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Definite Integration
Th is section covers:

Introduction to Definite Integrals

Properties of Definite Integrals
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Definite Integrals on the Graphing Calculator
Definite Integration and Area
Mean Value Theorem (MVT) for Integrals
Average Value of a Function
2nd Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Integration as Accumulated Change 
Using U-Substitution with Definite Integration
More Practice

Introduction to Definite Integrals

Up to n ow , w e’ve stu died th e indefinite integral, w h ich is ju st th e function th at you get w h en you in tegrate an oth er
fu nction .

Th e definite integral is actu ally a number th at represen ts th e area under the curve of th at fu n ction from an “x”
position to an oth er “x” position (w e ju st learn ed h ow to get th is area u sin g Riemann Sums).

It’s pretty crazy th at the in tegral is an area u nder a cu rve, bu t it h elps w h en you th in k of th e equ ation
Distance = Rate (Velocity) × Time: for the case w h en th e x-axis of th e cu rve represen ts time, an d y -axis represen ts
rate, th e area (len gth times w idth) can represen t a distan ce (or change in position).

W e can u se th is prin ciple to determin e h ow much someth in g ch an ges (for example, its distance) over time.

Here is th e Definite Integral as the Area of a Region:

Definite Integral as the Area of a Region

Let f  be con tin u ou s an d above th e y -axis (n on-n egative) on
in terval [a, b]. Th e area of the region boun ded by f , th e x-axis an d
vertical lin es at x = a  an d x = b (low er and u pper limits) is:
b

Area = ∫ f (x) dx
a
W e’ll see soon th at to get th is area, w e take th e in tegral of f (x) ,
plu g b in for x an d th en subtract from th at valu e w h at w e get by
plu ggin g in a  for x.

Note:  Th e area of th e region represen ted by an in tegral is on ly applicable if th e region in th e in terval is totally
above the x -axis (positive y ). W e’ll learn later th at if an y part of th e graph is below th e x-axis (n egative y ), to get
th at defin ite in tegral, w e’ll take the “negative of th e area”.

(Th u s, to get th e defin ite in tegral of a fu n ction th at is both above an d below th e x-axis, w e can su btract th e area
above th e x-axis by th e area below th e x-axis in th at in terval.)

Properties of Definite Integrals

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Defin ite In tegrals h ave some properties; th in k of th ese properties ju st like th e properties of an y type of area. Most
are somew h at obviou s:

Properties of Definite Integrals

a

∫ f (x) dx = 0 , if th e fu n ction is defined at x = a  (If you stay at on e poin t, you don ’t h ave an y area.)
a
a b

∫ f (x) dx = − ∫ f (x) dx, if th e fu n ction is in tegrable on [a, b]. (Th in k of goin g backw ards an d “erasin g”
b a
area.)
a b c

∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (x) dx + ∫ f (x) dx , if th e fu n ction is in tegrable on [a, c]. (You can add areas.)
c a b
b b

∫ k ⋅ f (x) dx = k ⋅ ∫ f (x) dx, if th e fu n ction is in tegrable on [a, b]. (W e can move scalars to ou tside of
a a
areas/in tegrals.)
b b b

∫ f (x) ± g (x) dx = ∫ f (x) dx ± ∫ g (x) dx, if th e fu n ction is in tegrable on [a, b]. (W e can split u p
a a a
areas/in tegrals).

Now let’s do some problems th at demonstrate the definite integral as an area:

Definite Integral Problem Solution           Definite Integral Problem Solution

Set u p a defin ite in tegral Set u p a defin ite in tegral

th at yields th e follow in g th at yields th e follow in g
area: 3 area:
2
f (x) = 4 f (x) = ∫ 4 dx f (x) = x2 + 3
f (x) = ∫ (x2 + 3) dx
0
.5

(W e can see th at th e
(W e can ’t easily get th e
area is
area geometrically)
b ⋅ h = (3) (4) = 12 )

Sketch a graph w h ose area Sketch a graph w h ose area

is given by th e defin ite is given by th e defin ite
integral. in tegral.

Th en u se a geometric Th en u se a geometric
formu la to fin d evalu ate the formu la to fin d evalu ate th e
integral. in tegral. Area (Trian gle) =
3 Area (Trian gle) = 3 1 1
bh = (6) (3) = 18
∫ x dx 1 1
bh = (3) (3) = 4.5 ∫ (3 − |x|) dx 2 2
0
2 2 −3

Here are a few problems th at illu strate th e properties of definite integrals. Note th at n ot all of th ese in tegrals may be

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areas, sin ce some are n egative (w e’ll soon learn th at if part of th e fu n ction is under the x -axis, th e in tegral is a
negative “area” – th us n ot really an area, but w e can u se th is “area” an d make it n egative).

Definite Integral Problem Solution      

3 5

a. ∫ x dx = − ∫ x dx = −10
Evalu ate th e in tegrals, given th e follow ing valu es:
5 3
5 5
5 5 5
b. ∫ 4x dx = 4 ∫ x dx = (4) (10) = 40
∫ dx = 4 ∫ x dx = 10 ∫ x2 dx = 50
3 3
3 3 3
c.
5 5 5 5
3 5 5 1 1
1 ∫ ( x2 + 3x − 8) dx = ∫ x2 dx + 3 ∫ x dx − 8 ∫ dx
  a. ∫ x dx        b. ∫ 4x dx      c. ∫ ( x2 + 3x − 8) dx 2 2
2 3 3 3 3
5 3 3
1
= (50) + 3 (10) − 8 (4) = 23
2
8 4 8

a. ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (x) dx + ∫ f (x) dx = 5 + −3 = 2

Evalu ate th e in tegrals, given th e follow ing valu es:
1 1 4
b.
4 8 8
⎛ ⎞
1 1 4
∫ f (x) dx = 5 ∫ f (x) dx = −3 ∫ g (x) dx = 15
∫ −4f (x) dx = −4 ∫ f (x) x dx = −4 ⎜− ∫ f (x) x dx⎟
1 4 4 ⎝ ⎠
4 4 1

8 1
= (−4) (−5) = 20
8 8 8
  a. ∫ f (x) dx       b. ∫ −4f (x) dx    
∫ [3f (x) − g (x)] dx = 3 ∫ f (x) − ∫ g (x)
1 4 c.
8 4 4 4 4
= 3 (−3) − 15 = −24
c. ∫ [3f (x) − g (x)] dx       d. ∫ 4f (x) dx 4 4
4 4 d.  ∫ 4f (x) dx = 4 ∫ f (x) dx = 4 (0) = 0
4 4

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

W ow ! Th is sou n ds important, doesn ’t it? Th at’s becau se th e Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is importan t; th is
th eorem is u sed arou nd th e w orld every day to obtain areas (amon g oth er th in gs) of all sort of objects. An d th e great
th in g abou t th is theorem is it’s so simple to u se (especially compared to some of th e su mmin g tech n iqu es w e’ve
u sed). Th is th eorem is also called th e “Net Change” Th eorem. So h ere goes:

<

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Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

If a fu n ction f (x)  is con tin u ous on a closed in terval [a, b], an d F  is an in defin ite in tegral (an tiderivative) on
th at same in terval, th en :
b

∫ f (x) dx = F (a) − F (b)

a
2 2 2
x5 (2)5 (1)5 32 1 31
For example, to evalu ate ∫ x dx :            ∫ x4 dx = [
4
] = − = − =
5 1 5 5 5 5 5
1 1
Note th at if th e fun ction is totally above th e y -axis in th e given in terval, th is calcu lation is th e area betw een
th e fu n ction an d th e x-axis. If th e fu n ction is totally below th e x-axis in th is in terval, th is calcu lation is th e
opposite (n egative) of th e area betw een th e x-axis an d th e fu n ction . If th is fu n ction is both above an d below
th e x-axis, th en th is calculation is the area above th e x-axis su btracted by th e area below th e x-axis.

Definite Integrals on the Graphing Calculator

You can evalu ate definite integrals in the graphing calculator u sin g th e fnInt(, mu ch like you u sed th e nDeriv( for
derivatives.

Hit MATH an d th en scroll dow n to fnInt( (or hit 9). Pu t th e low er an d u pper valu es for th e in terval an d type in th e
fu nction u sin g th e X,T,θ,n key, hitting th e right arrow key in betw een each en try. Th en pu t “ x” after th e “d” for “dx”,
u sin g right arrow key again. (In th is case w e h ad to u se th e arrow key tw ice, sin ce w e h ad to u se it after th e
expon en t to go back dow n .) You can also go back w ith th e left arrow key if you n eed to make an y ch an ges. Th en h it
“Enter”:

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Note th at if you h ave graph ed a fun ction in Y=, you can also u se 2nd trace (calc) 7 (∫ f (x) dx ) to in tegrate th e
fu nction , an d you w ill be asked to en ter low er an d u pper limits.

Here are some  Definite Integration problems.

Notice th at w h en w e are takin g th e defin ite in tegral of an absolute value function,w e n eed to split th e fu n ction at
th e poin ts w h ere th e absolute valu es equ als 0, an d th en ,as w e did in th e Piecewise Functions section , eith er u se th e
origin al fu n ction , or n egate th e fu n ction , depen din g on th e sign of th e fu n ction (w ith ou t th e absolu te valu e) in th at
interval.

Note th at you can check th ese usin g fnInt (MATH 9) on you r graph in g calcu lator.

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Definite Integral Problem Solution          

3 3 3
5x2 5(3)2 5(1)2 45 5
∫ 5x dx ∫ 5x dx = [ ] = − = − = 20
2 1 2 2 2 2
1 1

8 4 8 4 8

∫ (t − 4) dt = [ − 4t] = [
1 t3 3t 3
8
3 − 4t]
4 4
∫ (√t − 4) dx
3 0 3 0 0

⎛ 3(8) ⎞
⎛ 3(0) 3 ⎞
4 4
3
0
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
= − 4 (8) − − 4 (0) = −20

π π π
2 2 2
cot x − cos x cos x π
π ∫ dx = ∫ 1 − cos x = ∫ 1 − sin x dx = [x + cos x]02 dx
2 cot x ( sin x )
cot x − cos x
∫
0 0 0
dx π π π
cot x = [ + cos( )] − [0 + cos(0)] = ( + 0) − (0 + 1)
0 2 2 2
π
= − 1 ≈ .571
2

First, create a sign chart to see w h ere th e fu n ction is positive or n egative:

∫ ∣∣x2 − 4∣∣ dx
−5
W h at graph looks like:
For th e positive in tervals, w e ju st u se  x2 − 4 as is. W h ere it is n egative, w e
n eed to n egate x2 − 4. Th is is becau se th e absolu te valu e fu n ction on ly
retu rn s a positive fu n ction , so w h en w e remove th e absolu te valu e to
integrate, w e n eed to adju st th e u n derlyin g fu n ction . Separate in to th ree
integrals for th ese in tervals:
5 −2 2 5

∫ ∣∣x − 4∣∣ dx = ∫ (x − 4) dx+ ∫ (−x + 4) dx + ∫ (x2 − 4) dx

2 2 2

−5 −5 −2 2
3 −2 3 2 5
x3
= [( − 4x)] + [(− + 4x)] + [(
Note th at w e can in tegrate x x
− 4x)]
w ith a calcu lator: 3 −5 3 −2 3 2
(−2)3 (−5)3
= [( − 4 (−2)) − ( − 4 (−5))]
3 3
(2)3 (−2)3
+ [(− + 4 (2)) − (− + 4 (−2))]
3 3
(5)3 (2)3
+ [( − 4 (5)) − ( − 4 (2))]
3 3
32 194 2
= 27 + + 27 = = 64
3 3 3

And, again , w e can u se th e definite integral to get an area, if th e y  valu es in th e in terval are greater th an 0 (th e
fu nction is completely above th e x-axis). Note in th e secon d problem, w e h ave to solve for th e x-in tercepts, or zeros,
and sketch a graph (or u se a sign chart) to see w h ere th e fu n ction lies above th e x-axis.

Problem Solution  

Fin d th e area of the region w ith the Since th is region is all above the x -axis, w e can u se th e defin ite
follow in g bou n daries: integral to get th e area:
f (x) = 3x − 5, y = 0, x = 2, x = 4

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Problem Solution  

4
4
3
∫ (3x − 5) dx = [ x2 − 5x]
2 2
2
3 3
= [ (4)2 − 5 (4)] − [ (2)2 − 5 (2)]
2 2
= 4 − (−4) = 8

First, fin d th e zeros to get th e in terval w h ere th e fu n ction is above th e

x-axis:
Fin d th e area of the region w ith the
3√−
x − x = 0; 3√− x = x; (3√− x)2 = x2 ; 9x = x2 ;
follow in g bou n daries:
x2 − 9x = 0; x (x − 9) = 0; x = 0 and x = 9
f (x) = 3√−
x − x, y = 0 9

Th u s, w e n eed ∫ (3√−
x − x) dx:
0
9 9 3 9

x − x) dx = ∫ (3x 2 − x) dx = [3 ⋅ 3 − ]
x2 x2
∫ (3√−
1

(2) 2
0 0 0

2 92 3 02
= [3 ⋅ ] − [3 ⋅ (0) 2 − ]
3 3
(9) 2 −
3 2 2 2
81
= (54 − ) − 0 = 13.5
2

Definite Integration and Area

You ’ve probably realized by n ow (an d I’ve h inted at it a few times) th at to get th e valu e of an in tegral under the
x-axis, you can take th e opposite (negative) of th e area of th at region . So, you h ave to really be carefu l if a problem
calls for an in tegral of a region th at is both above an d below th e x-axis, you h ave to basically add u p th e area above
th e x-axis an d su btract the area below th e x-axis.

Bu t let’s th in k abou t it. If you w ere to take th e absolute value of th e fu n ction (so th at everyth in g moves above th e
x-axis), you w ou ld have the area!  Here’s an example:

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Here are a few more problems on Definite Integration and Area:

Definite Integral Properties

Problems:  Su pposed th at f and g  are con tin u ou s fu n ction s defin ed on th e in terval [1, 4] :
4
4
∫ f (x) dx = 5 an d ∫ g (x) dx = −3
1
1
Evalu ate:                 
4 2

           a. ∫ f (x) dx = 5 , w h ere h (x) = f (x) + 2         b. ∫ k (x) dx , w h ere k (x) = f (x + 2)

1 −1
5 4

           c. ∫ j (x) dx, w h ere j (x) = 4g (x)                         d. ∫ (2f − g) dx

2 1

Solutions: 
a. (Vertical Sh ift Up) Sin ce an d w e are sh iftin g th e fu n ction vertically u p 2, w e w ill add an oth er “block”
of area th at is 2 u nits high by 3 u nits w ide. Th e n ew area is 5 + 2 ⋅ 3 = 11 (see diagram). 

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Th is makes sense sin ce

4 4 4 4

∫ (f (x) + 2) = ∫ f (x) + ∫ 2 = ∫ f (x) + 2x|41 = 5 + (8 − 2) = 11.

1 1 1 1
b. (Horizon tal Sh ift to Left) For f (x + 2) , th e function f (x) is sh ifted to th e left by 2, so for
2
∫ f (x + 2) dx , w e can add 2 to th e u pper an d low er limits an d u se f (x) . Th u s,
−1
2 4
∫ f (x + 2) dx = ∫ f (x) dx = 5 .
−1 1
c. Sin ce w e have a scalar out in fron t of th e g (x), w e’ll ju st mu ltiply th e in tegral amou n t by th at
scalar:
4 4

∫ [4g (x)] dx = 4 ∫ g (x) dx = 4 ⋅ −3 = −12.

1 1
d. W e can add and su btract in tegrals, as w ell as mu ltiply th em by scalars:
4 4 4 4 4

∫ (2f − g) dx = ∫ [2f (x)] dx − ∫ g (x) dx = 2 ∫ f (x) dx − ∫ g (x) dx = 2 ⋅ 5− (−3) = 13.

1 1 1 1 1

Definite Integral Properties

6 2 6

Fin d ∫ f (x) dx, if:   a. f (x) is even , ∫ f (x) dx = 8 an d ∫ f (x) dx = 20     b. f (x) is odd, an d
2 −2 −6
6 6

∫ f (x) dx = 8      c. ∫ (2f (x) − 1) dx = 14

−2 2
Solutions: 
a. Th e best w ay to do th ese types of problems is to draw a pictu re. An even fu n ction is symmetrical
arou n d th e y -axis, mean in g an y area on th e righ t-h an d side (positive x) is th e same as th at on th e
left-h an d side (n egative x), for the same distan ce from th e origin . Divide u p th e areas given
(4 + 4 = 8 an d 10 + 10 = 20) to get th e area in th e in terval [2, 6] to be 6 .

b. Again, draw a pictu re. Sin ce th e fu n ction is odd, it’s symmetrical arou n d th e origin , mean in g th at
an y area on the righ t-h and side (positive x) is th e opposite (n egative) of th at on th e left-h an d side
(n egative x), for the same distan ce from th e origin . Th u s, th e areas in th e in terval [−2, 0] an d [0, 2]
can cel ou t (add u p to 0). Th is makes th e area in th e in terval [2, 6] th e same as th e area in th e in terval
[−2, 6], w h ich is 8 .

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c. W e can break u p th e in tegral to solve back for ∫ f (x) dx:

2
6 6 6 6

14 = ∫ (2f (x) − 1) dx = 2 ∫ f (x) dx − ∫ 1dx = 2 ∫ f (x) dx − x|x=6

x=2
2 2 2 2
6 6

14 = 2 ∫ f (x) dx − (6 − 2) = 2 ∫ f (x) dx − 4
2 2
6 6 6

14 = 2 ∫ f (x) dx − 4; 18 = 2 ∫ f (x) dx; ∫ f (x) dx = 9

2 2 2

Definite Integral Trig Problems

Problems:  Evalu ate th e follow ing (u sin g geometry), given th e fact th at :

π π π
2π 2 2π 2 2

a. ∫ sin(x)dx      b. ∫ sin(x)dx       c. ∫ |sin x| dx       d. ∫ cos(x) dx      e. ∫ (sin(x) + 2x) dx   
0 0 0 π
−2 0

Solutions:
π 2π
a. Sin ce ∫ sin(x)dx = 2, ∫ sin(x)dx is th is amou n t above th e x-axis
0 0
(2), an d also th e opposite (n egative) of th is amou n t below th e x-axis
(–2). Th u s, w e h ave 2 + −2 = 0.
π
π 2
b. Sin ce ∫ sin(x)dx = 2, ∫ sin(x)dx is half th is amou n t, w h ich is 1.
0 0
π
(Th e fu n ction is symmetrical across x = ).
2
π 2π
c. Sin ce ∫ sin(x)dx = 2, ∫ |sin(x)| dx is th is amou n t  above th e x-axis (2, an d again above th e x-axis
0 0
becau se of the absolu te value. Th us, w e h ave 2 + 2 = 4 .
π
 d. (Horizon tal Sh ift by to Left or Righ t) Th e graph of cosine is th e
2
π
graph of sin that is sh ifted eith er to th e left or righ t. Th u s,
π
2
2 π
∫ cos x dx = ∫ sin x dx, w h ich is 2 .
−2
π
0
π π π
2 2 2
 e. ∫ (sin(x) + 2x) dx = ∫ sin(x) dx + ∫ 2x dx . W e kn ow th at
0 0 0
π π
2 2
∫ sin(x) dx = 1 from b. above. ∫ 2x dx is a trian gle (see diagram)
0 0
π π 1 1 π π2
w ith a base of an d a h eight of 2 ⋅ = π , so its area is bh = ⋅ ⋅ π = . Th e total area is
2 2 2 2 2 4
2
π
1+ ≈ 3.47.
4

Mean Value Theorem (MVT) for Integrals

W e learn ed abou t th e Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives h ere in th e Curve Sketching section . Th e Mean Value
Theorem (MVT) for Integrals is a th eorem th at gu aran tees th at a con tin u ou s fu n ction in an in terval con tain s at least
one poin t w h ere th at fu nction is equ al to the average value of th e fu n ction .

So w h at does th is mean in plain En glish? All it really mean s is th at for a con tin u ou s fu n ction betw een tw o differen t

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poin ts, th ere is at least on e poin t w h ere th e “ y ” valu e is equ al to th e average of th e all th e “ y ” valu es in th at in terval.
In terms of geometry, th is means th at there exists a rectan gle betw een th e tw o poin ts w h ose area is equ al to th e
area u n der th e cu rve of th e fu n ction betw een th ose tw o poin ts. Th in k of flatten in g a mou n tain so it fills th e valleys
perfectly.

Here’s th e formal defin ition of th e Mean Value Theorem for Integrals:

Mean Value Theorem for Integrals

For a fu n ction f  th at is con tinu ou s on closed in terval [a, b], th ere
exists at least on e n u mber c in th at closed in terval su ch th at:

∫ f (x) dx = f (c) (b − a)
a

For a geometric explan ation , thin k of f (c) as th e h eigh t of a

rectan gle an d (b − a) as th e w idth . Th ere is a n u mber c su ch th at
 h as th e same area as th e region u n der th e cu rve of th at fu n ction
from a to b.

W e’ll u se th is formu la to solve problems w here w e fin d th e “ c” gu aran teed by th e Mean Valu e Th eorem for an
integral in a specific in terval. W e’ll also derive th e Average Value of a Function from th is formu la.

Average Value of a Function

Now w e can solve for the Average Value of a Function by dividin g both sides of th e Mean Valu e Th eorem equ ation
by (b − a). Th e average value of a fun ction is th e f (c) in th e Mean Valu e Th eorem equ ation .

Average Value of a Function

If a fu n ction f  is integrable on a closed in terval [a, b], th en th e average value on th at in terval is:
b
1
∫ f (x) dx
(b − a)
a
To remember th is, th in k Integral over Interval:
b
∫ f (x) dx
a Integral
Average Value = =
(b − a) Interval

Here are th e types of problems you migh t see for th e Mean Value Theorem:

Mean Value Theorem Problem Solution  

Use th e MVT equ ation to fin d th e “ c”:

b 4
∫ f (x) dx = f (c) (b − a) : ∫ (−x2 − 8) dx = f (c) (4 − 1)
Fin d th e valu e of “ c” th at is a 1
4
gu aran teed by th e Mean Value [− x3 − 8x] = (−c2 − 8) (3)
3

1
Theorem (MVT) for integrals for
(− 43 − 8 (4)) − (− 13 − 8 (1)) = 3 (−c2 − 8)
3 3
2
f (x) = −x − 8 in th e in terval [1, 4] .
–
−45 = −3c2 − 24; c2 = 7; c = ± √7
–
c = √7

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Mean Value Theorem Problem Solution  

Take positive only sin ce th e “c” n eed to be in th e in terval [1, 4] .

Use th e MVT equ ation to fin d th e “ c”:

π
b 4
∫ f (x) dx = f (c) (b − a) : ∫ (3sec2 x) dx = f (c) [ π4 − (− π4 )]
a π
−4

Fin d th e valu e of “c” th at is

π

[3 tan x]− π = (3sec2 c) [ π4 − (− π4 )]

4

gu aran teed by th e Mean Value 4

Theorem (MVT) for integrals for (3 tan( π4 )) − (3 tan(− π4 )) = (3sec2 c) ( π2 )

3π
f (x) = 3sec2 (x) in th e in terval 3 ⋅ 1 − (3 ⋅ −1) = 2
6 = 3π
sec2 c; 2
sec2 c; sec2 c = π4
π π −− −
−
[− , ] . cos2 c = π
; cos c = ± √ π4 ; c = ± arccos √ π4
4 4 4

c = ± .482
Use both positive an d negative, sin ce both valu es are in th e in terval
π π
[− , ] .
4 4

Fin d th e valu e of “c” th at is

gu aran teed by th e Mean Value
Theorem (MVT) for integrals for
f (x) = ln(x + 2) in th e in terval
[−1, 4].
(Use calcu lator to get th e in tegral of
th e ln fu n ction .)
Use th e MVT equ ation to fin d th e “ c”:
4
b
∫ f (x) dx = f (c) (b − a) : ∫ ln(x + 2) dx = f (c) [4 − (−1)]
a −1
5.75 = ln(c + 2) (5) ; 1.15 = ln(c + 2); e1.15 = c + 2
c ≈ 1.158

Here are some Average Value Theorem problems:

Average Value Theorem Problem Solution  

b
1
Th ink “Integral Over Interval”:      Average Valu e = ∫ f (x) dx
Fin d th e Average Value of (b − a)
a
8 4 4
f (x) = 2 + 2 from [2, 4] . ∫ (2 + ) dx =
1 8 1 −2 1 4
x (4−2) x2 2
∫ (2 + 8x ) dx = 2
[2x − 8x−1 ]2
2 2
= 12 ([2 (4) − 84 ] − [2 (2) − 82 ]) = 12 (8 − 2 − 4 + 4) = 3

b
1
Th ink “Integral Over Interval”:      Average Valu e = ∫ f (x) dx
(b − a)
a
Fin d th e Average Value of
π π
2 2 π
1 1 1
π π ∫ (cos x + 3) dx = ∫ (cos x + 3) dx = π [sin x + 3x]− 2π
f (x) = cos x + 3 from [− , ]. [ 2 −(− 2 )] − π
π π π
2
2 2
π
2
−2
1 π π π π
= π ([sin( 2 ) + 3 ( 2 )] − [sin(− 2 ) + 3 (− 2 )])
1 3π 3π 1 2
= π [1 + 2 − (−1) + 2 ] = π (2 + 3π) = π + 3

b
1
Th ink “Integral Over Interval”:      Average Valu e = ∫ f (x) dx
Fin d th e n u mber(s) b such th at the (b − a)
a
Average Value of 1
b
b
∫ (6x − 3) dx = 1b [3x2 − 3x]0
f (x) = 6x − 3 on interval [0, b] is b−0
0

([3b2 − 3b] − [3(0)2 − 3 (0)]) = 15;

15. 1 1
b b
(3b2 − 3b) = 15
3b − 3 = 15; 3b = 18; b=6

Here is an application of th e Average Value:

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Average Value Theorem

Solution  
Application

a. Th e average value over th e 10-h ou r in terval is:

b 10
1 1 1 2 2
∫ f (t) dt = ∫ (−t2 + 4t + 45) dt = ( ) 316 = 31  degrees.
(b − a) (10 − a) 10 3 3
0
Th e temperatu re over a 10- a
To get th e min imu m an d maximu m temperatu res over th at period, let’s first graph ,
h ou r period can be
sin ce w e h ave to ch eck th e en dpoin ts, too:
modeled by th e fu n ction
f (t) = −t2 + 4t + 45.

a. Fin d th e average
temperatu re.
b. Fin d th e
minimum
temperatu re.
c. Fin d th e
maximum b. From the graph above, in th e in terval 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 , th e min imu m temperatu re is –15
temperatu re. degrees, at the en dpoin t w h en .
c. From the graph above, in th e in terval 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 , th e maximu m temperatu re is 49
degrees.

2nd Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Th e Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus h as to do w ith takin g th e derivative of th e defin ite in tegral; w e
basically “u n do” th e in tegral to get the origin al fu n ction back. W e h ave to be carefu l th ou gh , sin ce w e don ’t alw ays
get th e origin al fu nction exactly as it w as: it turns ou t (becau se of th e chain rule), w e h ave to mu ltiply th e fu n ction by
th e derivative of the upper limit of th e in terval. An d to u se th is th eorem, th e low er bou n d mu st be a constant.

d ⎛ ⎞
x x

Th is th eorem says th at ⎜∫ f (t) dt⎟ = f (x), or if F (x) = ∫ f (t) dt , th en F ′ (x) = f (x) .

dx ⎝ ⎠
a a

<

It looks like th e derivative of an in tegral (accu mulation fu n ction ) gets u s back to th e origin al in tegran d w ith ju st a
ch an ge of variables. Bu t let’s keep goin g, u sin g th e First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: 

d ⎛ ⎞
g(x)

⎜∫ f (t) dt⎟ =
d d
(F (g (x)) − F (a)) = F (g (x)) = f (g (x)) ⋅ g ′ (x), w h ere a is a con stan t. Th e F (a)
dx ⎝ ⎠ dx dx
a

disappears, sin ce th e derivative of a con stan t is 0, bu t for th e F (x), w e su bstitu te th e u pper limit in for th e variable,
bu t th en h ave to u se the ch ain rule to multiply by th e derivative of th is fu n ction .

Let’s sh ow an example, w h ere w e solve the defin ite in tegral an d th en take th e derivative back. Note th at you w on ’t
h ave to do th is mu ch w ork for each problem; w e’ll see soon th at w e ju st substitute the upper limit in the integral
function, and then multiply by the derivative of that upper limit.

2x3

Find th e derivative of:    F (x) = ∫ sin(t) dt:

π

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2x3

First solve for th e integral:    ∫

3
sin(t) dt = [− cos(t)]2x 3 3
π = − cos(2x ) − (− cos(π)) = − cos(2x ) − 1
π
Th en take th e derivative:   
d d d
(− cos(2x3 ) − 1) = (− cos(2x3 )) − (1) = sin(2x3 ) ⋅ 6x2 − 0 = 6x2 sin(2x3 )
dx dx dx

Here’s th e formal defin ition of th e 2nd Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, w ith th e basic in stru ction s on h ow to
solve th ese problems:

<

2nd Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

If f  is con tin u ous on an open in terval th at con tain s a  (a con stan t), for every x in th e in terval,

d ⎡ ⎤
x x

If F (x) = ∫ f (t) dt , th en F ′ (x) = f (x)             (altern ate w ay: ⎢∫ f (t)F (t)⎥ = f (x))
dx ⎣ ⎦
a a

W h en fin din g F ′ (x), plu g in th e upper bou nd in to th e fu n ction f (t) directly, bu t if th e u pper bou n d is
differen t th an just plain “x”, multiply th e fu nction by th e derivative of th e u pper bou n d.
g(x)

In oth er w ords, if F (x) = ∫ f (t) dt , th en F ′ (x) = f (g (x)) ⋅ g ′ (x). (For example, if th e u pper bou n d is x2 ,
a
plu g in th e x2  everyw h ere th ere’s a t, bu t th en mu ltiply by 2x, th e derivative of x2 ).
If th ere are variables in both th e u pper an d low er bou n ds, separate th e in tegral in to tw o in tegrals w ith
g(x) a f(x) g(x)

con stan ts. For example, separate  ∫ in to ∫ (w h ich is  − ∫ ) an d  ∫ .

f(x) f(x) a a

Here are some Second Theorem of Calculus problems:

2nd Theorem of Calculus

Solution  
Problem

Fin d th e derivative of
x d
F ′ (x) = (x3 − 4x) ⋅ (x) = (x3 − 4x) ⋅ 1 = x3 − 4x
F (x) = ∫ (t3 − 4t) dt dx
−3

1 d 4 1 4
F ′ (x) = ⋅ (x ) = 8 (4x3 ) = 4x−5 = 5
(x4 )2 dx x x
Note:  Let’s sh ow h ow th is w orks “th e lon g w ay”:
Fin d th e derivative of
x4 x4
x4 1 1 1
∫ 2 dt = ∫ t−2 dt = [−t−1 ]2 = −(x4 ) − (−2−1 ) = − 4 +
x4 −1
1
F (x) = ∫ dt . t x 2
t2 2 2
2
Now take th e derivative back:
1 1 d 1 4
(− 4 + ) = ( ) = 4x−5 + 0 = 5    √
d d
(−x−4 ) +
dx x 2 dx dx 2 x

Fin d th e derivative of
x2 2 d 2
F ′ (x) = sin (x2 ) ⋅ (x ) = sin(x4 ) ⋅ 2x = 2x sin x4
F (x) = ∫ sin t dt 2
dx
−π

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2nd Theorem of Calculus

Solution  
Problem

Since w e don ’t have a con stan t for th e low er bou n d, w e n eed to separate the
integral into two integrals, each w ith a con stan t. Remember th at w e can sw itch th e
low er an d u pper bou n ds in an in tegral by takin g th e opposite (th e n egative) of th at

Fin d th e derivative of integral:

3x a 3x x 3x
3x

F (x) = ∫ 2t3 dt ∫ 2t dt = ∫ 2t dt + ∫ 2t dt = − ∫ 2t dt + ∫ 2t3 dt

3 3 3 3

x x a a a
x
d d
′
F (x) = −2x ⋅ (x) + 2(3x)3 ⋅
3
(3x)
dx dx
= −2x ⋅ 1 + 2 (27x ) ⋅ 3 = −2x3 + 162x3 = 160x3
3 3

Integration as Accumulated Change

As th e resu lt of th e Fundamental Theorems of Calculus, w e can n ow u se in tegration to solve Accumulated Rate of
Change, or Net Change problems.

Here is th e Net Change Theorem (w h ich is basically a rein statemen t of th e Fundamental Theorem of Calculus):

Th e defin ite in tegral of th e rate of ch an ge gives th e total accumulated

change, or net change, of th e qu an tity in in terval [a, b]:
b

∫ F ′ (x) dt = F (b) − F (a)

a

Th e Accumulated Rate of Change can be measu red by th e area under the graph of a fu n ction over a certain in terval.
W e mu st be carefu l th ou gh , sin ce th e area below the x -axis is con sidered to be negative in measu rin g accu mu lated
ch an ge. Th u s, th is can be represen ted by th e definite integral of th e fu n ction .

Note th at w e also addressed Position, Velocity, an d Acceleration w ith Derivatives h ere in th e Equation of the
Tangent Line, Tangent Line Approximation, and Rates of Change section , an d h ere in th e Antiderivatives and
Indefinite Integration section .

Important Hint for Definite Integration Applications: If you’re not sure about whether to integrate, or what to integrate,
remember this: the area under the curve is the integral. That area will represent different things, based on what the units of the
axes are. In general, you just need to multiply the units of the y -axis and the units of the x-axis to get the units of the area
under the curve. For example, If the y -axis represents velocity and the x-axis represents time, the integral represents total
distance. As another example, if the y -axis represents calories/day and the x-axis represents days, then the area under the curve
would represent the total calories over the days specified.

W hen w orkin g th ese problems, remember th e follow in g:

Integration as Accumulated Change Hints

For Integration as Accumulated Change problems, w e typically h ave rate (velocity) on th e y -axis an d
time on th e x-axis. Th e change is th e area u n der th e cu rve, or th e integral of th e velocity fu n ction . For
example, w e may h ave:

miles
(y-axis) × hours (x-axis) = miles
hours

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Amount changed from a to b is ∫ f (x) dx , w h ere f (x) is th e rate of ch an ge of th e amou n ts. f (x)
′ ′

a
represen ts th e actu al amou n ts (for example, miles, dollars or temperatu re).
Ending amount is the beginning amount plus the change. At b, th e amou n t is w h at it w as at a (Initial
b

Condition), plu s th e ch an ge from a to b:  f (b) = f (a) + ∫ f (x) dx  (from First Fu n damen tal Th eorem
′

a
b

of Calcu lus). If chan ge is n egative (amou n t decreasin g), f (b) = f (a) − ∫ f (x) dx .
′

a
Th e Average Velocity can be obtain ed by ou r “In tegral O ver In terval” formu la: Average Velocity from time
b
∫ f (x) dx b
1
∫ f (x) dx, w h ere f (x)  is a fu n ction of th e velocity versu s time.
a
a to time b is =
(b − a) (b − a)
a
b

Th e total distance traveled (how far w e go back an d forth ) is ∫ | v (x)| dx , w h ereas th e total
a
b

displacement (w h ere w e are on a line, compared to w h ere w e started) is ∫ v (x) dx .

a
Th e Defin ite In tegral of a fu n ction’s population growth rate in a time in terval gives th e total ch an ge in
popu lation in th at in terval. Th e Definite In tegral of a density of a population in a distan ce in terval gives
th e total amou n t of th at population in th at in terval.

Note th at if th e fun ction is totally above th e y -axis in th e given in terval, th is calcu lation is th e area betw een
th e fu n ction an d th e x-axis. If th e fu n ction is totally below th e x-axis in th is in terval, th is calcu lation is th e
opposite (n egative) of th e area betw een th e x-axis an d th e fu n ction . If th is fu n ction is both above an d below
th e x-axis, th en th is calculation is the area above th e x-axis su btracted by th e area below th e x-axis.

Remember th ese ru les w ith position, velocity, an d acceleration:

Defin ite In tegral of a fu n ction ’s derivative gives th e accu mu lated ch an ge.
Defin ite In tegral of a fu n ction ’s velocity gives th e total ch an ge in position .
Defin ite In tegral of a fu n ction ’s acceleration gives th e total ch an ge in velocity.
W h en th e velocity is positive, an article is movin g to th e righ t, w h en it’s n egative, it’s movin g to th e left,
an d w h en it’s 0, it’s stan din g still. Th is makes sen se sin ce th e area u n der th e cu rve of a velocity graph is
distan ce, an d w hen distan ce is positive, it’s accu mu latin g (article is movin g to righ t), an d w h en it’s
n egative, it’s lessen in g (article movin g to left).

First let’s do a problem ju st by lookin g ju st th e area u n der th e cu rve:

Problem:

Th e follow in g graph depicts the speed of a car over a period over 6 h ou rs. Estimate h ow far it traveled du rin g th at

time, an d th e average speed betw een 10am an d 4pm.

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Solution:

Since w e can th in k of distan ce as rate × time , w e can get th e distan ce by th e area under the curve. Add u p (as best
w e can ) all th e squ ares u n der th e cu rve: (20 × 12) + 18 + 14 + 8 + 8 + 9 + 8 + 5 + 8 + 16 = 334 km.

To get th e average speed betw een 10am an d 4pm,take th e total distance and divide by the total time:
334 km
= 55.7 km/hour .
6 hours

More Accumulated Change Problems

Here’s an oth er type of problem you may see:

Accumulating Change Problem:

A particle is movin g along th e x-axis, w ith th e particle’s velocity (u n its/sec) for time t (0 ≤ t ≤ 9) as sh ow n :

a. Fin d th e total displacement of th e particle in th e 9-secon d in terval.

b. Fin d th e particle’s total distance traveled in th e 9-secon d in terval.
c. If th e position of the particle is p (t), an d p (4) = 3, fin d th e position of th e particle at t = 9 .
d. Fin d th e average value of th e velocity of th e particle du rin g th is 9-secon d time in terval.
e. W h at is th e displacemen t of th e particle from th e 2nd secon d to th e 6th secon d? (from t = 1 to
t = 6 )?
Solution:
a. Th e displacement is th e value of th e integral of th e fu n ction in th at in terval, w ith th e areas above
th e x-axis positive and u n der th e x-axis n egative. Th is displacemen t is 8 − 8 = 0 .

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b. Th e distance is th e absolute value of the integral across th is in terval. Th e distan ce traveled is

8 + 8 = 16.
1 1
c. If th e position at t = 4 is 3, th e position at t = 9  w ou ld be 3 + − 8 = −4 . Th is is becau se th e
2 2
en din g valu e is the begin n in g valu e (3) plu s th e ch an ge, w h ich is th e in tegral. W e start ou t at 3, th en
h ave above the x-axis (from t = 4 to t = 5 ) an d 8 below th e x-axis (from t = 5 to t = 9 ).
0
d. Th e average value is in tegral (displacemen t) over in terval, so w e h ave = 0 (w h ich is th e same as
9
b 9
1 1 0
∫ f (t) dt = ∫ f (t) dt = = 0).
(b − a) (9 − 0) 9
a 0
e. Th e displacemen t from th e 2nd secon d to th e 6th secon d is th e area (positive or n egative) from
6

w h ere t = 1 to t = 6 , w h ich is 6 − .5 = 5.5 . Th is is th e same as ∫ f (t) dt = −5.5. Note th at w e

1
started th e interval w ith t = 1 in stead of t = 2 , sin ce th e 2nd secon d starts w h en t = 1 .

Here are more Integration as Accumulated Change Problems. Note th at in some problems, w e w ill u se th e fnInt(
fu nction on ou r calcu lator to in tegrate. (W e w ill learn h ow to in tegrate expon en ts h ere in th e Exponential and
Logarithmic Integration section .)

Integration as Accumulated Change

Solution  
Problem

In 2008, th e average valu e of an

b
′
American ’s in come cou ld be ch angin g Since w e w an t th e ch an ge in in come, w e’ll u se th e formu la ∫ f (t) dt,
a
at a rate (dollars per mon th ) by the
t w h ere f (t) is th e actu al amou n t of in come.
fu n ction c (t) = 40(1.002) , w h ere t is
mon th s sin ce Jan u ary 1, 2008.  t
W e h ave th e rate of ch an ge formu la c (t) = 40(1.002) , so w e’ll in tegrate
th at fu n ction from 0 (Jan u ary) to 9 (September) (u se calcu lator):
W h at change in income can th e 9 9
average American expect by the en d ∫ f ′ (t) dt = ∫ 40(1.002)t dt = $363.26.
0 0
of September, 2008?

W ater is leakin g out of a bu cket at a Ending amou n t is th e begin n in g amou n t (in itial con dition ) plu s th e
rate of r (t) = 6e−.1t  liters per min u te, ch ange. At b, th e amou n t is w h at it w as at a , plu s th e ch an ge from a to b.
w h ere t is th e n u mber of minu tes Since w ater is leakin g ou t of th e bu cket (n egative ch an ge), its amou n t is
sin ce th e leak started. decreasin g:
b
f (b) = f (a) − ∫ f ′ (x) dx .
If th e bu cket h olds 500 liters of w ater a
60
w h en th e leak began , h ow mu ch So f (b) = 500 − ∫ 6e−.1t dt = 500 − 59.851 = 440.149 liters. (Use
w ater does th e bu cket h old an h ou r 0

later? calculator to in tegrate an d remember th at 60 min u tes are in an h ou r.)

Th e den sity of cars (cars per mile) on a

Remember th at th e total amou n t of a certain popu lation in an in terval
10-mile stretch can be modeled by can be obtain ed by in tegratin g th e den sity of th at amou n t in th at
−−−−− cars
d (x) = 200 [3 + sin(4√x + 1)] , integral (see h ow × miles = cars )?
w h ere x is th e distan ce in miles from mile
th e startin g poin t. Th e total n u mber of cars th en on th e 10-mile
stretch is:
To th e n earest car, w h at is th e total                
10
n u mber of cars on th e 10-mile −−−−−
∫ 200 [3 + sin(4√x + 1)] dx ≈ 5716 cars.
stretch ?  0

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Integration as Accumulated Change

Solution  
Problem

W hen th e velocity is positive, an article is movin g to th e righ t, w h en it’s

Th e velocity in meters per secon d of a n egative, it’s movin g to th e left, an d w h en it’s 0, it’s stan din g still.
particle is movin g alon g th e x-axis Th u s, w h en th e article is movin g to th e
at v (t) = 2 cos(t) in th e in terval right, w e h ave 2 cos(t) > 0 , or
0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. π π 3π
0<t< an d  < t < . W h en th e
2 2 2
article is movin g to th e left, w e h ave
Determin e w h en th e particle is π 3π
movin g to th e left, right, an d
2 cos(t) < 0 , or <t< . Th e
2 2
stopped. π 3π
particle is stopped at t =  an d t = .
2 2
2π
Fin d th e particle’s displacemen t and Th e particle’s displacemen t is ∫ 2 cos(t) dt = 0  an d th e particle’s distan ce
0
total distan ce over the time in terval. 2π
is ∫ |2 cos(t)| dt = 8.
0

a. Th e defin ite in tegral of a fu n ction ’s population growth rate in a

Th e rate at w h ich cu stomers arrive at a
time in terval gives th e total ch an ge in popu lation in th at
w ater park in th e summer can be
16 16
modeled by th e fu n ction 16000
in terval: ∫ A (t) = ∫ ≈ 2136 people en tered th e
16000 t2 − 22t + 160
A (t) = 2 , an d th e rate 10 10
t − 22t + 160
at w h ich th ey leave later th at day can park by 4pm.

be modeled by th e fu n ction b. W e w an t $20 times th e n u mber of people en terin g th e park

10000 betw een 10am an d 4pm, an d $10 times th e n u mber of people
L (t) = 2  (both
t − 40t + 350 en terin g th e park betw een 4pm an d closin g:                         
fu n ction s in people per h ou r, t is 16 23
16000 16000
h ou rs after midn ight). 20 ∫ 2 + 10 ∫ 2 = $53383.94.
t − 22t + 160 t − 22t + 160
10 16
At t = 10 (righ t before the park c. Let H (t) = ∫ (A (t) − L (t)) equ al th e n u mber of people in th e
open s), th ere are n o people. At t = 23 park at time t:         
(w h en park closes), everyon e h as left 16000 10000
H (t) = ∫ ( − 2 )
th e park. (Th e park is open from 10am t2 − 22t + 160 t − 40t + 350
(n u mber of
to 11pm.) 16000 10000
′
H (t) = 2 − 2
t − 22t + 160 t − 40t + 350
a. W h at is th e n umber of people people en terin g min u s th e n u mber of people leavin g). To get th e
w h o h ave en tered th e park by time for th e maximu m n u mber of people in th e park, take th e
4pm (t = 16)? derivative of th is fu n ction an d set to 0 (u sin g graph in g calcu lator
b. Th e price of a ticket to th e an d In tersect fu n ction ): t = 11.37 , or betw een 11am an d 11:30am).
park is $20 u ntil 4pm, and $10
after 4pm. How mu ch did the
w ater park make th is day?
c. At w h at time is th e n umber of
people in the w ater park at a
maximu m?

Using U-Substitution with Definite Integration

W e learn ed h ow to u se U-substitution h ere in the U-Substitution Integration section , bu t let’s revisit U-Su b an d do
some problems u sin g Defin ite In tegration.

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Remember th is about U-su b In defin ite Integration :

U-Substitution Integration

Outside Function            Derivative of Inside Function

∫ f (g (x)) g ′ (x) dx = F (g (x)) + C

Inside Function              Any Composite Function

W hat th is says is that if w e w an t th e in tegral of th e ou tside

fu nction , to make it w ork, w e h ave to make su re th at w h at w e’re
integratin g someh ow h as a factor th at is th e derivative of th e
inside fun ction . (We can “trick” the integrand into having this
factor.)

W ith U-sub and Definite Integration, w e can do th ese problems in on e of tw o w ays:

W e can go ah ead an d substitute th e expression for “ u” back an d u se th e origin al valu es for th e u pper an d
low er bou n ds. Remember th at the upper an d low er bou n ds are in terms of “ x”.
W e can keep th e “u” in th e expression an d solve for n ew u pper an d low er bou n ds (solve for “ x” in terms of
“u”). Th en w e don ’t h ave to put th e expression for “ u” back in th e problem! (W e on ly w an t to do th is if it’s
straigh tforw ard to get “x” in terms of “u”.)

W e’ll sh ow both th ese meth ods; th e main thin g is to make su re you r u pper an d low er bou n ds match th e variable
you ’re plu ggin g them in for:

Definite Integral
U-Substitution Solution  
Problem

u = x2 − 3
2 2 2 2 3 x=2
du = 2x dx           ∫ x(x2 − 3)2 dx = ∫ x ⋅ u2 du = ∫ u du = [ u ]
Fin d th e in tegral: du −2 −2 2x −2 2 6 x=−2
dx =
2 2x
∫ x(x2 − 3) dx
2
W e’ll su bstitute back in for “u” sin ce it’s n ot easy to solve for x in terms of u:
3
−2
(x2 − 3)
3 2
(22 − 3)
3 ((−2)2 − 3)
=[ ]
3 x=2
1 1
[ ]
u
= − = − =0
6 x=−2 6 6 6 6 6
−2

π π π

Fin d th e in tegral: u = sin(x) 2 2

du
2

du = cos(x) dx             ∫ sin (x) cos(x) dx = ∫ u cos(x) = ∫ u3 du

3 3

π π π cos(x) π
du −2 −2 −2
2 dx = cos(x)
∫ sin3 (x) cos(x) dx π π
x= 2
sin4 (x) 2 sin4 ( π2 ) sin4 (− π2 )
=[ ]
u4
−2
π
=[ ] = − =0
4 x=− π 4 π 4 4
2 −2

u = 1 + √−
1
x = 1+x2
1
Fin d th e in tegral: du = 12 x− 2 dx
1
du
4 dx = 1
= 2x 2 du
1 −
2 x 2
∫
2

− −2
1
√x(1 + √x)

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Definite Integral
U-Substitution Solution  
Problem

4 4 4 4
2 2 2
∫ − dx = ∫ − 2 dx = ∫ (2 x du) = ∫ 4u−2 du
1
2
− 2
√x u
1
√x(1 + √x) 1 u2 1 1 x
1
2

−1 x=4 x=4 4
4u −4 −4 −4 −4 2
=[ ] =[ ] =[ − ] =( – )−( – )=
−1 x=1 u x=1 1 + √x 1 1 + √4 1 + √1 3

Fin d th e in tegral: u=x+2

x=u−2
2
du = dx
∫ x√−
x−−
+−−
2 dx dx = du
2 2 2 2
∫ x √−
x−−
+−−
2 dx = ∫ x(x + 2) 2 dx = ∫ (u − 2) ⋅ u 2 du = ∫ (u ⋅ u 2 − 2u 2 ) du
−1 1 1 1 1

−1 −1 −1 −1
u=x+2=2+2=4 4
For th is problem,
5 3 5 3

(u − 2u ) du = [ ] =[ ]
2
u u 2u 2 4u 2
=∫
3 1 2 2

fin d th e in tegral by
2 2 −2 −
−1
5 3 5 3
2 2 u=x+2=−1+2=1 1
⎛ 2(4) 4(4) ⎞ ⎛ 2(1) 4(1) ⎞
replacing the upper 5 3 5 3
2 2 2 2 46
and lower bounds
⎝ 5 3 ⎠ ⎝ 5 3 ⎠
= − − − =
15
w ith valu e of “u”.

Understand these problems, and practice, practice, practice!

Click on Su bmit (th e arrow to th e righ t of th e problem) to solve th is problem. You can also type in more problems, or
click on th e 3 dots in the upper righ t h an d corn er to drill dow n for example problems.

If you click on “Tap to view steps”, you w ill go to th e Mathway site, w h ere you can register for th e full version (steps
inclu ded) of th e softw are.  You can even get math w orksh eets.

You can also go to the Mathway site here, w h ere you can register, or ju st u se th e softw are for free w ith ou t th e
detailed solu tion s.  There is even a Math w ay App for you r mobile device.  En joy!

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O n to Exponential and Logarithmic Integration – you ’re ready!

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