Appendix A

SELECTED THERMODYNAMIC AND

THERMOCHEMICAL DATA

TABLE A-1: THE STANDARD GIBBS FREE ENERGY CHANGES FOR

SEVERAL REACTIONS
This table lists the standard Gibbs free energy changes for selected reactions in the form

or

and lists the range of temperature in which the expression is valid.

Example—For the oxidation of solid copper to form solid cuprous oxide according to

in the range 298–1356 K. Thus, at the melting temperature of Cu, 1356 K,

Table A-1 The standard Gibbs free energy changes for several reactions (standard states
are noted by subscript)

Reaction G°, joules Range, K

2Ag(s)+1/2O2(g)=Ag2O(s) 30,540+66.11 T 298–463

Al(l)=[Al](1 wt% in Fe) 43,10032.26 T

2Al(l)+1.502(g)=Al2O3(s) 1,687,200+326.8 T 993–2327

C(s)+1/2O2(g)=CO(g) 111,70087.65 T 298–2000

C(s)+O2(g)=CO2(g) 394,1000.84 T 298–2000

 Appendices A: Selected Thermodynamic and Thermochemical Data 703

C(s)+1/2O2(g)+1/2S20=COS(g) 202,8009.96 T 773–2000

C(gr)+2H2(g)=CH4(g) 91,040+110.7 T 773–2000

C(gr)=[C](1 wt% in Fe) 22,60042.26 T

CaO(s)+CO2(g)=CaCO3(s) 168,400+144 T 449–1150

2CaO(s)+SiO2(s)=2CaO·SiO2(s) 118,80011.30 T 298–2400

CoO(s)+SO3(g)=CoSO4(s) 227,860+165.3 T 298–1230

2Cr(s)+1.5O2(g)=Cr2O3(s) 1,110,100+247.3 T 298–1793

2Cu(s)+1/2O2(g)=Cu2O(s) 162,200+69.24 T 298–1356

2Cu(l)+1/2O2(g)=Cu2O(s) 188,300+88.48 T 1356–1509

2Cu(s)+1/2S2(g)=Cu2S(s) 131,800+30.79 T 708–1356

3Fe()+C(gr)=Fe3C(s) 29,04028.03 T 298–1000

3Fe()+C(gr)=Fe3C(s) 11,23411.00 T 1000–1137

Fe(s)+1/2O2(g)=FeO(s) 263,700+64.35 T 298–1644

Fe(l)+1/2O2(g)=FeO(l) 256,000+53.68 T 1808–2000

3Fe(s)+2O2(g)=Fe3O4(s) 1,102,200+307.4 T 298–1808

Fe(s)+1/2S2(g)=FeS(s) 150,200+52.55 T 412–1179

H2(g)+Cl2(g)=2HCl(g) 188,20012.80 T 298–2000

H2(g)+I2(g)=2HI(g) 837017.65 T 298–2000

H2(g)+1/2O2(g)=H2O(g) 247,500+55.85 T 298–2000

Hg(v)+1/2O2(g)=HgO(s) 152,200+207.2 T

Li(g)+1/2Br2(g)=LiBr(g) 333,900+42.09 T 1289–2000

Mg(l)+Cl2(g)=MgCl2(l) 603,200+121.43 T 987–1368

Mg(g)+1/2O2(g)=MgO(s) 729,600+204 T 1363–2200

2MgO(s)+SiO2(s)=Mg2SiO4(s) 67,200+4.31 T 298–2171

MgO(s)+CO2(g)=MgCO3(s) 117,600+170 T 298–1000

MgO(s)+Al2O3(s)=MgO·Al2O3(s) 35,560–2.09 T 298–1698

Mn(s)+1/2O2(g)=MnO(s) 388,900+76.32 T 298–1517

N2(g)+3H2(g)=2NH3(g) 471,200+172 T 298–2000

704 Appendices A: Selected Thermodynamic and Thermochemical Data

2Ni(s)+O2(g)=2NiO(s) 87,030+25.8 T ln T+31.7 T 298–1726

2Ni(l)+O2(g)=2NiO(2) 506,180+192.2 T 1726–2200

1/2O2(g)=[O](1 wt% in Fe) 111,0705.87 T

Pb(l)+1/2O2(g)=PbO(s) 208,700+91.75 T 600–1158

Pb(l)+1/2O2(g)=PbO(l) 181,200+68.03 T 1158–1808

Pb(l)+1/2S2(g)=PbS(s) 163,200+88.03 T 600–1386

PbO(s)+SO2(g)+1/2O2(g)=PbSO4(s) 401,200+261.5 T 298–1158

PCl3(g)+Cl2(g)=PCl5(g) 95,6007.94 T ln T+235.2 T 298–1000

1/2S2(g)+O2(g)=SO2(g) 361,700+76.68 T 718–2000

Si(s)+O2(g)=SiO2(s) 907,100+175 T 298–1685

3Si(s)+2N2(g)=Si3N4(s) 723,800+315.1 T 298–1685

Sn(l)+Cl2(g)=SnCl2(l) 333,000+118.4 T 520–925

SO2(g)+1/2O2(g)=SO3(g) 94,600+89.37 T 298–2000

U(l)+C(gr)=UC(s) 102,900+5.02 T 1408–2500

2U(l)+3C(gr)=U2C3(s) 236,800+25.1 T 1408–2500

U(l)+2C(gr)=UC2(s) 115,900+10.9 T 1408–2500

V(s)+1/2O2(g)=VO(s) 424,700+80.04 T 298–2000

Zn(v)+1/2O2(g)=ZnO(s) 460,200+198 T 1243–1973

For the oxidation of liquid copper to form solid cuprous oxide according to

in the range 1356–1509 K. Thus, at 1356 K,