EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

THE NATIONAL ACTION PLAN AND

CONSERVATION STRATEGY OF
HELMETED HORNBILL (Rhinoplax vigil)
IN INDONESIA 2018-2028

© Y. Hadiprakarsa/Rangkong Indonesia

MAY 2019
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

THE NATIONAL ACTION PLAN AND CONSERVATION

STRATEGY OF THE HELMETED HORNBILL (Rhinoplax vigil)
IN INDONESIA

2018-2028
 DRAFTING TEAM
Bambang Dahono Adji (Direktorat Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati-KLHK), Ratna Kusuma Sari
(Direktorat Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati-KLHK), Agung Nugroho (Direktorat Konservasi
Keanekaragaman Hayati-KLHK), Sri Ratnaningsih (Direktorat Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati-
KLHK), Desy Satya Chandradewi (Direktorat Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati-KLHK), Arief Santosa
(Direktorat Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan-KLHK), Dewi M. Prawiradilaga (Pusat
Penelitian Biologi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia), Muhammad Irham (Pusat Penelitian Biologi,
Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia), Nurul Winarni (Research Center of Climate Change Universitas
Indonesia), Yeni A. Mulyani (Institut Pertanian Bogor), Yok Yok Hadiprakarsa (Rangkong Indonesia), Sofi
Mardiah (USAID BIJAK/Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program), Andina Auria Dwiputri
(USAID BIJAK/Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program), William Marthy (USAID
BIJAK/Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program), Hendry Pramono (USAID BIJAK/Wildlife
Conservation Society Indonesia Program), Ady Kristanto (Fauna & Flora International), Yoan Dinata
(Zoological Society of London), Ria Saryanthi (Burung Indonesia), Ferry Hasudungan (Burung Indonesia),
Novi Hardianto (Yayasan WWF Indonesia)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank various stakeholders who have been actively taking part in the development of
SRAK Helmeted Hornbill Indonesia from the beginning to the end of the process, including Abdul Halim
Ramli (cultural observer), Arief Mahmud (BBTNBKDS), Giyanto (Wildlife Conservation Society),
Rahmad Saleh (BBTNGL), Sadtata Noor Adirahmanta (BKSDA Kalimantan Barat), Suer Suryadi
(Researcher), Suhartono (KLHK), and Wilson Novarino (Universitas Andalas). We also would like to
thank all government institutions, organizations, and companies who have been supporting and
participating during the development of this document including Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI),
Attorney General's Office, BAPPENAS, BAPPEDA Kapuas Hulu, BKSDA offices in Sumatra and
Kalimantan, National Park management in Sumatra and Kalimantan, local government (Dinas
Kehutanan) in Sumatra and Kalimantan, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Universitas Andalas, UIN Syarif
Hidayatullah-Jakarta, Universitas Tanjung Pura-Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, Research Center for Climate
Change Universitas Indonesia, Burung Indonesia, Fauna and Flora International Indonesia Program,
Himpunan Asosias Pengusaha Flora Fauna Indonesia, Kawan Burung Ketapang, PKBSI, Rangkong
Indonesia, TFCA Kalimantan, USAID Bangun Indonesia Jaga Alam demi Keberlanjutan (USAID BIJAK),
Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program, Yayasan Kehati, Yayasan Palung, Yayasan Planet
Indonesia, Yayasan Titian, Yayasan WWF Indonesia, Zoological Society of London, PT. Asia Pulp and
Paper Indonesia, PT. Astra Agro Lestari, PT. KSI WIlmar International Plantation, PT. Riau Andalan Pulp
& Paper, PT. Sari Bumi Kusuma, PT. SMART Tbk, PT. Suka Jaya Makmur, and PT. Wanasokan Hasilindo
 TABLE OF CONTENT

1. HELMETED HORNBILL IN INDONESIA: AN OVERVIEW .............................................................. 5

1.1 THE HELMETED HORNBILL’S BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION ........................................................... 5
1.2 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL AND POLICIES FRAMEWORKS ................................................................. 5
2. THREATS IN CONSERVING THE HELMETED HORNBILL............................................................ 6
2.1 THREATS FACED IN HELMETED HORNBILL CONSERVATION.................................................................................... 6
3. CONSERVATION MEASURES: THE ACTION PLAN AND CONSERVATION STRATEGY
FOR THE HELMETED HORNBILL IN INDONESIA .................................................................................... 8
3.1 THE HELMETED HORNBILL’S POPULATION AND HABITAT MANAGEMENT ............................................................ 10
3.2 REGULATION AND POLICY .............................................................................................................................. 11
3.3 PARTNERSHIP AND COOPERATION IN SUPPORTING HELMETED HORNBILLS CONSERVATION IN INDONESIA ........... 13
3.4 COMMUNICATIONS AND COMMUNITY AWARENESS OF HELMETED HORNBILLS CONSERVATION IN INDONESIA ..... 14
3.5 FUNDING SUPPORT FOR HELMETED HORNBILLS CONSERVATION ....................................................................... 14
4. CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 15
5. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 16
1. Helmeted hornbill in Indonesia: an overview
1.1 The helmeted hornbill’s biological and ecological information
The helmeted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) is a conservation icon of Asian tropical forests. Its distinctive and
loud voice can be heard across the tropical forests of southern Thailand and Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia,
Sumatra and Borneo Islands. This species, along with other birds of Bucerotidae family, plays an important
role in forest ecology as effective seed spreading agent, disseminating various types of fruit seeds far away
from the parent tree with its extensive flying range (Kinnaird, 1998; Kinnaird & O'Brien, 2005; Kitamura,
2011).
Morphologically, the helmeted hornbill is easily recognized as it has a relatively large body with middle tail
feathers longer than the rest, resembling a ribbon. Unlike the other hornbills, this type of hornbill is also
known to have a distinctive casque made of keratin with no blood vessels, rendering it hard and solid
(Gamble, 2007; Kinnaird & O'Brien, 2007). With its unique characteristic of violet yellow and red color
blend and softer than elephant’s ivory, the casque has been targeted for its decorative quality since the
Ming Dynasty in the 14th century.
In addition to its ecological functions, the helmeted hornbill also has special cultural values among
Indonesians, especially the Dayak tribe people in Kalimantan. In West Kalimantan province, the bird is
considered as a token of pride that symbolizes courage and greatness of the Dayaks. While among the
local people in Lampung, the southernmost province of Sumatra, this species is said to symbolize greatness
and leadership.
Even though the helmeted hornbill has various ecological functions and high cultural values, the data and
information on its population in Indonesia to date is very limited. There are only six locations on the
islands of Kalimantan and Sumatra where its population density has been reported i.e. the Kutai National
Parks, Barito Ulu, International Timber Corporation Indonesia in East Kalimantan, Hutan Harapan - Jambi,
Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP)-Lampung, as well as the Province of Lampung as a whole.
However, different estimating protocols made density data in these two islands difficult to confirm.
Furthermore, the densities of this bird species are significantly different between sites that have been
affected by poaching and those free of it (Bennett et al., 1997), and it is estimated to be around 2,3
individuals/km2 (Kinnaird and O’Brien, 2007).

1.2 National and International Legal and Policies Frameworks

In Indonesia, there are 13 species of hornbills. All of these species classified under Bucerotidae family and
protected at the national level by Law No. 5 of 1990 on the Conservation of Biological Natural Resources
and Its Ecosystems and its derivative Government Regulation (PP) No. 7 of 1999 on Wild Flora and Fauna
Preservation. The appendix of the latter stipulates that hornbills (all species of the Bucerotidae family) are
listed as protected species. In addition, based on the Minister of Forestry Regulation No. P.57/Menhut-
II/2008 on the Strategic Directive on National Species Conservation 2008-2018, hornbills are categorized
as high priority species among birds, and the helmeted hornbill has a special place as it is not only a high
priority among birds in general, but also among hornbills in particular.
The high rate of threats and poaching against the helmeted hornbill also attracts public attention at
international level. The Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES) has listed the helmeted hornbill on Appendix I since 1975. Moreover, since 1994 according to the
International Union for Conservation at Nature (IUCN) Red List has categorized the conservation status
of this species as Near Threatened. However, due to the aforementioned threats, in 2015, the conservation
status of this species was changed from initially Near Threatened to Critically Endangered, the last two steps
in the conservation status before being extinct after extinct in the wild.
Recognizing this critical condition, Indonesia took the initiative to submit a proposal for a resolution on
the conservation and trade of helmeted hornbill at the CITES 17th Conference of the Parties (CoP). This
resolution was adopted in the session by acclamation in Conf. Document 17.11 on the conservation of
and trade in the helmeted hornbill which requires Indonesia to become a role model in its implementation
as the country that proposed this resolution. As a follow up and to show its commitment, the Indonesian
government and relevant stakeholders in the country deemed it necessary to draft a national document
to be used as a common reference in the effort to conserve this protected species, and produced a
document entitled the national action plan and conservation strategy (SRAK) of helmeted hornbill in Indonesia.
This SRAK document is published under the Ministerial Decree of MOEF No.
SK.215/MENLHK/KSDAE/KSA..2/5/2018 concerning on National Action Plan and Conservation Strategy
of Helmeted Hornbill in Indonesia 2018-2028. This document will serve as the legal framework as well as
the main guidance for the implementation of helmeted hornbill conservation strategy in Indonesia.

2. Threats in Conserving the Helmeted Hornbill

2.1 Threats faced in helmeted hornbill conservation
Deforestation
Changes in forest area function, deforestation and forest degradation followed by habitat destruction have
always been the principal threats to the existence of any species in Indonesia. The main drivers of forest
conversion in Indonesia include land clearing, subsistence agriculture, oil palm expansion, production
forests and mining (Wijaya et al., 2015). Forest degradation has left only about 30% of primary forest area
in Indonesia (FAO/RECOFTC, 2016) and around 27.4 million hectares of primary and secondary dry land
considered as the ideal habitat remain for the helmeted hornbill in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Ministry of
Environment and Forestry, 2016).
Poaching
Even though the helmeted hornbill is categorized as protected species, hunting level of this species remains
high. In Sumatra, from 2014 to 2016 there were 32 and 16 cases of poaching recorded in Gunung Leuser
National Park and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park respectively. While in Kalimantan, especially in West
Kalimantan province, around 6000 adult hornbills were killed for their casques from 2012 to 2013.
Smuggling
Helmeted hornbills which are caught in their habitat will be sent over to small suppliers to large suppliers
through road, and then it will be exported to overseas through airway or sea. Medan (Kualanamu Airport)
and Jakarta (Soekarno-Hatta Airport) are known to be the critical exit points for illegal trade of helmeted
hornbill. The main destination of helmeted hornbill is China, Vietnam, Hong Kong and Singapore
(Hadiprakarsa et al, 2013; Khrisnasamy et al., 2016). Besides, export of helmeted hornbill to overseas are
also conducted through road in Kalimantan, specifically West Kalimantan, designated to Kuching, Malaysia.
In the past few years, the Indonesian government has foiled attempts to smuggle specimens through several
international airports to and from Indonesia with 25 smuggling attempts involving a total of 1398 helmeted
hornbill casques foiled from 2011 to 2016. Furthermore, a total of 1291 helmeted hornbill casques, mostly
from West Kalimantan, were also seized by the authority in 2012 – 2016 period. The map shown below
is the location of arrests made in relation with the smuggling cases in Indonesia (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Map showing location of arrests related to illegal helmeted hornbill trade in
Indonesia

2.2 Challenges faced in helmeted hornbills conservation efforts

Trade route
The monitoring results of confiscations made by the authority revealed that helmeted hornbills were
mainly smuggled via Jakarta (Soekarno-Hatta International Airport), Pontianak (Soepadio Airport), and
Medan (Kualanamu International Airport) (Baestall et al., 2016). Recent developments also saw many of
these species being smuggled to Bali to be made into handicrafts/carving artworks, the final products of
which were shipped out of the island along with other handicrafts, complicating detection process
(Hadiprakarsa, unpublished data).
Modus operandi
The protection of natural resources and ecosystem in Indonesia is regulated in Law No. 5 of 1990. Passed
into law 27 years ago, this regulation has been the main legal framework for conservation in the fight
against wildlife crimes in Indonesia. However, these specific crimes have evolved considerably in almost
three decades since the law was enacted with various modus operandi and never-before-seen methods
such as online trade now being the norm. The current law is seen as insufficient to respond to this and
needs to be amended if it is to tackle wildlife crimes effectively. Furthermore, issues related to weak
deterrent effects from sanctions imposed as well as law enforcement authorities are also important to
address and be accommodated into the amendment.
Research
Research and monitoring underlie various helmeted hornbill conservation actions. Lack of information
about the differences in variations in Sumatran and Kalimantan helmeted hornbills, both morphologically
and genetically, as well as reproductive behaviors of this species in nature, is one of the obstacles found
in developing helmeted hornbill conservation activities in Indonesia.
Awareness raising and cultural issues
Helmeted hornbill shares a strong bond with local cultures and beliefs in Indonesia, however the
awareness of its important role in the ecosystem is rather limited. With the number so low in the wild,
every bird counts and therefore, this cultural issue can be a modality to strengthen this species protection
from any utilization of its parts and to keep them alive in the wild.

3. Conservation Measures: The Action Plan and Conservation Strategy for the Helmeted Hornbill in
Indonesia
In line with CITES Resolution mandate, the Indonesian Government and its partners have developed the
National Strategy and Action Plan for the Helmeted Hornbill Conservation in Indonesia or SRAK, from
2018 to 2028. The SRAK is aimed at ensuring the long-term survival of the species in nature. Efforts to
optimize the protection of the species’ relatively large population were prioritized based on its long-term
viability as well as taxonomic and ecological uniqueness. One focus in these efforts is through habitat
management both within and outside of existing conservation areas by embracing all relevant stakeholders
in the process, include natural forest logging concession companies.
The SRAK is strengthened with the Ministry of Environment and Forestry Decree (SK.215/ MENLHK/
KSDAE/KSA.2/5/2018) on the SRAK of Helmeted Hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) in Indonesia 2018-2028. The
SRAK as a whole will also serve as the legal umbrella and main reference in helmeted hornbill conservation
efforts in Indonesia. It will also set an example for other countries where helmeted hornbill habitat and
distribution areas are also found.
In general, the helmeted hornbill conservation management can be elaborated into five management
strategies and programs (Figure 2):
A. Helmeted hornbill population and habitat management;
B. Regulation and policy;
C. Partnership and cooperation in supporting helmeted hornbill conservation in Indonesia;
D. Communication and awareness raising in the community on helmeted hornbill conservation in
Indonesia;
E. Funding support for helmeted hornbill conservation.
 National Action Plan and
Conservation Strategy of Helmeted
Hornbill
National and sub national level

Law
enforcement

Time frame of SRAK

Population and
Communication
habitat
and awareness
management
raising

Partnership and
Funding
collaboration

Stakeholders

Outputs/Outcomes

Protection Sustainable
status for management
population and practices
habitat implemented
established
Support from Awareness of Allocation of
public on stakeholders financial
conservation increased supports
increased

Figure 2. Strategies and outcomes/outputs of SRAK Helmeted Hornbill

3.1 The Helmeted Hornbill’s Population and Habitat Management
The strategy and program in the management of helmeted hornbill population and habitat are undertaken
to address the issue of minimal information about the species that may hamper conservation programs.
A.1 Increase the number of researches and monitoring in a bid to support helmeted hornbill
conservation
This first strategy comprises research activities to accelerate the data gathering on the ecology and
behavior, distribution, population, genetics, food type, reproduction, ethno-ornithology, conservation
status and priority habitat of the helmeted hornbill. The data obtained from this research will help the
managing parties with the knowledge on how to manage conservation in accordance with the threat level
and issues afflicting the species and its habitat. It is expected that through this priority research
intervention, the ever-increasing hunting threats can see a declining trend. One of the priorities of this
study is DNA forensics that can be useful to trace the source of illegally traded casques. In addition,
monitoring of helmeted hornbill poaching and trade of should also be undertaken.
In addition to long-term researches, surveys and monitoring also need be conducted to determine the
helmeted hornbill occurrence and the state of its habitat. This research will also provide information on
threats to the species and other issues related to its viability. To facilitate this long-term research, a
research station in the remaining habitat patches in Sumatra and Kalimantan that includes helmeted
hornbill as a research priority is needed. Another important priority is to use a standard methodology in
the management and dissemination of helmeted hornbill data and information that have been and will be
collected by different parties. This methodology standardization is needed to ensure the integration of
data and information. Furthermore, information collected periodically should be published through various
scientific journals, the media, and at scientific meetings both at national and international levels.
A.2 Improve helmeted hornbill conservation activities in its original habitat as the main activity of saving
the species
One contributing factor in the disappearance of helmeted hornbill habitat is poor spatial planning stemming
from lack of understanding of the species’s ecological functions and its habitat requirements. To address
this, habitat protection is set to play a central role in the management of helmeted hornbill’s in-situ
conservation and is given special attention in this strategy. This strategy also aims to enable all stakeholders
to work together in monitoring the management of the bird and its habitat, not only at the national level
but also at the provincial and local level.
As far as the helmeted hornbill is concerned, fragmented habitats can still provide resources to support
its population in nature. However, efforts to minimize the impacts of development in the forestry sector
and outside of it should always be high on the agenda, and to this end, the business sector’s involvement
in conservation is crucial. In addition, the carrying capacity of the remaining helmeted hornbill habitat
needs to be improved through rehabilitation and restoration. One effort to expand the habitat and
distribution of helmeted hornbill is through the construction of wildlife corridors between existing forest
plots.
Furthermore, new breakthroughs are needed and existing policies, especially those related to protected
wildlife conservation need to be re-evaluated. Production forests for example, are ideally included in
biodiversity conservation efforts as they also play a crucial role as the habitat for protected species such
as the helmeted hornbill. Conservation area managing entities should also have a good system of managing
rare and endangered wildlife to ensure their viability. In addition, by increasing their capacity beyond
sanctuary reserve and nature conservation area in helmeted hornbill conservation, relevant parties can
participate actively in managing the endangered bird’s habitat in areas under their responsibility and as
part of their management.

A.3 Develop ex-situ conservation as part of the support for helmeted hornbill’s in-situ conservation
Ex-situ conservation by institutions such as zoos or safari parks does not only help with conservation
efforts but also serves as a medium to educate and increase public awareness in helmeted hornbill
protection in Indonesia. As such, zoos and other similar institutions must be managed professionally so as
to play their optimal role in educating the public. Some of the steps ideally taken include advising,
monitoring and evaluating helmeted hornbill management at the zoos, especially with regards to animal
care and health. Additionally, considering that there are no ex-situ conservations for helmeted hornbill
yet, the strategy will prioritize the ex-situ management protocol of this species, taking into consideration
the requirement that ex-situ conservation development only involves live helmeted hornbills confiscated
in sting operations, and not those taken from the wild.

3.2 Regulation and Policy

B.1 Develop and advocate for the creation of protected areas (outside sanctuary reserve and nature
conservation area) based on the ecosystem characteristics, potential, spatial layout, legal status, and local
wisdoms
Law No. 5 of 1990 on the Conservation of Living Resources and Its Ecosystems serves as the main legal
umbrella for species protection in Indonesia. This law is complemented by derivatives that set out species
protection and exploitation in details. These are Government Regulation No. 7 of 1999 on the
Preservation of Flora and Fauna, which includes thirteen types of hornbills in Indonesia under Bucerotidae
family, including the helmeted hornbill, on the list of protected species in Indonesia, and Government
Regulation No. 8 of 1999 on Wild Flora and Fauna Exploitation.
In addition to Law No. 5 of 1990, several other laws also play an important role in the protection of the
helmeted hornbill, one of which, relating to the protection of its habitat in the wild, is Law No. 26 of 2007
on Spatial Planning. In practice however, this national regulation is not effective enough to protect the
habitat and local regulations are needed to address this. But, in 2008 Indonesian government committed
to develop an ecosystem-based spatial planning which take into account the biodiversity conservation
when developing spatial planning both at provincial and district levels especially in Sumatra and Kalimantan.
As mentioned earlier, the helmeted hornbill’s habitats are often found outside of conservation areas, which
are vulnerable to land use changes. Given that this species has specific home characteristics, such as tall
trees with large branches, the protection of its habitat needs special attention. Policies that can pave the
way for the establishment of protection landscapes for this and other species need to be made, especially
for areas outside of the sanctuary reserve and nature conservation area, for example, through the
establishment of essential ecosystem areas (Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial – KEE). The establishment of such
protected areas is expected to address the ecological factors in micro-spactial arrangement, preserve local
characteristics and wisdoms, as well as gain the support of local governments and communities.
These policies will show the integrity of local governments in their roles and supports in legally
implementing helmeted hornbill conservation endeavors. With these policies, it is hoped that the
implementation of habitat and species management according to the national action plan can be facilitated,
especially in terms of enforcing conservation regulations.

B.2 Improve the implementation and refine various legal regulations to support the success of helmeted
hornbill conservation
One key to the success of helmeted hornbill conservation is determined by the support of formal policies
and regulations. This component is dynamic and must be adapted to the ever-changing world. Some of
the things that can be the focus of this strategy are:
(1) Advocate for the revision or renewal of existing laws; and
(2) Improve the implementation of legislation on helmeted hornbill protection.
One of the most urgent updates concerns Law No. 5 of 1990. As mentioned earlier, the many loopholes
in this 27-year-old law render it no longer relevant with the current reality and the modus operandi of
wildlife crimes faced in Indonesia today. As such, updating the contents of this law is crucial to ensure not
only habitat protection, but also stricter law enforcement in the hope that the law will be more effective
as a deterrent as people with ill intentions will consider this type of crimes as high-risk undertaking.
Crimes against wildlife have been incorporated under the category of transnational organized crime (TOC)
which means that they are closely related to various other crimes, such as corruption and money
laundering. To be able to deal with it more effectively, more integrated approaches are needed as
conventional ones are insufficient. One possible approach to prevent and combat these crimes is the multi-
door approach, through which environmental crimes are dealt with not only using laws that are related
to the environment but also those outside of it such as plantation, cyber-crime, or corruption laws, money
laundering laws and so on.
Cooperation and coordination with other entities and institutions also need to be done effectively to
strengthen law enforcement process. One such cooperation can be forged with research institutes to
conduct helmeted hornbill forensic research in order to support law enforcement against illegal trade of
this species. Mainstreaming helmeted hornbill conservation aspects also needs to be considered and
incorporated into policy-making processes in development and spatial sectors to protect and maintain
helmeted hornbill habitats from changing land uses and other threats.
In order to support effective law enforcement in the field, various trainings are especially needed for
parties stationed at identified hotspots for the entry and exit points of trafficked animals, such as the
Customs and Excise, Quarantine and Airport Security Officers. One activity that can be done is the training
of species identification. In addition, prevention measures should also be undertaken by conducting routine
patrols with relevant law enforcement officers in the areas identified as helmeted hornbill’s habitat.

3.3 Partnership and Cooperation in Supporting Helmeted Hornbills Conservation in Indonesia

C.1 Develop partnerships with different parties at national and international levels for the management
of helmeted hornbills with stakeholders
A partnership mechanism needs to be developed to ensure SRAK implementation. In response to this,
the Indonesia Hornbill Conservation Forum will be established in the hope that it can help spur SRAK
implementation pace at local levels and evaluate achievement outcomes annually.
Conserving helmeted hornbills with the involvement of diverse stakeholders requires an adaptive
management approach. Collaborative management is seen as an option in long-term partnership
management. This type of management is considered as the most suitable option based on problems that
exist and high stakeholder diversity. As such, the development of collaborative management in hornbill
conservation needs to be supported. Collaborative management was also adopted in Forestry Minister's
Regulation No. P.19/Menhut-II/2004 on collaboration in conservation areas, though some adjustments
need to be made in its implementation. Collaborative multi-party management, it is believed, will make
the efforts in helmeted hornbill protection more effective. In addition, Indonesia's international role in
helmeted hornbill conservation efforts can be strengthened through its participation in initiatives and
meetings at the international level.

C.2 Improve the role and empowerment of communities in the conservation of helmeted hornbill
Helmeted hornbill conservation efforts in partnership with local communities should be undertaken within
a community-based natural resources management framework. This approach should benefit both the
stakeholders and the helmeted hornbill. Community’s participation is vital to ensure conservation goals
achievement. In practice, local people’s involvement can be found in the efforts to protect/safeguard
helmeted hornbill’s habitats and in the fight against hunting and trading of this species, e.g. through their
participation in the helmeted hornbill, Sumatran tiger and Sumatran elephant Monitoring and Protection
Unit.
On the other hand, leveraging traditional wisdom in managing helmeted hornbill conservation is also
needed. People living and residing in and around the helmeted hornbill’s habitat have their own customary
rules and local wisdom to protect the forests, which can support protection efforts to be more effective
and efficient. Improving the role of customary rules and village regulations is crucial to the success of
helmeted hornbill’s habitat protection.
3.4 Communications and Community Awareness of Helmeted Hornbills Conservation in Indonesia
D.1 Increase the awareness of the community and stakeholders to increase commitment on the
importance of helmeted hornbill conservation efforts in Indonesia
Conservation education and environmental awareness need to be enhanced to achieve changes in
community’s behavior towards helmeted hornbill conservation. Raising community’s awareness will help
them understand the ecological services that the helmeted hornbill provides and its wider ecological
interaction with the forest ecosystem.
With the enhanced knowledge following their involvement in conservation education and environmental
awareness activities, local communities are expected to understand the important benefits gathered from
interaction between human beings, existing forests and helmeted hornbills in life as elements that create
equilibrium in the ecosystem. Several aspects need to be developed to support this strategy, the main
thing being the enhancement of quality and increment of quantity of helmeted hornbill conservation
awareness raising and educational activities at various levels in Indonesia. Additionally, engagement to the
local community in supporting helmeted hornbill is needed.

3.5 Funding Support for Helmeted Hornbills Conservation

Funding is one of important elements in helmeted hornbill conservation efforts. It can be sourced both
from overseas (grants, loans), and internally by optimizing funding provided from within the country
(APBN, APBD, and private sector). The funding strategy to support helmeted hornbill conservation
activities includes the following major activity:
E.1 Enhance and clarify the role of the national government, local governments and NGOs in terms of
funding supports from domestic and foreign institutions for the conservation of the helmeted hornbill
As stipulated in Law No.5 of 1990, helmeted hornbill conservation efforts are the responsibility of all
layers of the society. Therefore, supports from all stakeholders are very important. As mandated, the
central government as the Management Authority together with the local governments act as the key
stakeholders and regulators. Both the central and local governments can support activities by allocating
regular funds from the APBN (national state budget) and the APBD (provincial budget) in their Annual
Working Plan.
Funding through NGOs and private parties can also be used to strengthen helmeted hornbill conservation.
Non-binding foreign (donor) support is a potential option that can serve as an alternative for all parties
to develop long-term funding mechanism. Other stakeholders should also work together to support, seek,
manage and build a lasting funding system for helmeted hornbill conservation.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The SRAK of Helmeted Hornbills is comprehensive measures which integrating common objectives,
approaches, different stakeholders’ interests and policies into broader efforts to strengthen conservation
of hornbills in Indonesia.
The SRAK documents provides guidance on improve stakeholder’ engagement, legislation reforms,
scientific practices, fundings and learning process. At the heart of all efforts to achieve successful
conservation on hornbills, particularly helmeted hornbills are finding ways of reaching strong commitments
from all of the stakeholders. This will assist the process of enabling the implementation of SRAK in all
levels.
5. REFERENCES
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they continue to co-exist? Biological Conservation 82:41-46.
FAO/RECOFTC. 2016. Forest landscape restoration in Asia-Pacific forests, by Appanah, S. (ed.). Bangkok,
Thailand.
Gamble, C.K. 2007. Internal anatomy of the hornbill casque described by radiography, contrast radiography, and
computed tomography. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 21:38-49.
Hadiprakarsa, Y., R. Irawan, and D. Adhiasto. 2013. Helmeted Hornbill Head Trafficking: What Do We Know
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