Part I.

Choose the Best Answer

1. Which of the following is a group of statements intended to shed light on some

phenomenon or event?
a) an argument b) an illustration
c) an explanation d) a report e) an expository passage

2. One of the following is an inductive argument

a) argument from definition b) argument based on mathematics
c) argument based on signs d) categorical syllogism
e) disjunctive syllogism

3. If a deductive argument contains a false conclusion while its premises are true, then
a) it is necessarily invalid c) it is necessarily strong
b) it is necessarily valid d) it is necessarily weak e) it is necessarily sound

4. Which of the following is true?

a) an invalid argument may have true premises and a true conclusion
b) if an argument has false premises, then it cannot be valid
c) a valid argument can have true premises and a false conclusion
d) a valid argument has always true premises and a true conclusion
e) none

5. A deductively unsound argument falls into one the following three categories
except
a) it is valid but has at least one false premises
b) it is invalid but all its premises are true
c) it is valid and has all true premises
 d) it is invalid and has at least one false premise
6. The statement that the evidence is claimed to support is called
a) conclusion b) premise
c) claimed evidence d) inference e) none

7. Identify which of the following is a statement from the following

a) Temesgen is a student
b) turn to the left at the next corner
c) is Temesgen a student?
d) I think our teacher will not come to class

8. " A mother is a woman, since she is a female." This is

a) an inductive argument based on analogy
b) a deductive argument from definition
c) an inductive argument based on analogy
d) an inductive argument based on causal inference
e) a syllogistic argument

9. “What we observed predominantly in Ethiopia for the last thirty years was
backwardness. It follows that in the coming thirty years the people of Ethiopia will
probably remain in the same state of misery and backwardness.” This argument is
a) an inductive argument causal inference
b) an inductive argument based on prediction
c) a deductive argument based on definition
d) a deductive argument based on mathematics
e) an inductive argument from authority

10. Which of the following is true

 a) uncogent argument can be strong
b) not all unsound arguments are invalid
c) not all uncogent arguments are weak
d) unsound arguments can be valid
e) all
Part II. Match Column A with Column B

Column A
I 11. Valid
L 12. Invalid
N 13. Strong
E 14. Weak
F 15. Deductively Sound
C 16. Inductively Cogent
A 17. Statement
B 18. Deductively unsound
O 19. Inductively uncogent
D 20. Deductive logic
G 21. Inductive logic
H 22. Logic
J 23. Argument
M 24. Argument by analogy
K 25. Argument from
authority
Column B
A. Sentence that is either true or false
B. An argument that is either invalid or has
false premise
C. An argument with all true premises and
a probably true conclusion.
D. The part of logic concerned with tests for
validity and invalidity.
E. It is not likely that if the premises are
true, then the conclusion is true.
F. A valid argument with all true premises.
G. The part of logic concerned with the test
for strength and weakness.
H. The study of methods for testing
whether the whether the premises of an
argument adequately support the
conclusion.
I. It is impossible for the conclusion to be
false while the premises are true.
J. A set of statements, one of which called
the conclusion, is affirmed on the basis of
the others, which are called the
premises.
K. Kebede is an acknowledge expert in
economics. He asserts that economics is
more of an art than a science. So,
economics is an art.
L. An argument with the following essential
feature: It is possible that the conclusion
is false while the premises are true.
 M Object A is similar to object B in certain
relevant respects. Object B has property
X. So, object A has also property X.
N. It is unlikely, though possible, that the
conclusion is false while the premises
are true
O. An argument that is either weak, or
strong but has a false premise.
Chapter 2

Exercise1.1
Identify the emotionally loaded terminology and replace with a more neutral
language.
1. As Chaltu is a demagogue, she should be removed from office.
Demagogue = A political leader who tries to win support by using
arguments based on emotion rather than reason
2. This office is full of bureaucrats. So, it is boring.
Bureaucrats = Government officials
3. We should fight a nuclear war. Otherwise, millions of people will be vaporized
in a few moments. Millions more will literally melt from the intense heat.
Vaporized = died
Melt = will be hurt

4. The world is full of horror, shocking cruelty, grinding poverty, and debilitating
illness. In short, we inhabit one gigantic disaster area.
Shocking = upsetting or offending
Grinding = never ending
Debilitating = weakening
Gigantic = extremely large

Exercise1.2
1. Which one of the following is a non-term?
 a. Thomas Jefferson b. The Empire State Building c. Tallest man on the squad
d. Mountaintop e. Cunningly
2. Name the connotation of the following terms. For example, ‘tiger’ connotes the
attributes of being large, ferocious (aggressive) feline.
Elephant Mona Lisa Fanatic Devil Wolf
 Elephant = a large animal with thick grey skin, large ears, two curved
outer teeth and a long nose
Monalisa = Beautiful …
Fanatic = extremely enthusiastic, extremist, religious, etc. person
devil = a wicked and eveil being
wolf = a large wild animal of the dog family

3. Name the denotations of the following terms.

For example, the denotation of the term, “prime number less than 10.”, includes
1,3,5,and 7.
Consider another example: the denotation of the term, “tallest mountains on earth”
includes Everest, Kilimanjaro, etc.
Scandinavian country Scientist Inventor News paper
 Scandinavian country = Norway, Denmark, Sweden, etc.
Scientist = Albert Einstein, Michael Faraday, and so on.
Inventor = Thomas Edison, Wright brothers, etc.
Newspaper = The Reporter, The Sunday Times, The Ethiopian Herald, Addis
Admas, etc

4. Put the following terms in the order of increasing intension. E.g.1 Person,
Professional Person, Surgeon, brain surgeon.
a. Parallelogram, polygon, square, rectangle, quadrilateral.
b. Wallaby, Marsupial, mammal, animal, kangaroo.
A. polygon, quadrilateral, parallelogram, rectangle, square.
B. Animal, mammal, marsupial, kangaroo, wallaby

Exercise 1.3.
1. Which one of the following term denotes an empty class.
a. Unicorn. c. “Chirak” (a myth in Amharic).
b. Dinosaurs. d. The current King of Ethiopia. e. all.
2. “Federalism” means a practical intrigue used to provide legitimate ground for the
emergence of new regional warlords. This definition is:
a. Persuasive. b. Lexical c. Stipulative d. Definition by subclass
e. Operational
3. Suppose Bill Gates is intending to extend a financial assistance to the ‘poor’ and
because the word ‘poor’ is vague, a definition that specifies who exactly poor are,
is:
a .Operational. b. Demonstrative. c. Precising d. Theoretical.
4.“Mountain” means such as Everest, Rainier, Ras Dashen, Mount Batu, etc. This
definition is:
a. Enumerative b. Definition by subclass c. Demonestrative
d. Synonymous
5. Which one of the following is not a term.
a. Above and beyond b .The first president of RSA. c. Plato d. The tallest
mountain in the world.
6. A purely arbitrary assignment of meaning for a word is accomplished by:
a. lexical b. Precising c. Stipulative d. Synonymous
7. The outstanding German Philosopher, Karl Marx, defines ‘religion’ as the opium of
the people. This definition is:
a. Persuasive b. lexical c. Precising d. Operational
8. For the purpose of an easy administration, ‘town’ is defined by the Ethiopian
Government as at least 3000 people living in a limited area. This definition is best
characterized as:
a. Precising .Lexical c. Theoretical d. Operational
9. “Football” means a sport in which modern day gladiators brutalize one another
while trying to move a ridiculously shaped “ball” from one end of the playing field
to the other. This definition is:
a. Persuasive b. Lexical C. Operational d. Theoretical
10. The most primitive and non-linguistic way of defining a term is known as:
a. Demonstrative b. Etymological c. Operational d. Enumerative

11. A definition that assigns a meaning to a term by referring to the root word or to
the words ancestry is called:
a. Etymological b. Demonstrative c. Operational d. Lexical
12 . All except one is the exact synonym of the word being defined.
a. ‘Stupid’ means foolish b. ‘Sure’ means certain c. “Admit” means Confess
d. “king” means ruler
13. “Smoker” means a rude and disgusting individual who callously emits noxious
tobacco fumes into the air, threatening the health and comfort of everyone in the
vicinity. This definition is:
a. Persuasive b. Theoretical c. Precising d. Lexical
the following example.
‘Chirak’, Chirak with black eye; Chirak with four black eyes; Chirak with four
black eyes and a weight of over 100 pounds. Each term in this series has empty
extension. So, while the intension is increasing, the extension is not decreasing.

Chapter 3
Review Questions
Identify the correct alternatives (the even questions are answered in the back
of the module)
1. Which of the following is false about Informal Fallacies?
A. exposing an informal fallacy requires an examination of the content of the
argument.
B. they can be identified through mere inspection of the form/structure of the
argument.
C. every simple mistake committed in the process of reasoning is taken as fallacy.
D. A and C.
E. B and C.
2. The whole set of fallacies committed when the premises assume the very point they
claim to prove is:
A. fallacies of relevance B. fallacies of presumption C. fallacies of
ambiguity
D. fallacies of weak induction E. fallacies of grammatical analogy
3. When one singles out a cause from the many possible causes of an event and
considers as if it were the exclusive cause of the event, then the particular false
cause fallacy that is to arise, is:
A. non causa pro causa B. post hoc ergo propter hoc
C. oversimplified cause D. slippery slope
4. When one takes the mere existence of temporal succession between two things as
causal connection, he commits a fallacy called:
A. non causa pro hoc B. oversimplified cause
C. post hoc ergo propter cause D. weak analogy
5. If a teacher concludes that all students in his class are intelligent based on his
observation that five out of hundred students were found to be intelligent, then he
commits:
A. the fallacy of composition B. the fallacy of hasty generalization
C. the fallacy of division D. the fallacy of accident
6 When one argues that what is true as a general rule must hold true in some specific
situations, he then commits:
A. hasty generalization B. accident
C. division D. composition E. none
7. One of the following fallacies is committed because it unjustifiably reduces the
number of alternatives to be considered.
A. false dichotomy B. suppressed evidence
C. missing the point D. weak analogy
8. " Your honor, my client does not deserve a year in prison. He has small children
who need a father, and a wife that needs a husband." In this argument the arguer cites
the children and the wife of his client in an attempt to:
A. provide evidence in support of the conclusion
B. evoke pity from the judge
C. make his point clear to the judge
D. substantiate the evidence of his argument

9. If a person argues because two or more things are similar in some respects, they
are also similar in other respects, and then the fallacy he commits is:
A. accident B. hasty generalization
C. weak analogy D. equivocation
10. The fallacy in which the arguer tries to convince the listener or reader by resorting
to a threat of violence is:
A. appeal to pity B. appeal to force
C. appeal to authority C. straw man
11. " Sibhat G/Egziabher's book is not worth the ink spilled to print it. After all, we
know that he is an immoral atheist (irreligious) who wants to destroy our
cherished values." The fallacy committed is:
A. ad hominum abusive B. ad hominum circumstantial
C. tu quoque ( you too) D. appeal to force
12. "Dr. Alemneh who is an associate professor in the department of Biology has
stated that both gravity and electricity decrease in strength with the square of
 distance. Therefore, based on Dr. Alemneh's profession as professor of biology,
we must conclude that his statement is indeed true." This passage commits:
A. no fallacy B. appeal to ignorance
C. fallacy of unqualified authority D. ignoratio elenchi E. C and D
13. "All of us cannot be famous, because all of us cannot be well known." This
argument commits the fallacy of:
A. begging the question B. circular reasoning
C. complex question D. A and B E. B and C
14. " Kassaye told me that he always quarrels with his father when he is drunk.
Therefore Kassaye's father is quarrelsome whenever he drinks." This argument
commits a fallacy called:
A. amphiboly B. equivocation
C. red herring D. appeal to people
15. Which of the following fallacies may be regarded as the fallacy of diversion
A. straw man B. missing the point
C. slippery slope D. red herring
16. If one argues that a proposition is true because all or most people believe it to be
true, he commits the fallacy called:
A. appeal to ignorance B. appeal to people
C. appeal to unqualified authority D. appeal to pity
17. The fallacies which are usually committed in inductive arguments are generally called:
A. fallacies of weak induction B. fallacies of relevance
C. fallacies of ambiguity D. fallacies of presumption
E. fallacies of grammatical analogy
18. A fallacy that may not reflect the argument of two persons from the following is:
A. appeal to pity B. appeal to force
C. straw man D. hasty generalization
19. " Crimes of theft and robbery have been increasing at an alarming rate. The
conclusion is obvious: we have to kill everyone who involves in these crimes."
The argument commits the fallacy of:
A. missing the point B. argumentum ad hominum
C. argumentum ad populum D. appeal to force
20. " This book argues that realizing privatization of state controlled enterprises is in
the best interest of the country. The author of the book is a wealthy
entrepreneur who stands to benefit directly from such a policy. Therefore,
readers are advised to disregard what the book claims." This passage commits:
A. no fallacy B. ad hominum abusive
C. ad hominum circumstantial D. amphiboly
Chapter 4
1. In the proposition "All eagles are birds"
a. Its quantifier is -All
b. Its subject term is --eagles------------------------
c. Its copula is ----------are-------------------------
d. Its predicate term is ---birds----------------------
e. Its quality is ---------Affirmative---------------------------
f. Its quantity is -------Universal---------------------------
g. Its distributed term is the subject term (eagles)----------------------
h. Its undistributed term is –the predicate term--------------------
i. Its converse is ---All birds are eagles--------------------------------
j. Its letter name is --A-----------------------------
k. Its obverse is ------No eagles are non-birds-----------------------------
-
l. Its contrapositive is –All non-birds are non-eagles--------------------
----------
m. Its contradictory is –Some eagles are not birds------------------------
--
n. Its contrary is ------No eagles are birds---------------------------
 o. Its subaltern is -----Some eagles are birds---------------------------
p. Draw its Venn diagram ----------------------

2. Answers
A E I O
A (true) T
E (true) F
I (true) UD
O (true) UD

3. All Ethiopian footballers are slack

obversion ---No Ethiopian footballers are non-slack------------------------
--------------------------------
4. Some Ethiopian footballers are awkward.
Conversion ------Some awkward people are Ethiopian footballers-------
--------------------------------------------------
5. No non A are B
contraposition ---No non-B are A-------------------------------------------------
------
6. The figure of a categorical syllogism is determined by its:-
A. Mood B. standard form
C. Figure D. quality
E. position of the Middle term

7. Of the following propositions, one is not stated in standard form.

A. Some earthquakes are not destructive.
B. No economic crisis are advantageous.
C. All Ethiopians are not rich.
D. Some athletes are champions
8. The only logical relation which is accepted by modern logicians is:-
 A. Contrary B. Subcontrary
C. Contradictory D. Subalternation
9. The subaltern for the proposition " No x are y" is:-
A. All x are y B. All x are not y
C. Some x are y D. Some x are not y.
10. Chain of argument in which the conclusion is inferred from three
or more premises is called ------------------
A. Sorties B. Enthymemes C. Syllogism
D. Immediate inference

III/
11. A categorical proposition having the form "Some S are P" is I proposition.
True
12. A relation in which two statements are necessarily not both true is called
subcontrary relation. False
13. An operation that consists in swithtching the subject and
predicate terms in standard forms of categorical proposition is
called conversion. True
14. The proposition " All human beings are mortal" has sub contrary
relation. False
15. An attribute possessed by a term in a categorical propositions if
and only if all the members of the class denoted by the term is
called distribution. True

IV.
16. EII-2: Drawing an affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
17. AEO -1: Existential Fallacy
18. All P are M
All M are S
 All S are P: Illicit Major