Primary Structure = Sequence or strings of amino acid via peptide bonds (linear).

Same amino acids,

different structure due to their sequence.

Secondary Structure = Formation of helices, beta-pleated sheet, strands (turns and loops). Involves
primary structure. Structure was formed based on Hydrogen bonding (H and O)

Tertiary Structure = Involvement of both primary and R-group. Combination of Polar, Non Polar,
Uncharge, Charge, (combination of 2nd structure)

Quaternary Structure = Combination of 2 polypeptide (tertiary structure)

Salt Bridges = Bonds of acidic groups

Hydrogen Bonding = Bonds between H and O

Fibrous = More on primary and secondary structure (hydrophobic)

Globular = More on tertiary and quaternary structure (hydrophilic)

Aliphatic = Linear

Aromatic = Ring

Polar = Non-equal molecule

Non Polar = Equal molecule ion (covalent)

Covalent Bond = 2 non metal

Ionic Bond = 2 metal ions

Dipeptide = 2 amino acids joined together through covalent bond

R-group/side chains = determine the different structure and chemical properties of an amino acid

Amino Group (H2N) + Carboxyl Group (COOH) + R Group (side chain) = AMINO ACID

Ca = Heart of Amino Acid

R group = Can make any amino acid

Ca, C, N, & O = backbone of atoms

Denaturation = destruction of both the quaternary and tertiary structures to primary or secondary
structure. High structure can be broken down to lower structure.
Ways to denaturalized = Heat, Alcohol Disrupts Hydrogen Bonding, Acids and Bases Disrupt Salt Bridges,
Heavy Metal Salts Disrupt Disulfide Bonds, Reducing Agents Disrupt Disulfide Bonds

What is Protein = Protein is a macronutrient that is essential for the formation of structure, function,
and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs.

What are the essential proteins? Proteins that can’t be produced in the body. 9 amino acids

What are the non-essential proteins? Proteins that can be produced but sometimes are essential due to
body stress causing it not to produce such essential proteins. 11 amino acids

What are the different categories of amino acids? Polar (hydrophilic) - Non Polar (hydrophobic) , Acid -
Base - Neutral, Aromatic

You can change a neutral amino acid by changing charges, sulfur, acidic (2 carboxyl, 1 base), base (1
carboxyl, 1 base)

pH means Potential of Hydrogen

N-terminal is the head (contains amino group) C-terminal is the tail (contains the carboxyl group)

Zwitterion = parts are charged but it is neutral (one negative, one positive)