Clarification & Filtration

 Filtration very be defined as the “Separation of Solid from a fluid by means of a porous medium
that retains the solids but allows the fluid to/pass.
M/A of Filtration =
1. Straining like Sieving = pores are smaller than the particles so that particles are retained on the
filler medium.
2. Impingement = Streamlined strike the cylinder- triangular ridge
3. Entanglement = particles are smaller than the pores
- Particle became intangled
4. Attractive forces:- potential difference are used
- Particles may collect on a filter medium as a result of attractive forces.

Principal = Pressure or vaccum

1. Filter leaf
2. Filter press – plate & Frame
3. Metafilter
4. Membrane filter
5. Sintered filter
6. Rotary filter
1. Filter Leaf
Vacuum
Reverse of Airflow
Removal of Cake
Is very easy Immersing the filter in a water
- Slurry upto max 5% solid content can be filtered
- Batch process / Not Continuous
- No. of leaves are connected to common outlet (to provide large surface area) = Sweetland
filters
2. Filter Press- 2 units – plate & frame press:- Surface filtration
Pressure
Frame → Receive
cake ← furry-inlet
retained into frame
Filter cloth → between plate & frame
- Cloth/ filter medium is placed between plate & frame
Advantages:-
- Large volume can be handled/filtered.
- Provide large surface area for filtration
- Filtering media can be used repeatedly by washing
- Surry – max 5% → produce dry cake
- Presors upto 20 bars (withstand)
Disadvantages:-
- Batch process / Not continuous process
- Slum upto 5%
- Costlier – labour is required for washing & replacement of filter cloth
- Leakage between platae may take place
3. Edge filter → Meta filter → Corrosive Liquid
Vacuum-
Grouped drainage rods – which are packed a no. of metallic ring.
- Edge filters use a pack of filter medium so that filtration occurs on the edges.
- Back flushing = Removal of cake
C.L. Choudhary , Behind Suncity Hospital Man ji ka Hatha paota
Use =
Classification of syrups elixir & parenteral solution (more viscosus liquid)
- Withstand High pressure & corrosive liquids

4. Membrane filters: handled with carefully

- Made of cellulose nitrate & cellulose acetate
- Thickness → 50 – 150 𝜇m (120 𝜇m Average)
- No. of pores – 400 – 500 pores per cm2
o Uniformly in size
- Rigid Perforated Support required
- Pre-filtration → required to prevent clogging

Pre size
1. 0.2 𝜇 → All Bacteria
2. 0.45 𝜇 → All coliform gr of Bact.
3. 0.8 𝜇 → All air borne particles
4. 1.2 𝜇 → Non living particles which are dangerous is in fluids
5. 5 𝜇 → All cells from body fluids
6. 0.010 to 0.10 → Can remove virus from water & air
- Used for sterilization of both Aq & Non Aq preparation Liquids
- Disposable, No cross contamination → but cost ↑
- Can not be used for filtration of – organic solvents (alcohols, Keton as, esters, CHCl3)
- Adsorption → negligible

5. Filter Candles:
- Made of porcelain or kieselguhr
- Filter candle – Blocked with continuous cleaned by scratching the external surface or passing
water through in the reverse direction.
- Used for sterilization of solutions
Disadvantages:-
- Tendency to adsorb liquid
6. Sintered filters:- Made of Borosilicate glass
- Sinely powdered of desired size peaked into a disc & heated at a temp at which adhesion take
place between Particles → Fused to a funnel of suitable shape & size
- Humbered according to
- Reduce pressure
- Mechanical streyfs
7. Rotary filter = Leaf & filter press can handle dilute
Batch process
- Handle – Conc. Slurry
- Continuous process – (has system for removing the cake that is formed so suitable for
concentration slurry.)
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C.L. Choudhary , Behind Suncity Hospital Man ji ka Hatha paota