Alcatel Lucent Solutions and LTE Presentation PDF

Alcatel – Lucent’s LTE Solutions Overview
John Ozkurt
June 2011
AGENDA
1. Alcatel-Lucent LTE Solutions

2. Alcatel-Lucent LTE Small Cells
3. Alcatel-Lucent LTE lightRadio™
4. Discussions
2
COPYRIGHT © 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Alcatel-Lucent LTE Customer Momentum
W orld’s largest service providers have chosen
Alcatel-Lucent
Only end-to-end LTE network provider
EUTRAN+EPC+IMS+Backhaul+Services End-to-end LTE network provider
EUTRAN+EPC+Backhaul+Services
800MHz/rural/Wholesale
TDD
700MHz & AWS 1800MHz CONTRACT TDD TDD
CONTRACT TDD TDD
TD-LTE & LTE FDD TDD
coexistence Small cells Shanghai Expo 2010, first
major public trial of TD-LTE
CONTRACT TDD
TDD
RAN+Backhaul+Services TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
CONTRACT
700MHz & 2.6GHz RAN+EPC+Services
Europe 28
APAC 18 TDD
Middle East 2 60+ LTE trials

North America 11
LTE contracts
South America 6
12 (8 not public)
TDD
13 TD-LTE trials in 7 countries
Delivering the Market Leading end-to-end 4G LTE Solution

3
Alcatel-Lucent eNB
4
eNodeB – The Architecture
Remote Radio
Solutions
CEM
CEM
CEM CCM
TRDU
Digital modules
S1/X2 (IP/Ethernet)
5
Digital Modules: Base Band Units Strategy
• Ready for LTE operation and evolution to Light

Radio
Modems • Dual purpose slot for dual controller configuration
• Full backward compatibility with 3G/WCDMA
• Large Capacity configurations
Controller(s)
• First focus on LTE FDD
9926 BBU digital container
• Future proof for LR
• 1u BBU, single board Solution for Controller and

Modem
• Light Radio Platform (2G controller included)
• Addressed to low margin Countries (eg India)
• First focused on TD-LTE (FDD considered)
9922 – Compact BBU (sBBU)
6
Digital NodeB Architecture – d2u (9926)
Digital
Multi-techno Radio
BBU
RRH
Core Controller Module

CEM
Remote Radio Head
CEM
BBU relies on the following CEM TRDU

Transmit/Receive/Duplexer Unit
digital modules:
 CCM (Core Controller Module): I/F
Back-haul
Modem to radio ; I/F to backhaul
 CEM (Channel Element Module): Modem
BBU Characteristics: CEM-U HW capacity 9926 BBUv2

(per modem values)
 Indoor environments
 Compact design (2U height – 19’’) Bandwidth support 4x4 MIMO 20 MHz
 Min weight (<12Kg)
Up to 6 optical (up1.to 4.9 Gbps) links
Number of sector 20 MHz: 3 x 20 MHz, 4 x 4 MIMO

 Up to 3 modems per BBU Peak throughput
Peak L1 - 178 Mbps DL / 115 Mbps UL (MIMO 2x2)
Peak L1 - 315 Mbps DL / 156 Mbps UL (MIMO 4x4)
 Up to 2 controllers per BBU
Max # of active
 Transmission: IP/GE users/sector or modem
1200
Highest Capacity Density with 2 technos in d2U BBU

Converged platform (converged RAN BBU for W-CDMA, LTE-FDD, LTE-TDD) 7
A Multi-Configuration BBU LTE eCCM
LTE CEM
W-CDMA CEM
• Multiple configuration flexibility : W-CDMA eCCM

Dual-technology
• Dual-technology (W-CDMA/LTE) inside the same
d2U sub-rack Second. eCCM
• Controller redundancy for increased BBU availability

• Modem redundancy for increased BBU availability CEM
Primary eCCM
• RAN sharing scenarios with dedicated controller/modem
sharing same enclosure Controller redundancy
• Example configurations :
Cabinet Spare CEM
CEM
eCCM
LTE
LTE LTE Modem redundancy
GE
RRH eCCM#2
d2U CEM#2
LTE LTE CEM#1

LTE
Batt.B U 160 AH
eCCM#1
RAN sharing
Flexible BBU Configuration to Accommodate Deployments 8

LTE RF Solution – Remote Radio Head (RRH)
9442 RRH2x40 - AWS
• Flexible installation options: wall/pole RRH2x40-AWS

mountable
• RF Power: 2x40W RF Output Power for 2x2 MIMO
• AISG 2.0 Support
• Bandwidth : from 1.4 to 20MHz Carrier Support
• 4-way Rx Diversity support w/ Optional Module
(RDEM)
• Typical Noise Figure < 2dB
• Temperature Range: - 40°C/55°C
• -48VDC
• Typical Power Consumption : Approx 330W at max
RF output power
• Compact and Lightweight: <20kg (<45lb),
620mm H x 270mm W x 170mm D
9
LTE & Converged RAN key building blocks
Plug-in radio modules Remote Radio Heads

Dual Techno Modules (WCDMA / LTE)
WCDMA WCDMA
RRH Single/Dual PA
LTE TRDU LTE
Common Base BBU WCDMA
Band Units LTE + GSM
Triple Techno modules (GSM / WCDMA / LTE)

MC-RRH Dual PA
MC-TRX
GSM GSM
WCDMA WCDMA
LTE LTE
Common Base Band + Dual Techno RF + Triple Techno RF

10
Key Benefits of Alcatel-Lucent’s LTE RAN Products
•LTE BBU leverages existing 3G BBU platform with next generation

assets vs. address future wireless broadband deployments
• Designed for operational efficiency , deployment
1 flexibility and tremendous scalability
=> Very low power consumption
=> Easy integration (size, environmental constraints)
Þ Flexible matching with various RF options
•Continuation of existing RF platform assets, based

on the CPRI interface
2 • New generation of radio modules and RRH, capable of
multi-techno
• Compact, lightweight, flexible and scalable
•Strengthen seamless integration with existing networks for

reduced footprint and longer term asset re-use
• Minimal / “ zero footprint” introduction of LTE into existing sites
3 • Solutions for sharing antenna/RF assets and transport infrastructure
• Solutions for E2E integration : multi-technology OMC, IP transport
• Flexible deployment solution for network overlay
Compact High Performance LTE module for cost efficient

seamless integration into existing sites as well as new sites
11
Alcatel-Lucent ePC
12
Alcatel-Lucent Ultimate Wireless Packet
Core Design Approach
Control plane:
High performance, reliable, scalable
 Highly scalable, dynamic mobility and in-house ATCA-based platforms for
connection management
Packet Core control-plane elements
 Network-wide, real-time policy control
3GPP core
control plane
SGSN/ PCRF
MME
E-UTRAN
UTRAN
GERAN
data plane SGW PGW/ Web 2.0+
GGSN
Data plane:
 High aggregate throughput (over 100 Gbps) High performance, reliable, scalable
for high bandwidth on-demand services service-aware IP routers for
 Per-subscriber, per-application, per-session Wireless Packet Gateways
QoS/policy enforcement
13
Alcatel-Lucent ePC – Control Plane (MME & PCRF)
14
Alcatel-Lucent 9471 Wireless Mobility Manager (MME)
Designed for availability and scalability, optim ized for m obility m anagem ent
CDMA
Mobility management GSM
and paging expertise in GPRS
large scale networks EDGE
EVDO
UMTS
HSPA
In-house software LTE
In-house ATCA 9471 WMM

platform High-performance service blades (MME)
Best-in-class hardware platform Alcatel-Lucent 9471 WMM
 Standards-based high density (ATCA) platform  Hardware acceleration of high CPU cost functions
 Innovative paging methods to reduce signaling
 In-house design maximizes performance and
impact on capacity
lifecycle (Common across multiple products)
 Sophisticated overload controls optimized for multi-
 Latest generation of scalable, high- threaded distributed systems
performance computing service blades
 Real time low network cost per call event
 Leverages field proven wireless assets performance management tool (PCMD)
 Carrier-grade with high availability (99.999%+)  Fully flexible, scalable configurations for either
stand-alone SGSN, MME, or combination SGSN/MME
15
9471 MME Architecture Tailored for High
Capacity and Scaling
Generic Purpose Computing board
Distributed functions (GPC) supported function
Capacity scales with

number of board MAF MIF
Internal load distribution,
Call process engine Centralized functions
PDU
and UE context overall in/out msg rate
management control & throttling Hosted by a single board
(overload mitigation) (pair of) whatever the
configuration
MAF
MAF
MAF
MAF
MAF
MAF
MAF (Molene)
MAF (Molene)
MAF (Molene)
MAF (Molene)
MAF (Molene)
MAF (Molene)
Hub (Malban)
Hub (Malban)
MPH
(Molene)
(Molene)
(Molene)
(Molene)
(Molene)
(Molene)
ShMC
SGSN bearer plane HW accelerated functions:
MPH
MPH
ShMC
packet processing IPsec, IPv4/v6,

SCTP/TCP/UDP end point,
MIF (Molene)
MIF (Molene)
OAM (Rouzic)
OAM (Rouzic)
(combo MME/SGSN)
Hub (Malban)
Hub (Malban)
TCP bridging, LAG
MPH Hub (Malban)
MPH Hub (Malban)
ShMC
MAF (Molene)
MAF (Molene)
MAF (Molene)
MAF (Molene)
MAF (Molene)
MAF (Molene)
MAF (Molene)
MAF (Molene)
MIF (Molene)
MIF (Molene)
OAM (Rouzic)
OAM (Rouzic)
ShMC
ShMC
High Speed Packet Processing

ShMC
(HSPP) supported function
Optimized mapping between function and HW for flexibility and scalability
16
9471 WMM (MME) High-Level Functional Diagram
9471 WMM (MME) OAM Server

 Provides the NBI, provisioning interface,
shelf mgt, integrity mgt, SU/Patch Control…
HSS MME Application Function

MAF
 Provides the MME functionality - Mobility,
Session, Security
OAM MIF  Interface application handling with HSS,
Server MME, SGW, SGSN, eNB
S6a
MPH
MME Interface Function
 Interface Service
S11
SGW  Paging Broadcast and Link Management
 Internal and external load balancing
S10
S1-MME
MME-X Mobility Packet Handling Function
 Low layer interface to the external entities
eNB eNB (eNodeB, SGW, HSS, another MME, SGSN)
eNB over SCTP, TCP, UDP.
 IPsec for S1-MME
17
Why 9471 Wireless Mobility Manager (MME)?
Capacity - Reliability Innovative paging

. 5m subs 1st step (w 1+1 redundancy) methods
. 400k+ signaling msg per s
. UE mobility pattern dependent .
. +99.999 availability Paging strategy  minimized paging
. All elements active/standby host signaling
swappable without call loss
. Advanced overload control . Per UE dynamic creation of TAlists 
Self organizing network
. Geo-resiliency
Combo MME/SGSN
HW acceleration for
. Decoupled scaling between bearer and
high CPU cost functions control planes
. Security (IPsec), SCTP, UPD
protocol stacks are run on real time . Flexibility in support of legacy and
processor future interfaces
. Maximized CPU capacity on call for easier integration
processing blades for maximum
subscriber capacity
Per Call Measurement

ATCAv2 Data PCMD
. Per user & per procedure record
Mix of generic and dedicated boards gathering control plane, user plane and
Ride Intel performance curve 9471 WMM (MME) radio parameters
In house component for Full Life cycle . Unique trouble shooting and
control optimization tool for secured LTE
HW platform for 17 ALU products: deployment
drive cost down, unified supply chain . Gives clearer window in user
/ management / support experience
18
PCRF: Key Business Drivers
… they seek to differentiate

their offerings from those of
Traffic is increasing at a faster pace than revenue others and create revenue
creating service attributes
Most Operators cite traffic

The need to understand and deal with Traffic Management management as the most
important catalyst for policy
tools
The demand for tiered, customized, segmented and Tiering and service
differentiated services at the individual subscriber level personalization are main drivers
for policy deployments
The ability to improve the

The need to improve the QoE for key services quality and reliability of the
telco’s own services was rated
highly
Next-Generation Policy Management, A Multi-Client Study,
July 2010, Heavy Reading
19
5780 Dynamic Services Controller (PCRF)
Per-subscriber, per-
application network
impact, path loading
Converged, End-to-End Policy Management and trending, Device
Details /
Updates
Residential Business Mobile
Subscriber Application
Profile / Details /
Updates Flexible Updates
Home Work On the go
Business
Rules
Network
Details /
Updates
Gx
SGW
MME/SGSN 5780 DSC PGW/GGSN
Alcatel-Lucent 5780 DSC

Policy Charging and Rules Function
20
20 | Ultimate Wireless Packet Core | November 2010 COPYRIGHT © 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Alcatel-Lucent 5780 Dynamic Services Controller (PCRF)
TPS
1 X PCRF 3,700 TPS
Pair
3G/LTE PCRF
Full Shelf 18,500
TPS
Cabinet 37,000
TPS
. Accurate / Complete performance numbers requires review of

the call model
. Linear scaling assumes even distribution of events across blades
(i.g. across IPCAN)
Purpose Built ACTAv2 Platform with high

5780 DSC performance service blades
Dynamic Services Controller
21
Alcatel-Lucent’s PCRF High-Level Functional Diagram
OAM Server
5620 SAM/ NBI to 5620 SAM, Web Console,
provisioning interface, shelf
5780 DSC management, SU/Patch Control,
PCRF Policy Management
SNMP
PM Co-located with DPA
OAM
PCRF Processing Module
Server
Maintains IP-CAN session state
DPA Application Session Bindings
Load Balance Sp
Interface Service Event Forwarding
HR and LBO Handling
Gxx Policy Decision Function
SGW*
PCRF Dispatcher and DPA
Rx S9
Gx Load Balance & Interface Service
Provides the interface to the
PGW external entities (SGW, PGW, SPR,
Application SPR and other PCRF)
H/V-PCRF
Function Load balances request over PCRF
Processing modules
Co-located with OAM Server
22
Why 5780 DSC (PCRF)?
• Differentiation:
Features: • Lowest Cost of Ownership
 Gx, Gxa, Rx
• Quick Deployment
 Web Application REST API
 3G eHRPD, UMTS, 4G LTE • Pre-integrated solution
 Centralized SPR with 8650 SDM (LDAP & • Ease of Use with customized rules engine
Sh/Sp)
• Leading in Performance and Capacity
 Rules Based Dynamic Service Control
 Tiered data plans • Choice of ATCA chassis or rack mounted
servers
 Fair Usage Management
 Intelligent Traffic Management Control • No single point of failure
 Radius • Future Proof with Multi Technology
 SMS notifications • 2G/3G with seamless upgrade to 4G
• Wireline convergence support
Platform:
• Policy-Driven Innovation
 Performance/Scalability
 Streamline Deployment • Intelligent Traffic Control
 In-service upgrades • Application Enablement
 5620 SAM management • Intelligent Presence
 ATCA or Sun platforms
23
Alcatel-Lucent ePC – Data Plane (SGW & PGW)
24
The Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR-12
 Modular design with hot-swappable components

 Switch Fabric (SF) and Control Processing Module
1 2 3 4 5 A B 6 7 8 9 10
(CPM)
 Input/Output Module (IOM)
 Media Dependent Adapters (MDA)s
MDA 1
 SR-12 features:
 Slots for up to ten IOM cards
 Two hot-swappable SF/CPM card
MDA 2 slots; 200 Gbps or 500 Gbps SF/CPM
cards available
 Up to twenty hot-swappable MDAs
 Hot-swappable cooling fans
SR-12
 Switch fabric/control redundancy
when two SF/CPMs installed
 Power redundancy when two power
sources are connected
25
Competitive advantage:
Scalability and High Performance
>133,000 sessions
53,300 sessions
733 sessions
Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR
Mobile Gateway
More than 49,000 Service Routers deployed in more than 350 networks
26
7750 SR Mobile Gateway (SGW, PGW)
Mobile gateway Integrated

Services Module
Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR-based EPC value equation

• Broadly deployed, full-featured service • Alcatel-Lucent’s advanced NPU/TM FP2 silicon +
routing platform Mobile Services Adapter
– Field-proven 99.999% high availability with – 100 Gb/s NPU capable of many operations per packet
non-stop routing – Integrated hierarchical quality of service (H-QoS)
– Truly flat IP - Full IP routing capabilities to tie – On-chip filtering, accounting, and packet header
directly to IP aggregation and backbone manipulation
– Integrated and virtualized L2 and L3 services to – Dedicated multi-core processors for mobility
manage mobile network overlays management functions
27
7750 SR: Mobile gateway architecture
IOM3
10GigE / GigE MDA/ISA
MDA
IOM3
SLOT
MDA/ISA
Advanced Data SLOT
Plane ISA P-chip
Mobile
Control Plane Q-chip Gateway
Switching fabric
ISA ISM
IOM control
Mobile Gateway Integrated Service Module (MG-ISM) Mobile

Gateway
ISM
 Control Plane ISA

 Processing of packet core signalling messages (e.g.,
signalling, policy and charging) Mobile
Gateway
 Flow-based dynamic configuration of traffic management ISM
(PCEF)
 Queues, rate policers, filters, and counters for charging
statistics
CPM-A
 Advanced Data Plane ISA
CPM-B
 Optional L4-L7 Application-Aware Flow Processing 7750 SR
28
7750 SR Mobile Gateway: The first mobile gateway
to break the 100 Gbps barrier (April 2010)
• Demonstrated more than 100 Gbps of

throughput across the 7750 SR MG Serving
and PDN Gateway (S5) under highly stressed
conditions, while maintaining continuous high-
bandwidth traffic delivery on every UE bearer
• Test Configuration:
• 1.536M bearers with over 65 kb/s of
continuous HTTP traffic per bearer
• 1M bearers with 100 kb/s of continuous
HTTP traffic per bearer
29
Why 7750 SR Mobile Gateway (SGW, PGW)?
End-to-end Scalability
End-to-end IP management First mobile gateway to scale over
(5620 SAM). 100 Gbps. Terabit router capacity.
End-to-end solution.
End-to-end services.
Architecture Flexibility
Distributed UP (IP forwarding). SGW or PGW or PGW/GGSN.
FP2 datapath processors. or
Full redundancy of UP and CP. next generation GGSN
Centralized mobile control or
plane. Combined SGW/PGW/GGSN.
Isolation between mobile Converged IP edge.
gateway and L3 functions.
Full L3 feature set.
Reliability Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR Performance
Field-proven Mobile Gateway QoS and Hierarchical QoS. Per-user/UE.
reliability Per-application/IP flow.
better than Highest sustained throughput per flow
99.999%. (per max active bearers).
30
AGENDA

3. Alcatel-Lucent lightRadio™
4. Discussions
31
Alcatel-Lucent Field Proven Solution Small Cells
Shipped per Hour
1st Commercial Femto Network in Europe launched by Alcatel-Lucent in 2009
20 Commercial awards
> 14 in last 6 months,
5 ALU networks 20
launching by EOY Commercial
Awards & 20 trials
Femto Solution
connected to 6 major
3G Core Network
vendors
Currently supporting
20 e2e Trials, inc AWS
a dedicated lab
available in Chicago
Femto connected to
+90 CPE providers,
40M worldwide
ALU Internal Friendly
User Network in
Europe > 140 Femto’s
connected
32
Small Cells to Solve the Future Data Growth
• 3 Needs define the market for Small Cell deployments
Small Cells Increase Network Capacity

Additional capacity to address hotspot demands
Small Cells Solve the Cell Edge Challenge

Improve user experience across the cell, not just centre
of the cell
Allow to Enter New Markets

Private systems, Enterprise solutions
33
Alcatel-Lucent’s Small Cells Portfolio
Omni Antennas AAA
Metro Metro AAA Metro

Cell Cell (SNAP)
Indoor Outdoor
Home Enterprise Metro WB-AAA

Cell Cell Cells (scalable)
Small Cells Family
Low Transmit Power High
Small Cells Metro Cells Use both Omni and AAA Technologies
34
Metro Cells Addressing All Segments
Metro Cell Indoor Metro Cell Outdoor AAA Metro Cells

(SNAP )
• Deployed indoors to • Deployed outdoors to • Deployed outdoors, but
improve coverage and extend capacity of directional beams extend
capacity of indoor urban outdoor urban hotspots coverage and capacity
hotspots (e.g. train (e.g. sidewalk cafes) specifically to indoor
stations or shopping malls) locations
• Deployed outdoors to
improve rural coverage • Ideal for providing high
(e.g. villages) capacity to dense urban
areas
35
Multi-standard W-CDMA/LTE/WLAN
Metro Cell Indoor 2x2
High level spec for the purpose of the discussion

Configuration
 3GPP local area base station class
 W-CDMA 5MHz HSPA+ 2+2 MIMO
 LTE 20MHz 2+2 MIMO or max LTE 20MHz MIMO 4x4 (4 ant. option)
 Optional Wi-Fi
 32/64 user support, 192 LTE connected
 available in multi-mode and single mode
Physical
 @125mW RF output per channel 50W Max.
 Possibility of Ultra PoE through mid-span injector
 < 5 litres volume * 2 ant. option
Deployment Options
 flexible mounting options, wall, ceiling
 Simple plug and play installation
Transmission Alcatel-Lucent Metro Outdoor 2x2

 Gigabit Ethernet preferred AWS
 GPON, DSL/Bonded DSL optional 2x125mW W-CDMA
2x125mW LTE
36
Multi-standard W-CDMA/LTE/WLAN
Metro Cell Outdoor 2x2
High level spec for the purpose of the discussion

Configuration
 W-CDMA 5MHz HSPA+ 32 users
 LTE 20MHz 2+2 MIMO 64 users
 Optional Wi-Fi
 32/64 active user support, 192 LTE connected
 L1 LTE Peak DL 172.8Mbps (MIMO 2x2)
 BH Peak DL 3G+LTE Thru’put 250Mbps with IPSec
 available in multi-mode and single mode
Physical
 @1W RF output per channel 110W Max
 < 10 litres volume
* 2 ant. option
Deployment Options
 Pole, wall, strand (specific packaging)
 Simple plug and play installation
 Ruggedized to withstand extreme outdoor conditions Alcatel-Lucent Metro Outdoor 2x2
 AC power AWS
2x1W W-CDMA
Transmission 2x1W LTE
 Gigabit Ethernet proposed
 Fiber; Docsis, MW, GPON, DSL/Bonded DSL (options)
37
SNAP Value proposition
Easier outdoor deployment with low
footprint
• Façade, urban furniture, strand...
• Many backhaul options: docsis, GPON, microwave...
For uniform indoor user

experience (chosen by
operator) Smart Network of
• Fully digital antenna beam forming Antenna Panels (SNAP)
• Providing better indoor coverage
Flexible and progressive
Lowest cost per bit densification
Up to 50x Macro capacity
• Higher gain and lower transmitted power
increase
• High average spectral efficiency
38
Metro Cells Backhaul Options
Metro
Ethernet
Metro
Metro Small Cells

Coax
Gateway
Fiber
Metro
DOCCIS 3.0 CMTS Ethernet Access
Transport Network
ONT
G-PON
Metro Fiber
Fiber
Fiber splitter OLT
Metro Macro site
Macro
Metro site
WiFi Macro LTE / Wimax
Microwave site
Metro
Metro
Metro Metro Cell Site Router
Metro
39
AGENDA

3. Alcatel-Lucent LTE lightRadio™
4. Discussions
40
MOBILE DATA EXPLOSION IS CHANGING
THE GAME
Worldwide Aggregate
Mobile Traffic
Pbytes/Month
7,000
Dongle/tablets
6,000
Smartphones
5,000 Feature phones Smartphones
2.5 billion connection in 2015
4,000 30x growth
3,000 over 5 years!
2,000 Video
70% of mobile traffic by 2015
1,000
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 A great industry to work…
Source: Bell Labs modeling and forecasts
41
NEED TO EXPONETIALLY GROW
NETWORKS CAPACITY AND COVERAGE
3 technologies Base Stations needed in a Tier 1 City

5 bands # Base
Stations
2,500
Based on Downlink BW
3 000 000 Based on Uplink BW
towers 2,000
Based on Erlangs
Based on Signaling
1,500
15 000 000 1,000

cars
500
5 000 000 000

-
people Excluded from 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Any Broadband Source: Modelling real network data with industry growth forecasts – Alcatel-Lucent
…with a big challenge of sustainability…
42
CUTTING TCO BY HALF WHILE DOUBLING
CAPACITY
A natural evolution toward lowering the cost per bit
3G only
2011 2012 2013 2014
0%
LTE introduced
3G+
25% -22% -27%
-27% Small Cells
-33% and LTE combined
Small Cells
introduced
50% -50%
TCO reduction
… that push dramatic cost structure changes …
43
ENABLING MOBILE NETWORKS FOR
MASSIVE SCALE
Today Tomorrow
… and call for a change in the way we build networks
44
What is
A new A new A new

Radio: Digital Processing : Topology:
Wide Band and Integrated and fully Virtualized
‘Invisible’ programmable
Simpler, Lighter, enabling Cloud-like Networks
45
LIGHTRADIO™
PRODUCT ARCHITECTURE Virtual Control
Control and management
Virtual BTS virtualization
• Virtualization on ALU
Wideband Radio wide platform
• Multiband 700-2600 Mhz • Multi-technologies and
• Active Antennas and RRH multi-topologies
• e2e with SAM
Flexible Digital
• SDR BBU (SoC) 2G/3G/LTE
• Different deployment options
(in RF / classic / pool )
• Virtualization and processing
aggregation
T
M
Convergence
Wireline and Wireless Access Convergence IP Convergence
• Integration with Small Cells • Consistent IP between Wireless and Wireline
• Integration with Optics (WDM, PON) and xDSL • Moving IP awareness closer to Radio
Addressing all w ireless netw ork elem ents

46
5620 6
LIGHTRADIO™ SAM
PRODUCT FAMILY
• New Wideband Active Antenna Array
1
• New Multiband Remote Radio Head 2 3
• New Metrocell
MB RRH Metrocell
• New Baseband Processing WB AAA
• New Network Controller

Baseband T
M
• Common management Platform on 5670

4
Controller
5
Built on innovation….
47
Key Take Aways
• lightRadio is Alcatel-Lucent’s New Wireless Product Family to build
next generation converged 2G/3G/4G Radio Networks
• A new Disruptive Architecture for wireless with Wide-band Radio,
Flexible digital processing architecture and Virtualization of Network
Control
• A dramatic new way of building networks with target to reduce TCO
>50% compared to Classic BTS design
• A solution that permits Macro & Small Cells integration and sets the
course for Wireless & Wireline convergence
Simpler, Lighter, enabling Cloud-like Networks
48
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3. Identify how you would use that
information
4. Provide one item that was not covered
in this session but you believe would be
valuable for other sessions.
49
LTE Technology and Product
Review
Alcatel-Lucent
June 2011
June 2011 COPYRIGHT © 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

1
ALCATEL-LUCENT — INTERNAL PROPRIETARY — USE PURSUANT TO COMPANY INSTRUCTION
LTE Technology
1 | What is new in LTE

2 | LTE around the world
3 | LTE comparison with WiMax, HSPA and others
4 | LTE architecture
5 | Network elements and functions
6 | Interfaces and protocols
7 | Few words on SON
8 | Voice as an application in LTE

2
Standards Technology Evolution – Overview
199 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 201 201
9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Opt.
8 9 0 1
Init.
3GPP VoIP VoIP OFDM
Rel-6 Rel-7 Rel-8 Rel-9

R-99 Rel-5 Rel-10
(E-DCH, (Enhanced (LTE (more LTE
(UMTS) (HSDPA) (LTE-adv)
MBMS) HSDPA) DC HSPA) features)
Mobility
eHRPD
Opt.
3GPP2 VoIP EPC
IS-2000 IS-856 Rev A IS-856 Rev C
IS-856 Rev 0 IS-856 Rev B
(CDMA (Optimized UL (DO Enhancements)
(1xEV-DO) (MC, 64QAM)
2000 1x) & VoIP) 1X-Adv (IS-2000)
OFDM
Mobility
OFDM UMB
IS-1006 IS-1006-A Rev. 0 (FDD)
Primarily FDD w/ Rev. A (TDD)
TDD options (BCMCS) (EBCMCS)
Mobility
IEEE/WiMAX Forum
802.16 802.16e 16e Rev. 2 802.16m
Primarily TDD 802.16a 802.16d
(WiMAX) Wave1&2 Rel 1.5 Rel 2.0
w/ FDD options
OFDM Init. Opt.
VoIP VoIP
Note:
• Dates shown are standards completion dates (or expected completion dates.)
• “Initial VoIP” not as spectrally efficient as “Optimized VoIP”.
• “Mobility” indicates when each particular standard supports mobility inter-operability between the terminal and BTS.

3
LTE Technology


4
LTE Requirements and Performance Targets
High Peak Data Rates Improved Spectrum Efficiency * Assumes
3-4x HSPA Rel’6 in DL* 2x2 in DL
100 Mbps DL (20 MHz, 2x2 MIMO) for LTE, but
2-3x HSPA Rel’6 in UL 1x2 for
50 Mbps UL (20 MHz, 1x2) HSPA Rel’6
1 bps/Hz broadcast
Support Scalable BW Improved Cell Edge Rates

1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz
2-3x HSPA Rel’6 in DL*
2-3x HSPA Rel’6 in UL
Full broadband coverage
Co-existence with UMTS/GSM

Interruption time < 500ms for NRT
Interruption time < 300ms for RT Low Latency Packet Domain Only
< 5ms user plane (UE to RAN edge) Simplified network architecture
Radio Access Network
<100ms camped to active
Core Network
< 50ms dormant to active

5
EPC & LTE: Key Features
EPC is the resulting core network architecture from the 3GPP initiative to develop a new
flat(ter) network architecture tailored to better deliver broadband and real-time packet-
switched services
–Reduced latency relative to current UMTS system.
• Reduced number of nodes for lower transport delay
–Network simplification relative to UMTS
• No circuit-switched domain, no dedicated channels
–No single point of failure + load sharing and redistribution capabilities
LTE is the resulting Air-interface from the 3GPP initiative to develop a new OFDMA based
RAN/air-interface to provide:
–Bandwidth scalability of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 & 20 MHz high-efficiency OFDMA carriers
–Latency reduction to less than 10 ms through smaller frame durations
–TDD and FDD duplexing mode support
–Significant peak & cell-edge data throughput improvements
–Advanced antenna support (e.g. MIMO, SDMA)
–Self Optimizing Networks (SON)
–Wide range of QoS and Mobility support
EPC/LTE is standardized in Rel-8
Backwards compatibility with UMTS/HSDPA was NOT a priority for EPC/LTE
Goal of EPC/LTE is to Define New Flat(ter) Network Architecture (IP) and OFDMA
RAN/Air-Interface to Improve Broadband and Real Time Packet Switched Services
6
Functional Implication of the New Mobile Core
Architecture
User Plane has Many Common Control Plane gained new Mobile-
Attributes with Fixed Broadband Specific Attributes
Broadband capacity  Mobility across networks & operators
QoS for multi-service delivery  Distributed mobility management
Per-user and per-application policies  Massive increase in scalability
Highly available network elements  Dynamic policy management
RNC SGSN/GGSN RNC PDSN
3GPP Access Non-3GPP Access
PCRF
MME
SGW PDN GW

7
LTE Technology


8
Alcatel-Lucent LTE Customer Momentum
World’s largest service providers have chosen
Alcatel-Lucent
Only end-to-end LTE network provider
EUTRAN+EPC+IMS+Backhaul+Services End-to-end LTE network provider
EUTRAN+EPC+Backhaul+Services
800MHz/rural/Wholesale
TDD
700MHz & AWS 1800MHz CONTRACT TDD TDD
CONTRACT TDD TDD
TD-LTE & LTE FDD TDD
coexistence Small cells Shanghai Expo 2010, first
major public trial of TD-LTE
CONTRACT TDD
TDD
RAN+Backhaul+Services TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
CONTRACT
700MHz & 2.6GHz RAN+EPC+Services
Europe 28
APAC 18 TDD
Middle East 2 60+ LTE trials

North America 11
LTE contracts
South America 6
12 (8 not public)
TDD
13 TD-LTE trials in 7 countries
Delivering the Market Leading end-to-end 4G LTE Solution

9
LTE Bands
Operating UL Frequency DL Frequency
Usage
Band (UE Transmit - Node B Receive) (UE Receive - Node B Transmit)
I (1) 1920-1980 MHz 2110-2170 MHz 3G in Japan and EU
II (2) 1850-1910 MHz 1930-1990 MHz PCS 1900 in Americas
III (3) 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz DCS in EU
IV (4) 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz AWS in Americas
V (5) 824-849 MHz 869-894 MHz Cellular 850 in Americas
VI (6) 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz Japan
VII (7) 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz Europe and WiMAX
VIII (8) 880-915 MHz 925-960 MHz Extended GSM in EU
IX (9) 1749.9-1784.9MHz 1844.9-1879.9MHz Japan
X (10) 1710-1770 MHz 2110-2170 MHz Extended AWS in Americas
XI (11) 1427.9-1452.9 MHz 1475.9-1500.9 MHz Japan
XII (12) 698-716 MHz 728-746 MHz Lower 700 MHz A-B-C blocks in US
XIII (13) 777-788 MHz 746-758 MHz Upper 700 MHz C block in US
Upper 700 MHz D block in US

XIV (14) 788-798 MHz 758-768 MHz
(Public Safety/Private Partnership)
XVII (17) 704-716 MHz 734-746 MHz Lower 700 MHz B-C blocks in US
tbd 470 - 862 MHz 470 - 862 MHz Digital Dividend in EU

10
Leading the Next-generation Open Ecosystem Enables new
business models, accelerates LTE service delivery Initiatives
University
 Accelerate innovative services
Innovations
Program  Enable new business models
 Attract open innovation
 Enable continuous experience wireline and
wireless access
Consumer media Enterprise Digital

& entertainment collaboration
& e-Healthcare signage
Automotive Computing
connectivity experience
June 2011 11
Introduction to the Connected Car
June 2011
12
LTE Technology


13
DL Peak Rates DC= Dual Carrier
SIMO = Single Input Multiple Output
MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple Output
1000000
DL Peak RatesX:Y = DL:UL Ratio
100000
Peak Data Rate (kbps)
HSPA+ (2x2 MIMO+64QAM or DC+64QAM)
2x2 MIMO, 1x20 MHz, 35:12

2x2 MIMO, 1x20 MHz, 29:18
2x2 MIMO, 1x10 MHz, 29:18
10000
2x2 MIMO, 2x20 MHz

4x4 MIMO, 2x20 MHz
2x2 MIMO, 2x10 MHz
SIMO, 1x10 MHz, 29:18

SIMO, 2x10 MHz
HSPA+ (2x2 MIMO+DC+64QAM)
1X-EV-DO Rev.B (with 64QAM)
1X-EV-DO Rev.B (no 64QAM)
HSPA (category 10 UEs)

1000
HSPA (category 8 UEs)
HSPA+ (2x2 MIMO+DC)

Evolved EDGE Phase B
Evolved EDGE Phase A
HSPA+ (2x2 MIMO)

HSPA+ (64QAM)
1X-EV-DO Rev. A
1X-EV-DO Rev. 0
100
R’99
GPRS
EDGE
1X
10
1
GPRS/EDGE 1X/EV-DO UMTS/HSPA LTE WiMAX
Theoretical peak rates often used to market technologies, but don’t provide a
good metric for practical/typical user rates experienced in the field
14
Peak Data Rate (kbps)
June 2011
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
GPRS
1000000
EDGE
Evolved EDGE Phase A
Evolved EDGE Phase B
GPRS/EDGE
1X/EV-DO Rev. 0
1X-EV-DO Rev. A
UL Peak Rates
1X-EV-DO Rev. B
1X/EV-DO
R’99
HSPA (10ms TTI)
HSPA (2ms TTI)
HSPA+ (16QAM)
HSPA+ (16QAM+DC)

UMTS/HSPA

SIMO, 2x10 MHz
SIMO, 2x20 MHz
SIMO, 2x20 MHz, 64QAM
LTE
DC = Dual Carrier
X:Y = DL:UL Ratio
SIMO, 1x10 MHz, 29:18

SIMO, 1x20 MHz, 29:18
SIMO, 1x20 MHz, 64QAM 29:18
SIMO, 1x20 MHz, 64QAM 24:23
WiMAX
15
TTI = Transmission Time Interval
SIMO = Single Input Multiple Output
Downlink Spectral Efficiency (SE)
Mobility Channel
Note: Spectral efficiencies for CDMA2000 are for six 1.25 MHz carriers
(a seventh carrier could be added if the 10 MHz of spectrum is
MRxD = Mobile Receive Diversity contiguous). All results assume single DL Tx antenna
1.2
LTE UMB 2x2
2x2 MIMO MIMO
Rel 1.5 FDD
1.0
UMB
LTE
0.8 Rev. B*
2x2 MIMO 2x2 MIMO
Spectral Efficiency (b/s/Hz)
64QAM Rev. A
0.6 MRxD (Equalizer)
MRxD (AMC)
Dual Carrier
provides
Rev. 0 +
similar
Spectral
MRxD
0.4 Efficiency
HSDPA MRxD Rev. 0

(PUSC)
0.2
0
3GPP 802.16e/WiMAX 3GPP2
Note: All results for frequency reuse 1. *The shown performance gain for Rev. B requires a HW change to support cross-carrier
Frequency reuse < 1/1 can be used in any
OFDMA technology to tradeoff spectral scheduling and additional PHY rates. Without a HW change the gain of Rev. B is
efficiency for user experience negligible (i.e. same performance as Rev. A)
All technologies evolving to improve spectral efficiency

16
Uplink Spectral Efficiency (SE)
Mobility Channel
Note: Spectral efficiencies for CDMA2000 are for six 1.25 MHz carriers (a
Note: All results for frequency reuse 1. seventh carrier could be added if the 10 MHz of spectrum is contiguous). All
Frequency reuse < 1/1 can be used in any
OFDMA technology to tradeoff spectral results assume 1x2 UL antenna configuration.
efficiency for user experience
UMB 2x2
MU-
LTE MIMO
2x2 MU- Rel 1.5
MIMO
UMB
Spectral Efficiency (b/s/Hz)
AMC 2x2
LTE MIMO
Rev. A+
(IC)
Rev. B
AMC (SW only)
Dual Carrier Rel’6

provides
similar E-DCH Rev. A
Spectral
Efficiency
Rel’5 Rev. 0
3GPP 802.16e/WiMAX 3GPP2
All technologies evolving to improve spectral efficiency

17
LTE Efficiency as a Function of Carrier Bandwidth
LTE Efficiency as a Function of Carrier BW

120
Forward Link
% of Reference Point
100 Reverse Link
80
60
40
20
0
1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 20 MHz
6 UEs/sect 10 UEs/sect 20 UEs/sect 40 UEs/sect 40 UEs/sect
Negligible Spectral Efficiency Loss Down to 3 MHz

(75-80% efficiency @ 1.4 MHz)
18
MRxD= Mobile Receive Diversity
VOICE CAPACITY COMPARISON CHART

600 Notes on capacities:
• UMTS R’99 code-limited
550 for AMR7.95
• VoIP assumes 2 receive
500 antennas at terminal
Erlangs in 10 MHz
• SACCH may limit GSM to

450 ~60 Erl
• Assumes Single DL Tx, 1X-Adv UMB 16m
400 1x2 UL EVRC-B VoIP*
LTE VoIP* Rev. A+ (IC)
350 EVRC-B
300 Rev. A Rel 1.5
EVRC-B VoIP*
250 QLIC
Rel’7
EVRC-B AMR 5.9
200 Rel’7
AMR 5.9 AMR 7.95 Rev. A
150 EVRC eRTPS VoIP
AMR7.95 (PUSC)
100 Rel’6
EVRC-A AMR 7.95
UGS VoIP
50 AMR12.2 (PUSC)
0
UMTS
GSM CDMA
Circuit1X HSPA/LTE
HSDPA 1xEV-DO
EV-DO WiMAX
WiMAX
CSVoice
Voice CSVoice
Voice VoIP
VoIP VoIP
VoIP VoIP
VoIP
*with EVRC-B, but performance with AMR5.9 is expected to be similar
Voice spectral efficiencies continue to improve, enables re-farming

19
LTE Technology


20
Big Picture View of the EPS
Standards based interfaces
for inter-working with other
HSS 3GPP & non-3GPP networks
S6a
UTRAN MME, S-GW & PDN-GW are

S101
eRNC CDMA/EVDO logically defined functions !
SGSN
HSGW
GERAN
S3 PCRF AF
New interface / direct
connectivity now exists
between eNBs S7c Gx
MME
S1-MME S11 S4 S12 S2a

X2
eNB
S5 SGi
Serving PDN IP Network
eUTRAN
eNB
S1-U Gateway Gateway

21
LTE/EPS Standard Reference Points (1 of 2)
• S1-MME: Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-UTRAN and MME.
• S1-U: Reference point between E-UTRAN and Serving GW for the per bearer user plane
tunnelling and inter eNodeB path switching during handover.
• S2a: It provides the user plane with related control and mobility support between trusted non-
3GPP IP access and the Gateway.
• S3: It enables user and bearer information exchange for inter-3GPP access network mobility in
idle and/or active state. It is based on Gn reference point as defined between SGSNs.
• S4: It provides related control and mobility support between GPRS Core and the 3GPP Anchor
function of Serving GW and is based on Gn reference point as defined between SGSN and
GGSN. In addition, if Direct Tunnel is not established, it provides the user plane tunnelling.
• S5: It provides user plane tunneling and tunnel management between Serving GW and PDN
GW. It is used for Serving GW relocation due to UE mobility and in case the Serving GW needs
to connect to a non-collocated PDN GW for the required PDN connectivity.
• S6a: This interface is defined between MME and HSS for authentication and authorization.

22
LTE/EPS Standard Reference Points (2 of 2)
• S7: It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from PCRF to Policy and Charging
Enforcement Point (PCEF) ) in the PDN GW.
• S7c: It provides transfer of (QoS) policy information from PCRF to the Serving Gateway
• S8: It is the roaming interface in case of roaming with home routed traffic. It provides the user
plane with related control between Gateways in the VPLMN and HPLMN.
• S10: This interface is reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME to MME
information transfer.
• S11: This interface is reference point between MME and Serving GW.
• S12: Reference point between UTRAN and Service GW for user plan tunneling when Direct
Tunnel is established. Usage of S12 is an operator configuration option.
• SGi: Reference point between the PDN-GW and the packet data network. The packet data
network can be a private or public data (IP) network or an intra-operator packet data network,
e.g. for provision of IMS services.
• S101: This interface is the signaling interface between the EPC MME and the evolved HRPD
Access Network (eAN/PCF).

23
LTE Technology


24
LTE Downlink: Scalable OFDMA
 The LTE downlink uses scalable OFDMA
 Fixed subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz for unicast
– symbol time fixed at T = 1/15kHz = 66.67 µs
 Different UEs are assigned different sets of subcarriers so that they

remain orthogonal to each other (except MU-MIMO)
bit
stream Serial to
user 1 Encoding +
...
Parallel
Interleaving +
Parallel add
Modulation IFFT
to Serial CP
bit Serial to
stream Parallel
Encoding +
user 2
Interleaving + 20 MHz: 2048 pt IFFT
Modulation
10 MHz: 1024 pt IFFT No in-cell interference - different
5 MHz: 512 pt IFFT users use different subcarriers

25
Physical Channels to Support the LTE Downlink
(Unicast)
Allows mobile to get timing and
frequency sync with the cell
Carries basic system

broadcast information
Carries DL traffic
DL scheduling grant
eNode-B
Time span of PDCCH
HARQ feedback
for UL
UE HARQ feedback for DL

CQI reporting

26
LTE Downlink: Mapping of Logical, Transport, Physical
Channels
LTE makes heavy use of shared
channels  common control,
paging, and part of broadcast
PCCH: paging control channel
BCCH: broadcast control channel information carried on PDSCH
CCCH: common control channel
DCCH: dedicated control channel
DTCH: dedicated traffic channel
PCH: paging channel

BCH: broadcast channel
DL-SCH: DL shared channel

27
LTE Downlink Frame Format
Radio frame = 10ms
subframe = 1.0ms
slot = 0.5ms slot = 0.5ms
OFDM symbol
– Subframe length is 1ms

• consists of two 0.5ms slots
– 7 OFDM symbols per 0.5ms slot  14 OFDM symbols per 1ms
subframe

28
LTE Downlink: Channel Structure and
Terminology
subframe
Physical Resource Block (PRB)

first 1..3 OFDM symbols* reserved = 14 OFDM Symbols x 12
f Subcarrier for L1/L2 control signaling Subcarrier
(PCFICH, PDCCH, PHICH)
This is the minimum unit of
allocation in LTE
one
OFDM
symbol
PRB
15 kHz
Resource Element is a
single subcarrier in an
OFDM symbol
Slot (0.5 ms) Slot (0.5 ms)
t Subframe (1 ms) * 2..4 symbols for 1.4 MHz bandwidth only

29
LTE Downlink: Maximum Number of Resource
Blocks
frequency
100
PRBs
75
PRBs
All bandwidth
50 options are
PRBs 20 applicable to
both FDD and
15 MHz
TDD
MH
z
10
25
MHz
PRBs
5
15
MH
PRBs 3
1.4 z
6 PRBs MHz
MHz
30
LTE Downlink Numerology (FDD)
Number of
Sampling Occupied
FFT Size Usable
Frequency BW
Subcarriers*
FFT sizes chosen
1.4 MHz 128 1.92 MHz 72 1.08 MHz such that sampling
rates are a multiple
3 MHz 256 3.84 MHz 180 2.7 MHz of the UMTS chip
rate (3.84 MHz)
5 MHz 512 7.68 MHz 300 4.5 MHz
10 MHz 1024 15.36 MHz 600 9 MHz

Eases
implementation of
15 MHz 1536 23.04 MHz 900 13.5 MHz
dual mode
UMTS/LTE
20 MHz 2048 30.72 MHz 1200 18 MHz terminals
*DC subcarrier is not used in the LTE DL. Reason: direct conversion receivers (zero IF) in
UE can introduce significant distortion on baseband signal components near 0 Hz
31
LTE Downlink: Scalable OFDMA
bit
stream
user 1 Encoding +
Serial to  Basic unit of
...
Parallel
Interleaving + allocation is called
Modulation IFFT Parallel add
to Serial CP a Physical
bit Serial to Resource Block
stream Parallel (PRB)
user 2 Encoding +
Interleaving +  12 subcarriers in
Modulation frequency (= 180 kHz)
 1 sub-frame in time (= 1
ms, = 14 OFDM symbols)
 Multiple resource blocks
can be allocated to a user
in a given subframe
12 sub-carriers (180
 Adaptive transmission: Frequency- and time-domain adaptation kHz)
 User multiplexing: Primarily by means of FDM+TDM.
 Channel coding: Schemes deviating fundamentally from Release 6 principles should demonstrate significant performance or
complexity improvements
 Hybrid ARQ: Incremental Redundancy (Chase combining as a special case)
 Modulation schemes: QPSK, 16QAM. 64QAM
 Frequency reuse: Frequency reuse 1/1 to be supported. Frequency reuse larger than 1/1 implicitly supported as part of frequency-
domain scheduling and interference management
 Macro diversity: Macro diversity by means of fast cell selection, very fast for fast intra-Node-B (“intra-sector”) selection, perhaps
somewhat slower for fast inter-Node-B selection
 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) defined
LTE DL Based on Scalable OFDMA

32
Uplink Air Interface
Structure
June 2011 33 | LTE Fundamentals | September 2008

33
Physical Channels to Support LTE Uplink
Traffic and channel
Random access for initial sounding reference
access and UL timing signal
alignment
UL scheduling request for

time synchronized UEs
eNode-B
UE HARQ feedback
UL scheduling grant

34
LTE Uplink: Mapping of Logical, Transport,
Physical Channels
CCCH DCCH DTCH

Uplink
CCCH: common control channel Logical channels
DCCH: dedicated control channel
DTCH: dedicated traffic channel
RACH: random access channel

UL-SCH: UL shared channel
PUSCH: physical UL shared channel Uplink

PUCCH: physical UL control channel Transport channels
PRACH: physical random access channel RACH UL-SCH
Uplink
Physical Channels
PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

35
LTE Uplink: SC-FDMA via DFT pre-coded OFDMA
– SC-FDMA implemented using an OFDMA front-end and a DFT pre-coder, this is
referred to as DFT-spread OFDMA (DFT-SOFDMA)
• Advantage is that numerology (subcarrier spacing, symbol times, FFT sizes, etc.) can
be shared between uplink and downlink
• Allocation of variable bandwidth in units of 12 subcarriers (same as downlink)
bit
..
...
..
...
stream Encoding + Serial to Subcarrier Parallel add
Interleaving + DFT IFFT
Modulation Parallel mapping to Serial CP
Localize 0
Distribute
L-1 zeros
Rejected in 3GPP due to
d from
DFT
to IFFT from
DFT
L-1 zeros
d
to IFFT
poor channel est.
performance and
No in-cell interference - sensitivity to frequency
L-1 zeros
different users use different 0
offset
subcarriers 0

36
LTE Uplink: DFT-SOFDMA-1
 DFT spreading of modulation symbols reduces PAPR, but also leads to the possibility of
inter-symbol interference (ISI)
 In OFDM, each modulation symbols “sees” a single 15 kHz subcarrier (flat channel)
 In DFT-SOFDM, each modulation symbol “sees” a wider bandwidth (i.e. m x 180
KHz)  if channel is frequency selective within allocated bandwidth the we get ISI
– Equalization is required in the SC-FDMA receiver
– Simple one-tap frequency domain equalization facilitated by use of CP
OFDMA SC-FDMA
∆f = 15 kHz
DFT pre-coding
+1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1

37
LTE Uplink: DFT-SOFDM Transmitter and
Receiver Chain
bit
...
...
...
stream Encoding + S P add RF
Interleaving +
P DFT IFFT CP
D/A
Tx
Modulation S
Subcarrier mapping
Subcarrier demapping
...
...
...
...
Demod +
de- P S remove RF
interleave IDFT Equalizer FFT A/D
+ decode
S P CP Rx

38
LTE Uplink: Frame Format
subframe = 1.0ms
slot = 0.5ms slot = 0.5ms
66 µs
4.7 µs CP
symbol Carries DM-RS
– Subframe length is 1 ms
• 1ms subframe consists of two 0.5ms slots (can hop on slot boundaries)
– 7 SC-FDMA symbols per 0.5 ms slot
• 6 SC-FDMA symbols used to carry data
• center SC-FDMA symbol used for the data demodulation reference signal
(DM-RS)

39
LTE Uplink Numerology
Number of
Sampling Occupied
FFT Size Usable
Frequency BW
Subcarriers
1.4
128 1.92 MHz 72 1.08 MHz
MHz
3 MHz 256 3.84 MHz 180 2.7 MHz

Same numerology
between uplink and
5 MHz 512 7.68 MHz 300 4.5 MHz downlink
10 MHz 1024 15.36 MHz 600 9 MHz
15 MHz 1536 23.04 MHz 900 13.5 MHz
20 MHz 2048 30.72 MHz 1200 18 MHz

40
MIMO Support is Different in Downlink and Uplink
– Downlink MIMO
• Supports Spatial Multiplexing, MU-MIMO, and Transmit Diversity
– Uplink MIMO
• Initial release of LTE will only support MU-MIMO
with a single PA at the UE  desire to avoid
multiple PAs at UE

41
LTE Technology


42
Functions of the eNB and MME
PDN IP address plan
S6a • eNB (evolved Node B):
IP address plan for EPS MME HSS
– Header compression and UP ciphering
(IPsec)
S11
– Manages air interface PHY & MAC
S1-MME
– Manages the radio link
eNB S-GW P-GW – Owns active-mode mobility
S1-U management
LTE-UU – Schedules paging
– Tunnels NAS to MME over SCTP & S1-
Stack for S1-MME AP
NAS NAS
– UL/DL bearer enforcemet (UE_AMBR)
and setting DSCP
RRC RRC S1-AP S1-AP
– UL/DL CAC
PDCP PDCP SCTP SCTP
• MME (Mobility Management Entity):
RLC RLC IP IP – NAS signaling (attach & bearer setup
LTE LTE
an removal)
Note: IPsec on S1 has been – Authentication (via AKA)
LTE-Uu S1-MME omitted for simplicity of – Signaling integrity & ciphering
exposition
– Controlling S-GW for path re-
Stack for S1-U arrangement on active-mode hand-
IP IP over
– Selection of S-GW and P-GW for UE on
GTP GTP GTP|GRE GTP|GRE
attach
RLC RLC IP IP IP IP – Inter-MME mobility (not shown) and
LTE LTE intra-3GPP active hand-over (more
later)
– Lawful Intercept of signaling-related
LTE-Uu S1-U S5/S8 data
43
HSS Functions
S1-MME S6a Sp
MME HSS PCRF
eNB S11
S1-U
S-GW
HSS (Home Subscriber Server)

 Functions as a subscriber data repository storing
− authentication vectors used in attach procedures
− default traffic flow templates assigning (see 36.300 – QoS model)
− Per UE and per APN Aggregate Maximum Bit-Rate (AMBR)
− (possibly) stores subscriber profiles which are then used by the PCRF (policy manager)
− Provides PDN subscription info including default PDN and including indication of whether an APN in
the VPLMN is allowed
− Index to RAT/frequency detection priority used for RRC
 The HSS can be used to initiate operator controlled detach procedures (e.g. non-paying customers)
 Can be either:
− An evolution of the existing HLR (IWF function between MME and GSM-MAP is being proposed in
3GPP)
− The same HSS used in IMS in which case the interface is S6a and is build on diameter

44
Policy and Charging Control
PDN IP address plan Sp Rx
SPR PCRF
IP address plan for EPS
OCS
Gx
OfCS Gy
eNB S1-U Application
Gz
S-GW P-GW
S5/S8
Application signaling
(SIP, HTTP, etc.)
PCRF (TS 23.203):  Charging functions in PCRF
 Policy Rule − Charging correlation: binds UP (per SDF)
− A rule applied as a filter (TFT) to map traffic to IMS signaling layer (useful for
SDFs to to an EPS bearers and volume metering, for example)
− Providing charging instructions  Charging in P-GW
 Extremely flexible model − Per SDF statistics collection based on
charging rules provided by the PCRF
− Dynamic policy control
− Online charging through diameter credit
 Policy push: UE <> application control (Gz)
signaling determines the SDFs
to be used and what Policy Rule − Offline charging (Gy)
should be installed by the PCRF  Other P-GW functions
on the P-GW − Gate control: allows/disallows SDF
 Policy pull: GW detects and − Flow policing
event which triggers notification
to the PCRF for the download of − Marking flows
a Policy Rule − Metering
− Pre-defined Policy Rules − Application awareness through DPI
− roaming support, other AN support
45
The S-GW as a Local Mobility Anchor
S-GW (Serving Gateway or SAE-GW):
 Is a local mobility anchor for inter-eNB
active-mode handovers
S1-MME
MME − Under control of MME, re-
arranges tunnels to direct
S11 them to selected eNB
eNB S-GW  Is also the idle-mode anchor
S1-U
 Triggers initiation of paging when a
downstream packet arrives for an idle-
X2 mode user (network-requested session
S1-U establishment); buffers packet pending
eNB completion of paging
 Supports charging functions
− Per user and Qos Class
PDN IP address plan
Identifier (QCI)
− For inter-operator charging

46
PDN Gateway (1) Mobility Anchor
EPS – Evolved Packet System
Rx IMS
CSCF
PCRF
Wrls
Apps
Gx
PDN
P-GW
IMS Srvs
& GWs
PDN IP address plan

Billing system
EPS  Assigns the UE IP@ and interfaces to the PDN via

 Provides IP connectivity between a PDN and a UE: Access Point Name (APN)
PDN connectivity Service  Provides reachability info for the UE IP@ to the
P-GW or PDN Gateway external packet data networks (e.g. runs routing
protocols)
 Is the entry-point into the EPS
 Is a policy management point, for dynamic QoS
 Mobility anchor for the evolved packet system bearers
(EPS bearers) − Via interfaces to IMS and non-IMS applications
mediated through the policy manager (PCRF)
− Resides in the home network of the
subscriber (H-PLMN) − Gate control, policing, shaping
− Two personalities: (1) manages GTP tunnels  Collects call detail records (CDRs) for the billing
(TS 23.401), (2) or GRE tunnels via MIPv6 system; note PCRF correlates identifiers used in user
HA function (TS 23.402) plane to those used in signaling plane
 HPLMN Lawful Intercept (LI)

47
LTE Technology


48
QoS Model
E-UTRAN EPC Internet
UE eNB S-GW P-GW Peer

Entity
End-to-end Service
EPS Bearer External Bearer
Radio Bearer S1 Bearer S5/S8 Bearer
Radio S1 S5/S8 Gi
EPS Bearer (36.300, section 13.1):

 An EPS Bearer is an end-to-end tunnel defined to a specific QoS
− A default bearer is defined at UE initial attach; radio resources are removed if UE goes idle
− A dedicated bearer is created via signaling for specific services
 The QoS model is built on the EPS bearer which has 4 parameters associated to it:
− QoS Class Identifier (QCI): is an integer which provides an index into a table providing forwarding
treatment for that bearer
− Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP): which provides pre-emption priority in case of contention
− Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR): separately for both DL & UL. Note an EPS-bearer can be non-GBR
− Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate (AMBR): specifies DL & UL bit rates for an aggregate EPS bearer
 Service data flows (SDF) are specific packet flows identified by 5-tuple to a service requiring special treatment
 SDFs are mapped into EPS bearers at the UE (for UL) and at the PGW (for DL) via Traffic Flow Templates (TFT)
which are a set of filter rules

49
50
Initial Attach
Serving PDN
UE eNodeB MME PCRF HSS
GW GW
Attach Request
Attach Request
Authentication Information Request
Authentication Information Answer

Authentication / Security
Update Location Request
Update Location Answer
Create Session Request
Create Session Request

CCR
CCA
Create Session Response
Create Session Response
Initial Context Setup Request / Attach Accept
Attach Accept
Attach Complete
Initial Context Setup Response
Attach Complete
Modify Bearer Request

Modify Bearer Response

51
UE Detach
Serving PDN
GW GW
Detach Request
Delete Session Request
Delete Session Request

CCR
CCA
Delete Session Response
Delete Session Response
Detach Accept
UE Context Release Command
UE Context Release Complete

Notify Request
Notify Answer

52
Network Initiated dedicated bearer
Serving PDN
UE eNodeB MME PCRF
GW GW
RAR
Create Bearer Request
Create Bearer Request
E-RAB Setup Request/Activate Dedicated EPS Bearer Context Request
RRC Connection Reconfiguration
RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete
E-RAB Setup Response
Direct Transfer/Activate Dedicated EPS Bearer Context Accept
Uplink NAS Transport/Activate Dedicated EPS Bearer Context Accept
Create Bearer Response
Create Bearer Response

RAA

53
S1 Release Procedure (Active to Idle)
UE eNodeB MME Serving GW
1. S1-AP: S1 UE Context Release Request
2. Release Access Bearers Request
3. Release Access Bearers Response
4. S1-AP: S1 UE Context Release Command
5. RRC Connection Release
6. S1-AP: S1 UE Context Release Complete

54
Ue Initiated Service Request (idle to active)
Serving PDN
GW GW
NAS:Service Request
INITIAL UE MESSAGE:Service Request
Authentication
Initial Context Setup Request
Uplink Data
PCEF Initiated IP-CAN Session Modification
Downlink Data

55
Downlink data (idle to active)
Serving PDN
GW GW
Downlink Data
Downlink Data Notification
Downlink Data Notification Acknowledgement
Paging
Paging
NAS:Service Request
INITIAL UE MESSAGE:Service Request

Authentication
Initial Context Setup Request
PCEF Initiated IP-CAN Session Modification
Downlink Data

56
X2 handover
Source Target Serving PDN
UE MME
eNodeB eNodeB GW GW
Downlink and Uplink Data
Handover preparation
Handover execution
Forwarding of Data
Downlink data
Uplink data
Path Switch Request
Modify bearer Request
Modify bearer Response
Downlink data
End Marker
End Marker
Path Switch Request Acknowledge
Release Resource
TAU Request
TAU Accept
TAU Complete

57
Multiple PDN
UE eNodeB MME Serving GW PDN GW PCRF HSS
1. PDN Connectivity Request

2. Create Session Request
3. Create Session Request

(A)
4. IP-CAN Session
Establishment/Modification
5. Create Session Response
First Downlink Data

6. Create Session Response
7. Bearer Setup Request / PDN Connectivity Accept
8. RRC Connection Reconfiguration
9. RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete
10. Bearer Setup Response
11. Direct Transfer
12. PDN Connectivity Complete
First Uplink Data
13. Modify Bearer Request
13.a Modify Bearer request

(B)
13.b Modify Bearer response
14. Modify Bearer Response

First Downlink Data
15. Notify Request

16. Notify Response

58
LTE Technology


59
Path to Lower OPEX and Higher Network Performance via
SON/xSON: Operator Concerns and Issues
OPEX Goal
High OPEX Operator Goals
• Time-consuming and repetitive tasks • Significant Operator OPEX Reductions

• Detailed system & product expertise needed • Higher End User QoE
• Multiple databases • Network quality and reliability
• Manual time consuming analysis of improvement
network data from multiple sources • Higher performance by dynamically adapting to
• Error-Prone operations due to lag network variations
in updating values to reflect the • Churn reduction
fast changing network condition
SON SON
Key Operator Concerns Phased Adoption
• Insufficiently stable SON algorithms

• Inability to understand the reasoning behind the SON • Develop confidence through phased introduction of SON
algorithm outputs. features in concert with field verification.
• Personnel retraining • Adoption of more advanced SON features with
advanced subscriber and E2E monitoring tools.
• Evolve from more RAN-focused SON to more core– and
E2E-focussed xSON
ALU SON and xSON will evolve with the network to meet operator goals.

60
Long-Term Evolution of SON/xSON and Network
Operations: Moving Up the Operational Value
Chain Together Operational
Value Chain
ALU SON/xSON scope will evolve over time. Increasing
• Begin automating lower-level operational functions Operations Complexity
• Progressively introduce more + SON sophistication
sophisticated higher-level algorithms
with broader scope.
Self Learning/Adaption
As new SON/xSON algorithms
appear, they enable the operator’s Self Explication
operations focus to move up the
Operational Value Chain, extracting Self Optimize (Dynamic)
opex &/or performance gains at Self Optimize (Static)
each level (helped by ALU’s advanced
monitoring tools). Self Healing/Recovery
SON/xSON algorithms will enable Self Configuration
Operations staff to progressively shift Manual
Self Initialization Manual operations
their focus to higher-value items so
as to to extract the most from theirStudy Behavior Self Discovery + algorithm
development
network. Develop Algorithm
Validate Algorithm
Automate Automated
Algorithms
understood

61
SON Use Cases (3GPP)
1. Self Configuration: Newly deployed nodes (eNBs) are configured by automatic installation
procedures
2. Automatic Neighbor Relation: Each eNB should automatically be able to generate and manage
its own neighbor relation tables, based on measurement reports from the UEs.
3. Automatic Configuration of Physical Cell ID
4. Interference Reduction / ICIC: Inter cell interference coordination to improve throughput at cell
edges.
5. Mobility HO Optimization
– Optimization of UE -elated HO parameters
– Detection of problematic cell to cell relationship
– Detection of hot spots leading to ping pong
6. Mobility Load Balancing Optimization
– Intra/Inter carrier load balancing
– Traffic balancing across LTE and 2G/3G
7. Coverage and Capacity Optimization
8. Energy Savings
9. RACH (Random Access Channel) Optimization: Random Access procedure performance
influences the call setup delay/success rate, handover delay/success rate.
10. Cell Outage Detection and Compensation

62
Optimizing HLN: SON/xSON Functional
Architecture
Internet
DPI
Dynamic Data Persistent Data
HSS PCRF PGW • Network • Network
Data collection • Load, latency • Topology
from UE, NEs, + • Subscriber • Subscriber
various clients • Location, App • Policies
SGW Monitoring
LTE/EPC
MME Network Data Analysis &
Elements Reduction Function
Control
Enforcement
within the eNB, Decision
MME, SGW, PGW Function
eNB eNB eNB
(Algorithms) Legend:
• Network Element Mgmt Enforcement
• Advanced E2E Monitoring Advanced
Monitoring
For each SON/xSON algorithm, use the optimal data sources and Policy resource
optimal location for the analysis and decision functions.

63
LTE Technology


64
VOICE MIGRATION OPTIONS FOR WCDMA AND
CDMA OPERATORS
VCC = Voice Call Continuity VoLTE = Voice (IMS-based VoIP) over LTE
CSFB = Circuit Switched FallBack SVLTE = Simultaneous (1x Circuit) Voice and LTE
SRVCC = Single Radio VCC DRVCC = Dual Radio VCC
Option Description Comment

Attractive as a means of re-
UE is registered in LTE and is using all the CS infrastructure.
CS Fall-back
(CSFB)
paged over LTE but takes call in
CS Precludes simultaneous LTE data
and voice
Simultaneous voice and data LTE No network awareness needed.
SVLTE
Dual Radio Non-standard
Standard 3GPP IMS and LTE features Call control for voice services is
to improve voice capacity replicated in the IMS domain and is
Voice/SMS Usage Options: interworked with CS domain, via
over IMS • Hand-down to CS domain via SRVCC.
(VoLTE) SRVCC HO DRVCC allows network
• 3G<>LTE PS HO required if IMS independent HO to 2G/3G outside
over 3G is also supported LTE coverage

65
TERMINOLOGY
• Dual receiver, Dual transmitter devices used by SVLTE, DRVCC

• Dual receiver, Single transmitter devices used by CSFB
• Single receiver, Single transmitter devices used by CSFB, SRVCC
Paging Technique:
“S102” - page is tunneled over S102 to the UE on LTE. UE only monitors LTE and
switches to 1x if it receives a tunneled page.
“1x” means the call is routed to 1x, the UE listens to 1x and gets the page on 1x.
Setup Technique:
“S102” - 1x traffic channel is set up via tunneled signaling while the UE is on LTE.
“1x” - traffic channel is setup via the 1x access channel.
Suspend LTE: the UE explicitly suspends LTE operation during the circuit call and
resumes upon completion.

66
CSFB WITH WCDMA
MSC MSC
GERAN GERAN
UTRAN CS Network UTRAN CS Network
New interface
SGSN “SGs” from MSC to SGSN
MME
E-UTRAN MME E-UTRAN MME
PDN PDN
SGW PGW SGW PGW

eNode B Data eNode B
Circuit Voice
Paging/SMS Data
While carrying data only Simultaneous Voice + Data
– Handset uses LTE network where – Handset falls back to legacy circuit
possible to achieve highest coverage for voice
throughput – Data sessions handover to GPRS if
– Handset served by an MSC in legacy possible
network for SMS CSFB Tradeoff
• Incoming calls paged over SGs
interface from MSC to MME
– Re-uses legacy circuit infrastructure
• SMS delivered over SGs – without – At the cost of Inter-RAT handover per
requiring inter-RAT handover voice call, and reduced capacity (3G) or
suspended (2G) data sessions

67
CSFB AND SMS OVER SGs –Rel. 8 SGSN
CS voice or PS data
GERAN
New interface (SGs) to forward
Gb paging (CS Fallback) and to
SGSN
transfer SMS messages.
BTS A
BSC
Iu ps
CS voice and PS data MSC
UTRAN
Iu cs
SGs
S3
NB
RNC
S12
MME
PS data (and SMS) S4
S11
E-UTRAN S1-mme
SGi
S1u S5/S8
SGW PGW
eNode B
June 2011
Voice call setup triggers handover from LTE 68
SMS delivery over LTE using SGs before SMS over VoIP
VoLTE - IMS
Simultaneous Voice and Data
Voice Features Provided by IMS
Standard IMS Client in Handset
Common Client for IMS VoIP and RCS.
HSS
S6a
Sh VCC
AS
VoIP Services
MME (CSCFs, E-CSCF,
Rx
PCRF TAS,SMS AS,MRF,
MGCF/MGW)
S1-MME S10
Gx SGi
eNB S1u SGW S5/S8

PGW
LTE Data
E-UTRAN

69
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Alcatel – Lucent’s LTE Solutions Overview

1. Alcatel-Lucent LTE Solutions

Middle East 2 60+ LTE trials

Delivering the Market Leading end-to-end 4G LTE Solution

• Ready for LTE operation and evolution to Light

• 1u BBU, single board Solution for Controller and

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BBU relies on the following CEM TRDU

BBU Characteristics: CEM-U HW capacity 9926 BBUv2

Highest Capacity Density with 2 technos in d2U BBU

• Multiple configuration flexibility : W-CDMA eCCM

• Controller redundancy for increased BBU availability

LTE LTE CEM#1

Flexible BBU Configuration to Accommodate Deployments 8

9442 RRH2x40 - AWS

• Flexible installation options: wall/pole RRH2x40-AWS

Plug-in radio modules Remote Radio Heads

Common Base BBU WCDMA

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Common Base Band + Dual Techno RF + Triple Techno RF

•LTE BBU leverages existing 3G BBU platform with next generation

•Continuation of existing RF platform assets, based

•Strengthen seamless integration with existing networks for

Compact High Performance LTE module for cost efficient

In-house ATCA 9471 WMM

Capacity scales with

SGSN bearer plane HW accelerated functions:

packet processing IPsec, IPv4/v6,

High Speed Packet Processing

(HSPP) supported function

Optimized mapping between function and HW for flexibility and scalability

9471 WMM (MME) OAM Server

HSS MME Application Function

Capacity - Reliability Innovative paging

Per Call Measurement

… they seek to differentiate

Most Operators cite traffic

The ability to improve the

Alcatel-Lucent 5780 DSC

. Accurate / Complete performance numbers requires review of

Purpose Built ACTAv2 Platform with high

 Modular design with hot-swappable components

Mobile gateway Integrated

Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR-based EPC value equation

Mobile Gateway Integrated Service Module (MG-ISM) Mobile

 Control Plane ISA

• Demonstrated more than 100 Gbps of

1. Alcatel-Lucent LTE Solutions

1st Commercial Femto Network in Europe launched by Alcatel-Lucent in 2009

Small Cells Increase Network Capacity

Small Cells Solve the Cell Edge Challenge

Allow to Enter New Markets

Metro Metro AAA Metro

Home Enterprise Metro WB-AAA

Small Cells Family

Low Transmit Power High

Metro Cell Indoor Metro Cell Outdoor AAA Metro Cells

High level spec for the purpose of the discussion

Transmission Alcatel-Lucent Metro Outdoor 2x2

High level spec for the purpose of the discussion

For uniform indoor user

Metro Small Cells