Equilibrium equations

• Net resultant force is zero. At a point within the body,

• Net moment about point O is zero. At a point within the body,

Equilibrium equations in two dimensions
• Equilibrium equations in cartesian coordinates

• Boundary conditions
Compatibility equations in two dimensions
• Strain components in two dimensions involve only two variables

, ,
• Additional constraint satisfied by strain components is given by

• Using the constitutive relation for linear, elastic, isotropic solid the
compatibility equation is written in terms of stress components
Plane stress
• plane stress condition
• Let , , be the non-zero stress components
•
• Substituting expressions for strain components from the constitutive
relation and using the equilibrium equations,

are the volumetric body force components

Plane strain
• plane strain condition
• Let , , be the non-zero stress components
•
• Substituting expressions for strain components from the constitutive
relation and using the equilibrium equations,

are the volumetric body force components

Airy’s stress function
• For general case of volumetric body forces expressed as, ,
the equilibrium equations are,

• In terms of Airy’s stress function,

• , ,
• The equilibrium equations are identically satisfied
• When body forces are zero, (from compatibility equation)
Solutions for Airy’s stress function
• When volumetric body force is constant or zero, the Airy’s stress
function satisfies the equation, (biharmonic equation)
• Consider a long rectangular bar with zero volumetric body force.
• , ,
• Polynomial solutions for the stress function are considered.
• Polynomial with second degree terms: uniform tension/compression/shear stress
components
• Polynomial with third degree terms: linearly varying stress components (example, pure
bending)
Strain components
• Strain components ( , , ) are obtained by using the
constitutive equation (for linear, elastic, isotropic solid)
• Displacements are obtained by solving the differential equations:
, ,
• It is possible to add rigid body motion to any displacement field
keeping the strain components same
Examples
y
Force Force
• Compressive force on a long thin plate P P
x
placed between two rigid walls
y

• Constant bending moment throughout x Bending

the member (pure bending) moment
Mb

Force
• Bending due to application of force at P
a point (problem 2 in the last problem x3

set) x2