Notes On Phlit

Angeles University Foundation Midterms
PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
Elements of Fiction 
Antagonist: character that goes against the main
Fiction character usually the protagonist.
• Derived from the latin word “fictus” which

means to form
According to Development
• Literature in the form of prose that narrates a Dynamic: character that exhibits noticeable
story
development
• Based on made-up and fabricated stories and

characters
Static: character who exhibits no changes and
• Presents human life in two levels:
development
• the world of objective reality made up of According to Personality

human actions and experiences; and
Round: character that displays different/multiple

• The world of subjective reality dealing with
personalities throughout the story
human apprehension and comprehension.
Flat: reveals conventional traits, who remains the

Elements of Fiction same throughout the story or does not grow.
Setting Plot
• The time and place in which the events of a story • Sequence of events in the story arranged and
occur.
linked by causality.
• Portrayal of a region’s distinctive ways of

thoughts and behavior or the so called “local Kinds of Plot
color” exemplified by the superficial elements of
Chronological/Linear Plot: moves with the natural
setting, dialect, and customs.
sequence of events where actions are arranged
• Includes description of landscape, scenery,
sequentially.
buildings, seasons, weather and the mood or

Circular/Flashback Plot: kind of plot where linear
atmosphere created at the beginning of the story
development of the story merges with an interruption

Characters in the chronological order to show an event that
• Representations of a human being in a story
happed in the past.
• Complex combination of both inner and outer   En Medias Res: kind of plot where the story
self
commences in the middle part of the action.
• Characterization -method used by the writer to  
reveal the personality of the characters.
The three types of plot are termed as closed plots
because they normally follow the pyramid pattern of
Kinds of Character development
According to Principality
Protagonist: character with whom the reader
empathizes  
Elements of Fiction 19
• The use of this technique both creates suspense

and prepares the reader for what is to come.
Conflict
The opposition of persons or forces in a story,
giving rise to the dramatic action in a literary
work.
The basic tension, predicament, or challenge

Parts of a Plot that propels a story’s plot.
Exposition
Types of a Conflict
• The part of the plot that sets the scene by
introducing the situation and settings and PERSON VS PERSON
likewise lays out the characters by introducing • type of conflict where one character in the story
their environment, characteristics, pursuit, has a problem with one or more of the other
purposes, limitations, potentials and basic characters (men or animals).
assumptions.
PERSON VS SOCIETY
Complication • Type of conflict where a character has a conflict
• Start of the major conflict or problem in the plot.
or problem with some element of society-the
school, the law, the accepted way of doing
Crisis things and so on.
• Part that establishes curiosity, uncertainty, and • Struggle against ideas of practices or customs of
tension and that it requires a decision.
the people
Climax PERSON VS SELF

• Peak of the story which leads to an affirmation, a • Type of conflict where a character has trouble
decision, an action, or even a realization.
deciding what to do in a particular situation.
• This is the point of greatest emotional intensity, • Struggle with his/her own soul, ideas of right or
interest as well as suspense.
wrong, physical limitations (different
Denouement personalities)
• Finishing of things right after the climax, and PERSON VS NATURE

shows resolution of the plot.
• Type of conflict where a character has a problem
Ending with some natural happening: a snowstorm or
any elements common to nature.
• Part that brings the story back to its equilibrium.
PERSON VS FATE
Literary Devices • Type of conflict where a character has to battle
what seems to be an uncontrollable problems.
Flashback
• Writer’s use of interruption of the chronological • Whenever the problem seems to be a strange or
sequence of a story to go back to related unbelievable coincidence, fate can be
considered the cause and effect.
incidents which occurred prior to the beginning

of the story.
Foreshadowing
• Writer’s use of hints or clues to indicate events
that will occur later in the story.
Point of View
• Determines the narrator of the story, the one who
tells it from different point of view.
• The angle from which the story is told
Types of Point of View

First-Person Point of View
• Has character-narrator tell the story in the “I:
voice, expressing his own views.
• He is either a minor or main character that tells

the story in his own words.
Third-Person Omniscient Point of View

• Has a narrator tell the story from an all knowing
point of view.
• He sees the mind of all the characters.
Third-Person Limited Point of View

• A narrator who tells only what he can see or hear
“inside the world” of the story.
• This narrator is otherwise known as “camera

technique narrator” as he doesn’t reveal the
characters thinking and feeling.
Third-Person Central Point of View

• A narrator that limits narration to what central
character thinks, feels, does and what and whom
the central character observes.
Third-Person Editorial Point of View

• A narrator that comments on the action by telling
the readers its significance and evaluating
behaviour of the characters.
Theme
• A significant truth about life and its nature which
take place in the illustrations of the actions,
preoccupations, and decisions of the characters.
• Underlying meaning or main idea that the writer

wants to convey
• Message of the author to the readers
PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
Fictions
Dead Stars • Crisis:
• Alfredo then realized that he is in love with her
Paz Marquez Benitez
in spite being engage with Esperanza.
Setting: • Climax:
• House of Don Julian
• Julia and Esperanza finally found out that
• House of Judge Del Valle
Alfredo has been cheating. He has been flirting
• Sunday afternoon at Don Julian’s house in Tanda with Julia despite being engaged with
(beach house and coconut plantation)
Esperanza
• Holy Thursday, Our Lady of Sorrows Church

• Denoument:
• End of Chinese stores, Calle Real
• He finally chose to stay with his promise,
remain loyal to his commitment and married
Characters: Esperanza.
• Alfredo Salazar: Son of Don Julian; Over thirty • 8 years after, Alfredo needing to find a woman
years
named Brigada Samuy who can help him for
• Esperanza: engagement after 3 years of his defense in court, found himself at Julia’s
relationship; Wife of Alfredo; Impassionate
place.
• Julia Salas: sister in law of Judge Del Valle

• Ending
• Don Julian Salazar: Father of Alfredo and • He met Julia again and realized that he is not
Carmen
in love with her, his love for her is like a dead
• Carmen: Sister of Alfredo
star.
• Judge Dionisio Del Valle: Brother in law of Julia
• Doña Adela: Sister of Julia

Conflict:
• Calixta: Note carrier of Alfredo and Esperanza
• Person vs Self
• Brigida Samuy: illusive woman whose Alfredo is

looking for
Kind of Plot:
• En Medias Res
Plot:
• Exposition: Literary Device:
• Flashback
• At Don Julian’s house Carmen was asking

about Alfredo and Esperanza.
Point of View:
• Alfredo reminisced how he met Julia Salas.
• Third-person Central Point of View
• Complication:
• Alfredo had gone with Don Julian to Judge Del Theme:
Valle’s house where he met Julia Salas.
• In Dead Stars, Paz Marquez Benitez presents
• Feelings between Julia and Alfredo now the idea that love is both a full-time
develop.
commitment and a huge responsibility
Fictions 22
Footnote to the Youth Literary Device:

Jose Garcia Villa
• Foreshadowing
Setting: Point of View:

• Farm House (bukid)
• Third-person Omniscient Point of View
Characters: Theme:
• Dodong: main character of the story
• Being an adult is not a choice, it is a state of
• Teang: the girl whom Dodong adores; glossy maturity
hair, brown eyes, small face
• Lucio: other suitor of Teang

May Day Eve
Nick Joaquin
• Blas: oldest son of Dodong and Teang
• Tona: the girl who has Blas eyes on and would

Setting:
take ger as his wife
• 1847;1890; Intramuros, Manila - in a room with a
mirror on May Day Eve
Plot:
• Exposition:
Characters:
• Dodong was on his way home for dinner from • Anastasia: old woman, Maga; believes in
the farm.
superstitious beliefs
• Complication: • Agueda: pretty, long dark hair; young woman

• Dodong is interested in marrying Teang and he who is curious; brave; wants to know her future
sees it as essential to his life. Dodong is too husband
young to marry but to stiff-necked to reconsider

• Dona Agueda: hard, bitter, vengeful; bold,
• Crisis: liberated, non-conformist; has gray hair;
• After Teang gave birth to seven kids, Dodong emotional
realized that life was different from what he • Agueda’s Daughter: vain curious girl ;wants to
imagined. He wanted to ask questions and for know her mother’s past
somebody to answer him. Dodong could not find

• Don Badoy Montiya: young man with curly hair,
the answer and he thought that maybe his a mustache and a scar on his cheek; vain,
questions on why life did not fulfill youth’s promiscuous, a stereotypical man who wants to
dreams were not to be answered.
prove his machismo
• Climax: • Voltaire: grandson of Don Badoy; curious about

• When Blas was 18, he came home and told his future wife
Dodong of his intention to marry Tona.
• Denouement: Plot:
• Dodong agreed to their marriage because of • Exposition:
Blas' stubborness.
• a party was held in Montiya's house and the
• Ending: girls were to stay in that house. Anastacia, the
• With helplessness, Dodong could not do maga, told the girls of a legend where if they
anything but feel sorry for his son.
recite the incantation "mirror, mirror, tell me
whose woman, I will be" in front of the mirror
Conflict: at midnight while holding a candle, they will
• Person vs Self
see the person they were to marry on their left
shoulder but if gone wrong, they will see the
Kind of Plot:
• Linear Plot
devil on their right shoulder  
Fictions 23
• Complication: Characters:
• Agueda, being hardheaded tried the • Yeyeng: pretends she forgotten to speak her
incantation to prove it wrong but she did not native language, Kapampangan
say the right words • American Soldier: encourage Yeyeng to learn

• Crisis: English
• Don Badoy suddenly entered the house and

saw Agueda so he approached her but she Plot:
was startled and began crying. When Badoy • Exposition:
tried to comfort her, she bit him and ran
• Yeyeng is a young woman full of lipstick and
• Climax: make-up. Her parents were born in the
• fast forward to the present time, Don Badoy smallest town of Pampanga. Before, in her
saw his grandson trying the incantation in front poverty, she sells ginataan or bitso-bitso in
of the mirror and scolded him. Voltaire told gambling dens. She turned into a young lady
Badoy on how his grandmother did the with no chance to change her life's condition.
incantation, saw the devil, and described how • Complication:

the devil looked like
• Yeyeng had a regular customer who was an
• Denouement: American soldier.
• Badoy reminisced the time he saw Agueda in • Crisis:
front of the mirror and fell in love with her but • Because of language barrier, Yeyeng was
as time went by he was blinded with hatred
enticed to study English.
• Ending: • Climax:
• After contemplating, he realized that he still • During a festival in Town X, Ing Emangabiran
loves her but it was too late because Agueda was read. Yeyeng came close to the reader
was already dead
and when she realized that it was
kapampangan she said that she cannot read
Conflict: or speak in kapampangan anymore. The
• Person vs Self
townspeople humiliated her and when they
discovered that her father is Godiung
Kind of Plot: Pakbung, they humiliated her all the more.
• Circular Plot
They also called her Miss Phathupats because

Literary Device: of the fitted dress that she wears.
• Flashback
• Denouement:
• Yeyeng was not able to take the humiliation
Point of View: and cried and as she wiped her tears, her true
• Third-person Omniscient Point of View
colors was seen, she was darker than a duhat.
Theme: • Ending:
• Intense remorse by wrong decision like believing • Yeyeng walked out while cursing in
in superstitions, “Magic realism”
kapampangan.
Y’ Miss Pathupats Conflict:

Juan Crisostomo Soto
• Person vs. Self
• Person vs. Society
Setting:
• Remote area in Pampanga during American Kind of Plot:
Occupation
• Linear Plot
Point of View:
• Third-person Editorial Point of View
Fictions 24
ago without leaving any letter or explanation.

Theme: Without finding Claudio, she remained
• Embrace your culture and be proud of your unmarried and kept Claudio in her heart. After
dialect
Lilia shared her story, Carlos, the old man told
her of his love, Lourdes who was wealthy but
Sisilim he did not love her for her wealth but for who
Diosdado Pangan Macapagal
she was. Like Lilia’s story, they fell in love in a

Setting: garden and planned to elope but things
• At a public garden at the city around late changed when he saw an announcement of
afternoon before sunset.
Lourdes’ wedding in a newspaper. He felt
betrayed that Lourdes chose a wealthy man so
Characters: he wandered just so he can feel something
• Lilia: An 80 year old bachelorette who moved to
other than the pain of betrayal. He met a lot of
another town in hopes of finding her lover who
women along the way but his heart still
left days before they are planned to flee
belonged to Lourdes thus until then, he had no

• Carlos: An 80 year old bachelor who decided
plans on getting married.
not to get married because the love of his life

• Denouement:
betrayed him
• after telling their stories, the old lady realized

• Claudio: Lilia’s one great love
that they had the same story. The old man

• Lourdes: the woman who own’s Claudio’s heart
remained silent. When the old lady was about

• Rich Young Man: soon to be husband of Lilia
to leave, she told him that the real name of her

Plot: beloved is Carlos. The old man was startled
• Exposition: and asked if the old lady’s name was Lilia.
• as the sun sets, a child accompanied an old That’s when they realized that they were
lady to a garden in the city proper. After talking about themselves.
walking, the old lady sits on a bench where an • Ending:

old man is also seated. The two began to talk • As the dawn approaches, under the light of the
of the younger years especially their stars reflected in the ocean, Carlos walked
experience of love. The old lady shared her Lilia home. Although they did not accomplish
story with Claudio.
their first plan to elope, love worked
• Complication: mysteriously and a path was forged for them
• the parents of the old lady made a fixed once again.
marriage between her and a rich guy dated on

May 25. So Lilia (the old lady) planned to run Conflict:
• Person vs Society
away with Claudio on May 15, the day of her

birthday.
Kind of Plot:
• Crisis: • Circular Plot
• As their day of eloping drew nearer, Lilia

noticed a change in Claudio as he refrained Literary Device:
from meeting and writing letters. Lilia dreaded • Flashback
that Claudio’s love for her is not real and his

knowledge of her fixed marriage will lead him Point of View:
• Third-person Central Point of View
to leave her.
• Climax:
Theme:
• On May 15, Claudio did not show up so Lilia • True love does not count the pain but sees the
went to his house where she discovered from bliss worthy of suffering
her sister that Claudio has already left 5 days
Fictions 25
PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
Elements of Poetry 
Allusion
Poetry • reference in a work of literature to a character, a
• Patterned form of verbal or written expression of place, or a situation from history, literature, the
ideas in concentrated. Imaginative, and Bible, mythology, scientific event, character, or
rhythmical terms place.
• Considered as the oldest literary form

• Examples:
• Has implied meanings • Literary Allusion: “I was surprised his nose
• Considered as the most difficult and most was not growing like Pinocchio’s”
sophisticated of all genres

• Biblical Allusion: “He was a Good Samaritan
• Briefly written but suggests many connotations
yesterday when he helped the lady start her
• More musical as compared to other literary forms
car.”
Antithesis
Elements of Poetry • Is a disparity of words or ideas
Sense of the Poem • Combination of a balanced structure with

opposite ideas
Denotation vs. Connotation • Examples:

• Denotation: Dictionary meaning of the word
• Man proposes, God disposes
• Connotation: Suggested or implied meaning/s • Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing.
associated with the word beyond its definition

• That’s one small step for man, one giant leap
• Example: Wall Street literally means a street for mankind.
situated in Lower Manhattan but connotatively it

refers to “wealth” and “power”
Apostrophe
• Is an address to an inanimate object, an idea, of

Imagery a person who is absent/long dead.
• The use of sensory details or descriptions that • When a character in a literary work speaks or
appeal to one or more of the five senses.
someone who doesn’t exist as if it is a living
• Otherwise known as “senses of the mind.”
person
• Examples:
Figurative Language • Car, please get me to work today.
• Language used for descriptive effect in order to • Feet, don’t fail me now.
convey ideas or emotions
• Not literally true but express some truth beyond Hyperbole
• An exaggeration used to express strong emotion,

the literal level.
to make a point, or to evoke humour.
• Figures of Speech are specific devices or a kind • Examples:

of figurative language that uses words, phrases, • Light in classroom are too bright because they
and sentences in a non-literal definition but, are brighter than ten thousand suns.
rather, gives meanings in abstractions.

• You’re so hungry you could eat a million
cookies and six gallon of ice cream.
Elements of Poetry 26
Irony
Onomatopoeia
• Involves contradiction
• The use of words/phrase that actually initiates or
• A clash between appearance and reality, suggest the sound of what it describes
between seems and is, or between ought and is.

• Examples:
• Verbal Irony: • The best part about music class is that you
• Saying something contrary to what it means.
can bang on the drum.
• Daily language, being ironic means that you • Silence your cellphone so that it does not beep
say something but mean the opposite to what during the movie.
you say.
• The bridges collapsed creating a tremendous
• Dramatic Irony: boom.
• Saying or doing something while unaware of

its ironic contrast with the whole truth.
Oxymoron
• Is putting together two opposite ideas in one

• Situational Irony
statement.
• Events turning to the opposite of what is

• Examples:
expected or what should be.
• Great Depression
• Example: The name of Britain’s biggest dog was

• Cruel to be kind
“Tiny”
• Pain for pleasure
Litotes
• Deafening silence
• Is a deliberate sarcasm used to affirm by

negating its opposite.
Paradox
• Phrase or statement that seems to be impossible

• Examples:
or contradictory but is nevertheless true, literally
• Even in his plain dress, I find him not at all
or figuratively.
displeasing.
• Examples:
• Thank you ma'am, you won’t regret it.
• A rich man is no richer than a beggar
Metaphor
• I can resist anything but temptation.
• Implies comparison instead of a direct statement • Truth is honey, which is bitter
and that equates two seemingly unlike things or

Oxymoron Paradox
ideas.
• Similar to simile except that a metaphor A combination of two Consists of a sentence,

compares two dissimilar objects without using a contrary or opposite or even a group of
words sentences
word like as or like.
• Examples: Produces a dramatic Seems contradictory to

• My boyfriend is an angel.
effect, but does not make the general truth, but it
• Books are ships that take you to places
a literal sense does not contain an
implied truth
Metonymy
Eg: Paid volunteers were Eg; What a pity youth
• Use of one word to stand for a related term
working for the company must be wasted on the
• Replaces the name of a thing with something young
else with which it is closely associated
• Example: Personification
• Let me give you a hand (Hand means help)

• Giving human attributes/characteristics to
• Pen is mightier than the sword ( “pen” stands inanimate objects, an animal, force of nature, or
for thought and reason, while “sword” an idea.
represents a physical warfare)

• Examples:
• Silence crept into the classroom.
• The candle flame danced in the dark.
Consonance
Simile
• Repetition of similar consonant sound typically
• Uses a word or phrase such as “as “or “like” to
within or at the end of words.
compare seemingly unlike things or ideas.
• Example: Rider to reader; Forer to fearer
• Examples:
• “cute as a kitten” comparing someone’s looks
Rhyme
to the way a kitten looks.
• Repetition of the same stressed vowel sound

• “as busy as a bee” comparing someone’s level
and any succeeding sounds in two or more
of energy to a fat-flying bee
words
Synecdoche
• Example:
• The naming of parts to suggest the whole.
I think that I shall never see
• Examples: A poem as lovely as a tree
• The phrase “hired hands” can be used to refer • Rhyme Scheme:
to workmen
• pattern of rhyme form that ends a stanza or a
• The word “wheels” refers to a vehicles.
poem.
• Designated by the assignment of a different

letter of the alphabet to each new rhyme
Metonomy Synecdoche • Types of Rhyme

The word we use to Refers to a thing by the • Internal Rhyme: rhyme within the line
describe another thing is name of one of the parts • Terminal Rhyme: rhyme found at the end of
closely linked to that the line
particular. Thing but not
part of it. Repetition of Words

Eg: “Crown”refers to Eg: calling a car a • Example: My dreams are dreams of thee, fair
power or authority “wheel” maid. (Rural Maid)
Repetition of Sentences or Phrases

Sound of a Poem • Example: I dream that one day our voices will be
heard; I dream that one day our hope becomes
Tone Color
• Achieved through repetition.
worth.
Repetition of Single Sounds Rhythm

• Pattern of beats created by the arrangement of
Alliteration stressed and unstressed syllables which gives
• Repetition of similar and accented (consonant) musical quality and adds emphasis to certain
sounds at the beginning of words
words and thus helps convey the meaning of the
• To the lay-person, these are called “tongue- poem
twisters”
• The effect is derived from the sounds employed,
• Example: In a summer season, when soft was the varying pitches, stresses, volumes and
the sound
durations.
Assonance • When reading a poem out loud, you may notice a

• Repetition of similar and accented vowel sounds
sort of “sing-song” quality to it, just like in
• Example: Thou still unravished bride of nursery rhymes. This is accompanied by the use
quietness, Thou foster child of silence and slow of rhythm.
time - “I”
Rhythm is broken down into seven types

Structure of the Poem
• the manner in which words are arranged and
Most Used Less Common parts are organized to form a whole poem
(author’s choice of words)
Iambic Monosyllabic
Anapestic Spondaic
Word and its Order
• The grouping and choosing of words in verses
Trochaic Accentual where more often, poets arrange them in the
unnatural order to achieve an effect
Dactylic
Syntax (rules)
: unstressed
Even Syllables: Iambic or Trochaic
• How words from different part of speech are put

: stressed Odd Syllables: Anapestic or Dactylic
together in order to convey a complete thought
Ellipsis
Meter • Omission of words or several words that clearly
• A regular recurrence of stressed and unstressed
identify the understanding of an expression
syllables that give a line of poetry a more or less

predictable rhythm
Punctuation
• Its unit of measurement is termed as “foot” • Use of meaningful symbol that helps provide
which usually contains an accented syllable and meaningful clues
one or two unaccented.

• Example: It was - t’was, Over - o’er
Foot
• Basic unit of meter consisting of a group of two Refrain
or three syllables
• Repetition of one or more phrases or lines at the
• 1 foot = 2 syllables (iambic and trochaic)
end of a stanza
• 1 foot = 3 syllables (anapestic and dactylic)

• Can also be an entire stanza that is repeated
periodically throughout a poem, kind of like a
Scansion chorus of a song
• Process of determining the prevailing foot in a

line of poetry, identifying the types and sequence
of different feet.
Types of Poem According to

• It is also the process of measuring verse; that is, Structure
marking accented and unaccented syllables, Narrative Poem
dividing the lines into feet, identifying the • Poem that tells a story
metrical pattern and noting significant variations • Examples include epic, metrical romance, ballad
from the pattern.
Lyric Poem
Each set of syllables is one foot and each line is measured by • descriptive or expository in nature
how many feet are in it. The length of the line of poem labeled
• The poet is concerned mainly with presenting a
according to how many feet are in it
scene in words, conveying sensory richness of
Monometer
Pentameter
his subject, or the revelation of ideas or emotions
Dimeter
Hexameter
• Examples are Ode, elegy, song, sonnet, corridos
Trimeter
Heptameter
Dramatic Poem
Tetrameter Octameter • Poem where a story is told through the verse or
dialogue of the characters and narrator
Free Verse
• Poetry that follows no rules. Just about anything
goes.
• This does not mean that it uses no devices, it

just means that this type of poetry does not
follow traditional conventions such as
punctuation, capitalisation, rhyme scheme,
rhythm, and meter, etc.
Poem Appreciation
• Achieved by:
• Comprehending the plain sense or information
communicated by the poem
• Capturing the attitude and feeling conveyed
• Understanding the larger meaning of the work,

which is only possible when the tone and
symbolic meanings are discerened
Tone
• Writer’s attitude toward his subject, mood, and
moral view
• Feeling that the poem created in the reader
• Communicated by the writer’s speaker’s attitude

toward his subject, his imagined audience, or
himself
• Emotional coloring of the work which is indicated

by the inflection of the speaker’s voice
Symbol
• Word or image that signifies something other
than what is literally represented
• An image that becomes so suggestive that it

takes on much more meaning than its descriptive
value
• Urges the reader to look beyond literal

significance of the poem’s statement of action;
the connotation of the words, repetition,
placement, or other indications of emphasis
• Considered the richest and at the same time the

most difficult of all the poetical figures
PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
Poetry
From the Quirino Grandstand • dictator: Marcos
• blood flood: people who died during the martial

Danton Remoto
law
• Bermuda grasses weep in sweet pain: Filipino

Quirino Grandstand is the title of the poem because the
inauguration of the president held here. people victory against dictatorship, tyranny &
oppression
• fountains: Filipino ppl
Figurative Language:
• two million faces - synecdoche
Revolt from Hymen
• awash in the early summer sun - synecdoche
Angela Manalang Gloria
• fingers roar - onomatopoeia
• Noah’s messengers - allusion

This poem was written during American Colonial
• now dried a dictator’s blood-flood - metonymy
Period. The poem conveys a strong emotion of the
• In the park of freed people, bermuda grasses author towards her freedom in the patriarchal society
weep - personification
• sweet pain - oxymoron
• The fountains leap and sing - personification

Connotation
• A spring of happiness rises like a hymn- • Hymen connotes to virginity by the society 
Personification & Simile
Kisses connotes to praises
Repetition of a Sound: Figurative Language:

• Alliteration: More, million; Summer, sun; Her, • As infants sleep within the womb of rest! - Simile
hands; Park, people

• No kisses festering on it like sores,- oxymoron
• Assonance: lady, raises; defiant, sign; doves, • To be alone at last, broken the seal That marks
above; finally, sighting; blood, flood; freed, the flesh no better than a whore’s! - metaphor
people; weep, sweet; spring, happiness, rises, • To stir and stirring find no blackness vast With
like, hymn
passion weighted down upon the breast, -
• Consonance: air, roar; clouds, doves; dried, metaphor
blood, flood; happiness, rises
Symbolism:
Type of Poem: • Hymen: Misconception of feminity or virginity of
• Lyric Poem
a women
• Kisses: stereotype praises; When a man kisses

Symbolism:
• yellow: democracy
a woman symbolism of adoration
• Sores: pressure to follow the standard of reality
• lady in yellow: Corry
• doves: freedom
• Seal: boundaries, hymen  
• “Noah’s messengers finally sighting a land”:
the one who delivers freedom
Poetry 31

Notes On Phlit

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Angeles University Foundation Midterms

• Derived from the latin word “fictus” which

• Based on made-up and fabricated stories and

• the world of objective reality made up of According to Personality

Round: character that displays diﬀerent/multiple

human apprehension and comprehension.

Flat: reveals conventional traits, who remains the

• Portrayal of a region’s distinctive ways of

buildings, seasons, weather and the mood or

development of the story merges with an interruption

• The use of this technique both creates suspense

The basic tension, predicament, or challenge

Climax PERSON VS SELF

• Finishing of things right after the climax, and PERSON VS NATURE

• Part that brings the story back to its equilibrium.

what seems to be an uncontrollable problems.

incidents which occurred prior to the beginning

• The angle from which the story is told

Types of Point of View

• He is either a minor or main character that tells

Third-Person Omniscient Point of View

• He sees the mind of all the characters.

Third-Person Limited Point of View

• This narrator is otherwise known as “camera

Third-Person Central Point of View

Third-Person Editorial Point of View

• Underlying meaning or main idea that the writer

• Message of the author to the readers

in spite being engage with Esperanza.

• Holy Thursday, Our Lady of Sorrows Church

• Julia Salas: sister in law of Judge Del Valle

• Judge Dionisio Del Valle: Brother in law of Julia

• Doña Adela: Sister of Julia

• Brigida Samuy: illusive woman whose Alfredo is

• At Don Julian’s house Carmen was asking

Footnote to the Youth Literary Device:

Setting: Point of View:

hair, brown eyes, small face

• Lucio: other suitor of Teang

• Blas: oldest son of Dodong and Teang

• Tona: the girl who has Blas eyes on and would

• Complication: • Agueda: pretty, long dark hair; young woman

young to marry but to stiﬀ-necked to reconsider

somebody to answer him. Dodong could not find

prove his machismo

• Climax: • Voltaire: grandson of Don Badoy; curious about

Dodong of his intention to marry Tona.

say the right words • American Soldier: encourage Yeyeng to learn

• Don Badoy suddenly entered the house and

incantation, saw the devil, and described how • Complication:

They also called her Miss Phathupats because

Y’ Miss Pathupats Conflict:

• Person vs. Society

ago without leaving any letter or explanation.

she was. Like Lilia’s story, they fell in love in a

belonged to Lourdes thus until then, he had no

not to get married because the love of his life

• after telling their stories, the old lady realized

that they had the same story. The old man

remained silent. When the old lady was about

to leave, she told him that the real name of her

walking, the old lady sits on a bench where an • Ending:

marriage between her and a rich guy dated on