OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

This study aims to:

1. Define what is Bronchopneumonia
2. Trace the pathology of pneumonia
3. Enumerate the different sign and symptoms of pneumonia
4. Identify and understand different types of medical treatment necessary for the
treatment of pneumonia
5. Formulate and apply nursing care plan utilizing the nursing process

DISEASE ENTITY
 Definition
 https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323167.php#overview

Bronchopneumonia is a type of pneumonia, a condition that causes

The bronchi are the large air passages that connect the windpipe to the
lungs. These bronchi then split into many tiny air tubes known as
bronchioles, which make up the lungs.

At the end of the bronchioles are tiny air sacs called alveoli where the
exchange of oxygen from the lungs and carbon dioxide from the bloodstream
takes place.

CAUSES

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323167.php#overview

The most common cause of bronchopneumonia is a bacterial lung infection, such

as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib). Viral and
fungal lung infections can also causes pneumonia. Harmful germs can enter the
bronchi and alveoli and begin to multiply.Sep 25, 20

Pneumonia causes an inflammation in the lungs that leads to these alveoli

filling with fluid. This fluid impairs normal lung function, producing a range of
respiratory problems.

Bronchopneumonia is a form of pneumonia that affects both the alveoli in

the lungs and the bronchi

 inflammation of the lungs.

  Introduction
 occurs when viruses, bacteria, or fungi cause inflammation and infection in the
alveoli (tiny air sacs) in the lungs. Bronchopneumonia is a type
of pneumonia that causes inflammation in the alveoli. ... Due to inflammation,
their lungs may not get enough air. Symptoms of bronchopneumonia can be
mild or severe.

RISK FACTORS
 being under the age of 2 years.
 being over the age of 65 years.
 smoking or excessive alcohol use.
 recent respiratory infections, such as cold and the flu.
 long-term lung diseases, such as COPD, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis,
and asthma.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323167.php#symptoms

fever
breathing difficulty, such as shortness of breath
chest pain that may get worse with coughing or breathing deeply
coughing up mucus
sweating
chills or shivering
muscle aches
low energy and fatigue
loss of appetite
headaches
confusion or disorientation, especially in older adults
dizziness
nausea and vomiting
coughing up blood

 Symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include

coughing, breathing difficulties, and fever. Causes include
bacterial, viral, or fungal chest infections.
INCIDENCE
Worldwide
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia

 Pneumonia accounts for 15% of all deaths of children under 5 years

old, killing 808 694 children in 2017.
 Pneumonia can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi.
 Pneumonia can be prevented by immunization, adequate nutrition, and
by addressing environmental factors.
 Pneumonia caused by bacteria can be treated with antibiotics, but only
one third of children with pneumonia receive the antibiotics they need.

In Saudi Arabia
https://www.google.com/search?q=incidence+pneumonia+in+saudi+arabia&rlz=1C1KMZB_enSA6
60SA660&oq=incidence+pneumonia+in+saudi+arabia&aqs=chrome..69i57.14871j0j4&sourceid=ch
rome&ie=UTF-8

One study conducted in Saudi Arabia reported that the point prevalence of community-
acquired pneumo- nia (CAP) in hospitalized patients was 30.3% with a
peak prevalence in patients over 50 years, while the point prevalence of hospital-
acquired pneumonia (HAP) was 4.4%.Jan 31, 2019

TREATMENT
For viral bronchopneumonia, a doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication for people
with the flu, or they may direct therapy at treating symptoms. Bronchopneumonia due
to a virus typically clears up in 1 to 3 weeks. For people with fungal bronchopneumonia,
a doctor may prescribe antifungal medication.Sep 25, 2018

What is bronchopneumonia?

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Bronchopneumonia affects the alveoli and the bronchi.

The bronchi are the large air passages that connect the windpipe to the
lungs. These bronchi then split into many tiny air tubes known as
bronchioles, which make up the lungs.

At the end of the bronchioles are tiny air sacs called alveoli where the
exchange of oxygen from the lungs and carbon dioxide from the
bloodstream takes place.

Pneumonia causes an inflammation in the lungs that leads to these alveoli

filling with fluid. This fluid impairs normal lung function, producing a range of
respiratory problems.

Bronchopneumonia is a form of pneumonia that affects both the alveoli in

the lungs and the bronchi.

Symptoms of bronchopneumonia can range from mild to severe. This

condition is the most common type of pneumonia in children and the leading
cause of death from infection in children aged under 5 years of age.

The symptoms, causes, complications, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

of bronchopneumonia are typically the same as that for pneumonia.

Symptoms
The symptoms of bronchopneumonia vary, depending on the severity of the
condition. Symptoms are more likely to be severe in people who have
weaker immune systems, such as young children, older adults, or people
who have certain conditions or are taking specific medications.

Symptoms of bronchopneumonia may include:

 fever
 breathing difficulty, such as shortness of breath
 chest pain that may get worse with coughing or breathing deeply
 coughing up mucus
 sweating
 chills or shivering
 muscle aches
 low energy and fatigue
 loss of appetite
 headaches
  confusion or disorientation, especially in older adults
 dizziness
 nausea and vomiting
 coughing up blood

Causes and risk factors

Shar

e on Pi nterest Anyone over 65 years of age is at risk of developing bronchopneumonia.

The most common cause of bronchopneumonia is a bacterial lung infection,

such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib).
Viral and fungal lung infections can also causes pneumonia.

Harmful germs can enter the bronchi and alveoli and begin to multiply. The
body's immune system produces white blood cells that attack these germs,
which causes inflammation. Symptoms often develop from this inflammation.

Risk factors for developing bronchopneumonia include:

 being under the age of 2 years

 being over the age of 65 years
 smoking or excessive alcohol use
 recent respiratory infections, such as cold and the flu
 long-term lung diseases, such as COPD, cystic fibrosis,
bronchiectasis, and asthma
 other health conditions, such as diabetes, heart failure, liver disease
 conditions that weaken the immune systems, such as HIV or certain
autoimmune disorders
 taking drugs to suppress the immune system, such as
for chemotherapy, organ transplantation, or long-term steroid use
 recent surgery or trauma
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Complications
Untreated or severe bronchopneumonia can lead to complications,
particularly in at-risk people, such as young children, older adults, and those
with weakened or suppressed immune systems.

Because it affects a person's breathing, bronchopneumonia can become

very serious and may sometimes cause death.

In 2015, worldwide 920,000 children under the age of 5 years died from
pneumonia. This incidence of mortality was predominantly from
bronchopneumonia.

Complications of bronchopneumonia can include:

 Respiratory failure. This happens when the essential exchange of

oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs begins to fail. People with
respiratory failure may need a ventilator or breathing machine to
assist with breathing.
 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS is a more
severe form of respiratory failure and is life-threatening.
 Sepsis. Also known as blood poisoning or septicemia, this is when
the infection causes an exaggerated immune response that damages
the body's organs and tissues. Sepsis can cause multiple organ failure
and is life-threatening.
 Lung abscesses. These are pus-filled sacs that can form inside the
lungs.

Diagnosis
To diagnose bronchopneumonia, a doctor will carry out a physical
examination and look at a person's medical history.

Breathing problems, such as wheezing, are typical indications of

bronchopneumonia. But bronchopneumonia can cause similar symptoms to
colds or the flu, which can sometimes make diagnosis difficult.

If the doctor suspects bronchopneumonia, they may order one or more of

the following tests to confirm the diagnosis or determine the type and
severity of the condition:
 

 Chest X-ray or CT scan. These imaging tests allow a doctor to see

inside the lungs and check for signs of infection.
 Blood tests. These can help detect signs of infection, such as an
abnormal white blood cell count.
 Bronchoscopy. This involves passing a thin tube with a light and
camera through a person's mouth, down the windpipe, and into the
lungs. This procedure allows a doctor to see inside the lungs.
 Sputum culture. This is a laboratory test that can detect infection
from the mucus that a person has coughed up.
 Pulse oximetry. This is a test used to calculate the amount of oxygen
flowing through the bloodstream.
 Arterial blood gases. Doctors use this test to determine oxygen
levels in a person's blood.

Treatment

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A person can treat mild bronchopneumonia at home.

Pinter est

Treatment for bronchopneumonia may depend on the type of infection and

the severity of the condition. People without other health problems typically
recover from bronchopneumonia within 1 to 3 weeks.

It is possible to treat mild forms of bronchopneumonia at home using a

combination of rest and medication. But, more severe cases of
bronchopneumonia may require hospital treatment.

Doctors treat people whose bronchopneumonia is due to a bacterial

infection with antibiotics. These drugs work by killing harmful bacteria in the
lungs.

When taking antibiotics, it is essential to carefully follow the doctor's

instructions and complete the full course of medication.

Antibiotics do not work for viral infections. For viral bronchopneumonia, a

doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication for people with the flu, or they
may direct therapy at treating symptoms. Bronchopneumonia due to a virus
typically clears up in 1 to 3 weeks.
For people with fungal bronchopneumonia, a doctor may prescribe
antifungal medication.

When recovering from bronchopneumonia, it is essential for a person to:

 get plenty of rest

 drink lots of fluids to help thin mucus and reduce discomfort when
coughing
 take all medications, as their doctor directs

Prevention
Vaccination can prevent some forms of bronchopneumonia. The American
Lung Association (ALA) recommend that children aged under five years and
adults aged over 65 years should see a doctor about getting vaccinated
against pneumococcal pneumonia, which is caused by bacteria.

The ALA also recommend:

 getting vaccinated against other diseases that can lead to pneumonia,

such as the flu, measles, chicken pox, Hib, or pertussis
 speaking to a doctor about ways of preventing pneumonia and other
infections when people have cancer or HIV
 regularly washing hands to avoid germs
 not smoking as tobacco damages the lungs' capacity to fight infections
 understanding and recognizing symptoms of pneumonia

Takeaway
Bronchopneumonia is a type of pneumonia that affects the bronchi in the
lungs. This condition commonly results from a bacterial infection, but viral
and fungal infections can also cause it.

Symptoms can vary but often include coughing, difficulty breathing, and
fever. If left untreated or in certain people, bronchopneumonia can become
serious and sometimes lead to death. This illness is particularly dangerous
in young children, older adults, and those with certain other health
conditions.

PATHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF BRONCHOPNEUMONIA

https://www.google.com/search?safe=strict&rlz=1C1KMZB_enSA660SA660&sxsrf=ACYBGNTp370
3cDE2I2BUBTjHoT0Fq4XfHw:1578899343625&q=What+is+the+pathophysiology+of+bronchopneu
monia%3F&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiA54y0goDnAhXK5-
AKHYX9DKYQzmd6BAgMEAw&biw=1707&bih=760

What is the difference between bronchopneumonia and

lobar pneumonia? Bronchopneumonia: Characterized by patchy foci of consolidation
(pus in many alveoli and adjacent air passages) scattered in one or more lobes of one or
both lungs. ... Lobar pneumonia: Characterized by an acute inflammation of the entire
lobe or lung.

It occurs when viruses, bacteria, or fungi cause inflammation and infection in the alveoli
(tiny air sacs) in the lungs. Bronchopneumonia is a type of pneumonia that causes
inflammation in the alveoli. Someone with bronchopneumonia may have trouble
breathing because their airways are constricted.Apr

ANATOMY OF BRONCHOPNEMONIA