volume of the reaction vessel is diminished
to one- third of its original volume? Will there be any change in the order of the
reaction? (2M)
(b) A curve has been plotted for a reaction A → B. Answer the following questions
on the basis of the curve:

(i) What is the order of the reaction?

(ii) Calculate the rate constant of the reaction if the slope is 2 x 10-4 s-1.
(iii) Derive the relationship between half life of the reaction and its rate constant. (3M)

38. The catalytic decomposition of N2O by gold at 9000C and an initial pressure of 200
atm is 50% complete in 53 min and 73% complete in 100 min.
(a) What is the order of the reaction?
(b) How much of it will decompose in 100 min at the same temperature but initial
pressure of 600 atm? (3M)

SURFACE CHEMISTRY
39. Explain what is observed when – (a)
An emulsion is subjected to centrifugation.
(b) A direct current is passed through a colloidal sol. (2M)
40. In which of the following does adsorption takes place and why?
(a)Silica gel placed in the atmosphere saturated with water.
(b)Anhydrous CaCl2 placed in the atmosphere saturated with water. (2M)
41. On passing H2S through dil.HNO3 solution the colorless solution becomes turbid.
Why? (1M)
42. (a) What s the difference between dilute soap solution and concentrated soap
solution?
(b) The conductance of an emulsion increases on adding common salt to it. What type
of an emulsion is it?
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(c) What happens when a freshly precipitated Fe(OH)3 is shaken with a little amount
of dilute FeCl3? (3M)
43. Give reasons for the following
(a) Fading of colour of a dye solution when clay is stirred in it.
b) Decrease in the pressure of a gas (e.g.hydrogen) when a finely divided solid (as
Nickel) is introduced. (2M)
44. Why is the gas in a gas system not considered a colloidal system? (1M)
45. What will be the charge on the sol particles if FeCl3 solution is added to a precipitate
of Fe(OH)3 ? (1M)
46. Water is added to an emulsion, the water added forms a separate layer. Identify the
type of emulsion .Give one other test to ‘identify it’. (1M)
47. On passing electric current through arsenious sulphide sol, particles are seen to be
collecting at the positive electrode.
(a) Name the phenomenon
(b) Explain the reason for the above observation.
(c) What other method can be used for coagulation of the solution (3M)

GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS

48. Why does CaO react with SiO2 to form the slag? (1M)
49. Which is the cheapest and most abundant reducing agent used in the extraction of
elements? (1M)
50. Galena and cinnabar on roasting often give their respective metals but Zinc blend
does not. Why? (1M)
51. Why is Zinc not copper used for the recovery of silver from the complex [Ag
(CN) 2] - (1M)
52. The reduction of metal oxide easier if the metal is formed in the liquid state at the
temperature of reduction. Explain. (1M)
53. Why is chalcocite roasted and not calcinated in the recovery of copper? (1M)
54. Consider the following diagram and answer the following questions:
(a) Which process is being shown below?
(b) Which substance acts as stationary phase?
(c) Which of the three components A, B, C is eluted first?
(d) What is the principle of this technique? (3M)

p- BLOCK ELEMENTS
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55. Explain
(a) why compound of formula KHF2 is well known but KHCl2 or KHBr2 are not
known?
(b) CN- ion is known but CP- ion is not. (2M)
56. An element A is a yellow solid forming a volatile hydride B which is a foul
smelling gas. On treating with O2, B forms an oxide C , a colorless, pungent
smelling gas, which decolorizes acidified KMnO4 solution. C gets oxidized to
other oxide D in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst. Identify A, B, C, D and
also give the chemical equations involved. (5M)
57. Compare giving reasons the oxidizing powers of F2 and Cl2. (2M)
58. Which of the xenon fluoride is isostructural with IF2? Draw the structure of the
molecule. (2M)
59. The molecules of N(CH3)3 and N(SiH3)3 have different shapes? Explain. (1M)
60. Conc. HNO3 is added to following:

Paper P4 Zn S8 I2

(a)Which will form dibasic acid?

(b)Which will form CO2 and brown gas?
(c)Which will form a tribasic acid and brown gas?
(d)Which of them forms monobasic acid in which central atom is in +5 oxidation state?
(e)Which of them forms brown gas along with salt of a metal?
(e)Give all equations involved. (3M)

61. When conc. H2SO4 is added into an unknown salt present in a test tube, a brown gas
‘A’ was evolved. This gas intensified when copper turnings were added to this test
tube. On cooling, the gas ’A’ changed into a colourless gas ‘B’. Identify the gases,
‘A’ and ‘B’ and write the equations for the reactions involved. (3M)

62. A translucent waxy solid ‘A’ on heating in an inert atmosphere is converted to its
allotropic form ‘B’. Allotrope ‘A’ on reaction with very dilute aqueous KOH liberates
a highly poisonous gas ‘C’ having a rotten fish smell. With excess of chlorine ‘A’
forms ‘D’ this hydrolyses to compound ‘E’ which is a dibasic acid. Identify
compounds ‘A’ to ‘E’.

63. A colourless inorganic salt ‘A’ decomposes completely at 250C to give only two
products, ‘B’ and ‘C’, leaving no residue. The oxide ‘C’ is a liquid at room
temperature and neutral to litmus while the gas ‘B’ is a neutral oxide. White
phosphorous burns in excess of ‘B’ to produce a strong white dehydrating agent.
Write balanced equations for the reactions involved in the above reactions. (5M)

64. When bismuth chloride powder is dissolved in water, a white turbidity is formed.
The solution becomes clear and turbidity dissolves on addition of HCl. Give reaction.
(2M)
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65. An inorganic compound ‘A’ gives a brick red flame on performing flame test. The
compound gives the following tests also. It gives smell of chlorine when placed in
moist air. If KI and CH3COOH are added to the suspension of the compound in
water, a violet colour is noticed. Identify the compound and write equations for the
reactions involved. (3M)

66. Account for the following:

(a) Hydrolysis of XeF6 is not a redox reaction.
(b) Chlorine water has both oxidizing as well as bleaching properties.
(c) Treatment of KI with H2SO4 produces I2 and not HI. (3M)

d- and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS

67. The lowest oxidation state of Mn is basic while the highest is acidic. Explain.
(1M)
68. d block elements have greater tendency to form complexes than f block. Why?
(1M)
69. Why is HCl not used to acidify potassium permanganate solution in volumetric
analysis? (1M)
70. Mention the direct consequences of the following on the chemical behaviour of the
transition metals
(a) they have incompletely filled d orbitals in the ground state or in the oxidized states of
their atoms.
(b) they contribute more valence electrons per atom in the formation of metallic bonds.
(2M)

71. A dark green coloured transition metal compound ‘X’ on oxidation with carbon
dioxide produces a compound ‘Y’, which is a good analytical reagent and oxidizing
agent.
(a) Write a balanced reaction in acidic medium for action of ‘Y’ on Mohr’s salt.
(b) Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’. (2M)
72. Out of Co and Zn, which is attracted in a magnetic field? Explain with reasons. (1M)
73. What is the most common form of chromium in basic solution? What ion gets
formed when the basic solution of chromium is acidified? Explain with reaction and colour
change. (2M)
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COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

74. Giving a suitable example, describe the importance of the formation of complex
compound in the estimation of hardness of water (2M)
75. Deduce the magnetic behavior of each of the following:
(a) [Cr(NH3)5Cl]2+ (b)Fe(CO)5
[Atomic number of Cr = 24, Fe = 26 (1M)
76. Do we call metal carbonyls as organometallics? Why or why not. (1M)
77. State for a d6 ion actual configuration in split‘d’ orbitals in an octahedral crystal
field is decided by the magnitude of ------- and ----------. (1M)
78. Name a transition metal which does not exhibit (1M)
79. Explain why NH3 readily forms complexes but NH4+ does not? (1M)

HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES

80. Explain the role of anhydrous ZnCl2, when 10 &20 alcohols form chloroalkanes in
the presence of HCl (1M)
81. An organic compound ‘A’ with molecular formula C4H9Br on treatment with
alc.KOH gave two isomeric compounds ‘B’ & ‘C’ with the molecular formula C4H8.
On ozonolysis, ‘B’ gave only one product CH3CHO while ‘C’ gave two different
products. Identify the compounds ‘A’, ‘B’ & ‘C’ giving reasons for your answer.
(3M)
82. Write all the possible isomers of dichloroethene which will have zero dipole
moment? (2M)
83. . A dihalogen derivative ‘A’ of a hydrocarbon having two carbon atoms reacts with
alcoholic potash and forms another hydrocarbon which gives a red precipitate with
ammonical cuprous chloride. Compound ‘A’ gives an aldehyde when treated with
aqueous KOH. What is ‘A’? (1M)
84. The alkylhalide C4H9Br (A) reacts with alc. KOH and gives an alkene (B), which
when reacts with bromine gives a dibromo compound. (C). (C) is transformed with
sodamide to a gas (D) which forms a precipitate when passed through ammoniacal
AgNO3 solution. Give the structural formulae of the compounds (A), (B), (C) and (D). Explain
the reactions involved. (3M)
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ALCOHOLS,PHENOLS AND ETHERS

85. Distinguish between following:
(a) acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde
(b) phenol and benzyl alcohol (2M)
86. Out of two isomeric aromatic compounds X and Y with formula C7H7OH.only X
gives purple colour with neutral FeCl3 solution. Identify X and Y and give their
structures. (2M)
87. Explain why dehydration of alcohols to form alkenes is always carried out in the
presence of conc. H2SO4 and not any other acid? (1M)
88. Anisole is less reactive than phenol towards the nucleophilic attack. Why? (1M)
89. Which one will have a strong impact to weaken the C-O-C bond of ether, a base or an
acid? (1M)
90. Complete the following reactions.
HI
a) C6H5 –CH2-O- C6H4-OH

conc. H2SO4 ? conc.HNO ?

b) C6H5 OH 3 (2M)

ALDEHYDES, KETONES, CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

90. A compound ‘A’ with molecular formula C4H10 O on oxidation forms a compound
‘B’. The compound ‘B’ gives positive Iodoform test ands on reaction with CH3MgBr
followed by hydrolysis gives ‘C’. Identify the compounds ‘A’, ‘B’ & ‘C’. Give the
sequence of reactions. (3M)
91. A compound ‘A’ reacts with thionyl chloride to give compound ‘B’. ‘B’ reacts with
Mg to form Grignard reagent which on treatment with acetone followed by hydrolysis
gives 2-methylbutan-2-ol. What are ‘A’ & ‘B’? (2M)
92. Why are aldehydes stronger reducing agents than ketones? (1M)
93. Cyclohexanone forms oxime which is tautomeric. Write the structure of both the
tautomers. (1M)
94. Acetic acid in the vapour state has a molecular mass of 120. Explain. (1M)
95. Carboxylic acid does not give the test for carbonyl compounds. Why? (1M)
96. Give the reaction mechanism and products for the Cross Aldol condensation of
formaldehyde and acetone. (2M)
97. An organic compound ‘A’ having molecular formula C6H12O2 is hydrolyzed with
water in the presence of a mineral acid to give a carboxylic acid ‘B’ and an alcohol
‘C’. Oxidation of ‘C’ with chromic acid gives ‘B’. Deduce the structure of ‘A’, ‘B’
and ‘C’? (2M)
98. Give a chemical method to separate a mixture of acetaldehyde, ethyl alcohol.
Supplement your answer with required equations. (2M)
99. Suggest a suitable oxidizing agent for the conversion of (CH3)2C=CH CO CH3 to
(CH3)2C=CH COOH (1M)
100. Can the acid chloride of an amino acid be made by treating with SOCl2? (2M)
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101. Order of reactivity of acid derivatives is :Acyl Halide > Acid Anhydride > Ester >
Amide

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

102. Aniline acquires dark color on standing in air for a long time. Why? (1M)
103. Methyl amine in water reacts with ferric chloride to precipitates hydrated ferric
hydroxide. Give reason and equations to supplement your answer. (2M)
104. Hofmann’s method of preparation of amines is not suitable for aromatic amines.
Why? (1M)
105. Hydrogen atoms of methyl group in p-nitrotoluene are acidic while those in
toluene are not. Why? (2M)
106. An optically inactive compound (A) having molecular formula C4H11N on
treatment with HNO2 gave an alcohol (B). (B) on heating at 440K gave an alkene (C).
(C) on treatment with HBr gave an optically active compound (D), having molecular
formula C4H9 Br. Identify A, B, C and D. (2M)

BIOMOLECULES
107. The solubility in water of amino acids is higher than those of the corresponding
halo acids. Comment. (1M)
108. Glycine exists as zwitter ion but o- and p- amino benzoic acids do not. Why?
(2M)
109. This biomolecule gives a purple colouration on ninhydrin test. Identify the
biomolecule. (1M)
110. How are nucleotides, nucleosides and nucleic acids related? (2M)
111. A DNA molecule ‘A’ has higher boiling point than ‘B’. What does this
information suggest about the base pairs in them? (1M)
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POLYMERS
112. Natural polymer has a definite molecular mass while synthetic polymer does not.
Why? (1M)
113. Benzoyl peroxides are commonly used as initiators. Why? (1M)

CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

114. Aspirin helps in prevention of heart attack. Explain. (1M)

115. Can soap be used at pH 7 or below? (1M)
116. Can sulphanilamide be classified as an antibiotic? (1M)
117. Why do drugs cause side effects? (1M)
118. People suffering from the disease phenylketone urea should not use aspartame.
Give reason. (1M)