BOHRS MODEL f) Cricket ball there is no significance of de-Broglie wave length .
explain
 An electron in the hydrogen atom can move around the nucleus in a circular path of
fixed radius and energy. These paths are called orbits or energy levels. These orbits
are arranged concentrically around the nucleus.
 As long as an electron remains in a particular orbit, it does not lose or gain energy
and its energy remains constant.
 When transition occurs between two stationary states that differ inenergy, the
frequency of the radiation absorb or emitted can be calculated
 An electron can move only in those orbits for which its angular momentum (mvr)an
integral multiple of h/2π
 The radius = 52.9 x (n2/z) pm
 The energy =2,18x 10-18 x( n2/z2) jouls
 When electron jumping from n1 to n2
 Energy change = 2,18x 10-18 ( 1/n12)- ( 1/n22)-
 Frequency = energy /h(plank’s constant)
 Wave length = hc/E
a) What is the wavelength of light emitted when the electron in a hydrogen atom
undergoes transition from an energy level with n = 4 to an energy level with n = 2?
b) The energy associated with the first orbit in the hydrogen atom is -2.18 x 10-18
j/atom. What is the energy associated with the fifth orbit (ii) Calculate the radius
of Bohr’s fifth orbit for hydrogen atom.
Limitations of Bohr’s Model
 It could not explain :Line spectra of multi electron atoms
 Splitting of lines in magnetic field (Zeeman effect) and in electric field (Stark effect).
c) What do you mean by Zeeman and stark effect ?
d) Explain why does energy of electron is negative ?
 The negative sign in the energy expression appears because the energy
of a free electron at rest is taken as zero. Such an electron would be at infinite
distance away from the nucleus and would not experience any force of attraction
towards it. As it comes closer, it experiences stronger and stronger attractive force
and its energy would decrease. Since it is less than zero, it would have negative sign
e) State de Broglie postulated the dual nature
The French physicist Louis de Broglie postulated the dual nature of moving particles
and showed that wavelength (l) of the matter wave is related to the momentum (p)
by the equation
. b) Why in the building of the atom, the filling of 5s orbital takes place before 4d
Mass of a ball more hence wavelength is less
g) State the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle #
. It is impossible to determine the exact position & exact momentum or velocity of
microscopic particle
h) What is the significance of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle?
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle rules out the existence of definite paths or
trajectories of electron
i) A golf ball has a mass of 40g and a speed of 45m/s.If the speed can be measured
within accuracy of 2%.Calculate the uncertainty in the position
j) What is the significance of . Ψ2?
Ψ2 gives us the region in which the probability of finding an electron is maximum
k) What is the difference between orbital and orbital
Orbital: The region of space around the nucleus where the probability of finding an
electron is maximum is called an orbital
Orbit : circular path around nucleolus in which electron revolves
 Quantum numbers: There are a set of four quantum numbers which specifythe
energy, size, shape and orientation of an orbital. To specify an orbital only three
quantum numbers are required while to specify an electron all four quantum
numbers are required
 Principal quantum number (n):It identifies shell, determines sizes
and energy of orbital’s
 Azimuthal quantum number. ‘l’ is also known as orbital angular
momentum or subsidiary quantum number. l. It identifies sub-shell,
determines the shape of orbital’s, energy of orbital’
 Magnetic quantum number or Magnetic orbital quantum number (ml): It
gives information about the spatial orientation of the orbital with respect to
standard set of co-ordinate axis
 Electron spin quantum number (ms): It refers to orientation of the
spin of theelectron. It can have two values +1/2 and -1/2. +1/2 identifies the
clockwisespin and -1/2 identifies the anti- clockwise spin
l) nodal surfaces or simply nodes. The region where this probability density
function reduces to zero is called nodal surfaces or simply nodes.
m) Radial nodes: Radial nodes occur when the probability density of wave
functionfor the electron is zero on a spherical surface of a particular radius.
Numberof radial nodes = n – l – 1
 . Stability of completely filled and half filled sub shells:
o Symmetrical distribution of electrons- the completely filled or half
filled sub-shells have symmetrical distribution of electrons in
them and are more stable.
Exchange energy
o -
a) Write the electronic configuration of Fe2+ ion (At.No:Fe=26 orbital ?
b) The electronic configuration of N is 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1 and not as 1s2 2s2 2px2 c) What is the causes for greater stability of half filled and completely filled
2py1.Why ?. configuration.
c) What are quantum numbers of the valence electron in the potassium atom(Z=19) in a) Which of the following orbitals are not possible? 1p, 2s, 3f and 3d Ans. 1p and 3f
the ground state ? are not possible.
a) What are the values of n and l of 2p orbital? Ans. n=2 and l= 1 b) Write the electronic configuration of the element having atomic number 24 and 29
n) Angular nodes: Angular nodes occur when the probability density Ans. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1
wavefunction for the electron is zero along the directions specified by a particular c) What atoms are indicated by the following a.1s2 2s2 2p1 b. [Ar]4s2 3d1 Ans. a. Boron
angle. Number of angular nodes = l Total number of nodes = n – 1 b. Scandium
o) Shielding effect or screening effect: Due to the presence of electrons in the inner d) Using s,p,d and f notation, describe the orbital with the following quantum
shells, the electron in the outer shell will not experience the full positive charge on numbers (a) n=1,l=0 (b) n=3, l=1 (c) n=4, l=2 (d) n=4, l=3 Ans. (a) 1s (b) 3p (c)4d (d) 4f
the nucleus e) Draw the shape of dxy,dz2 orbital
 Aufbau Principle: In the ground state of the atoms, the orbital’s are filled in f) How many electrons in an atom have the following quantum numbers? a. n=4,
order of their increasing energies ms= -1/2 b. n =3 , l=o Ans. (a) 16 electrons (b) 2 electrons.
 n+l rule-Orbitals with lower value of (n+l) have lower energy. If two orbital’s g) An electron is in one of the 3d orbitals, Give the possible values of n,l and mlfor
have the same value of (n+l) then orbital with lower value of n will have lower this electron
energy n=3, l=2, ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
 The order in which the orbitals are filled isas follows: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, h) Calculate the total number of angular nodes and radial nodes present in
4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s. 3porbitals. Ans. For 3p orbitals, n=3, l= 1 Number of angular nodes = l= 1 Number of
 Pauli Exclusion Principle: No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of radial nodes = n-l-1 = 3-1-1= 1
four quantum numbers. Only two electrons may exist in the same orbital and i) Write down the quantum numbers n and l for the following orbitals ##
these electrons must have opposite spin a. 2p b. 3d c. 5f
 Hunds rule : Pairing of electrons in the orbitals belonging to the same sub shell j) Write the 3 points of difference between orbit and orbital
(p, d or f) does not take place until each orbital belonging to that subshell has
got one electron k) The quantum numbers of six electrons are given below. Arrange them in order of
increasing energies. If any of these combination(s) has/have the same energy lists:
 The electronic configuration of oxygen atom is written as1s 2 2s2 2px2 2py1 2pz1
1. n= 4, l = 2, ml= –2 , ms= –1/2
and not as 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2.Name and state the rule governing this type of
2. n= 3, l = 2, ml= 1 , ms= +1/2
distribution 3. n= 4, l = 1, ml= 0 , ms= +1/2 4. n = 3, l= 2, ml= –2 , ms= –1/2
 Degenerate orbitals: Orbital’s having the same energy are called degenerate 5. n = 3, l= 1, ml= –1 ,ms= +1/2 6. n = 4, l= 1, ml= 0 , ms= +1/2
orbitals. l) Among the following pairs of orbital’s which orbital will experience the larger
effective nuclear charge? (i) 2s and 3s, (ii) 4d and 4f, (iii) 3d and 3p
m) A 10 g Table Tennis Ball is moving with a speed of 90 m/s which is measured with
an accuracy of 4% find out uncertainty in it speed as well as position
n) 10 g of tennis ball moving with 30 m/s velocity .Find the wave length
Show the Bohr’s orbit for the H-atom is an integral multiple of de-Broglie wave
length associated with electron