Nicole F D’Souza 10a

English
Ms Ganley
Dynamic Verbs are verbs that express action. E.g. run

Stative Verbs express a state rather than an action. E.g. hear

Imperative Verbs create an imperative sentence i.e. a

sentence that gives an order. E.g. must

Modal Verbs are used to express: ability, possibility,

permission or obligation. E.g doesn’t

Auxiliary Verbs are used together with a main verb to show

the verb’s tense or to form a negative or question. e.g. are

Phrasal Verbs combination of words that when used

together, usually take on a different meaning to that of the
original verb. E.g. stand up

Alliteration: This is where the first letter of a word is

repeated in words that follow. Eg, the cold, crisp, crust of
clean, clear ice.

Assonance: This is where the same vowel sound is repeated

but the consonants are different. Eg, he passed her a sharp,
dark glance, she shot a cool, foolish look across the room.

Colloquial language: This is language used in speech with an

informal meaning. E.g, chill, out of this world, take a rain
check

Dialect: This is a version of a language spoken by people in a

particular geographical area.

Dialogue: This is a conversation between two people -

sometimes an imagined conversation between the narrator
and the reader. Dialogue is important in drama and can show
conflict through a series of statements and challenges, or
intimacy where characters mirror the content and style of
each other's speech. It can also be found in the
conversational style of a poem.

Dissonance: This is discordant combinations of sounds. E.g,

the clash, spew and slow pang of grinding waves against the
quay.

Enjambment: This is device used in poetry where a sentence

continues beyond the end of the line or verse. This technique
is often used to maintain a sense of continuation from one
stanza to another.

Hyperbole: This is exaggerating for a purpose – it is not

meant to be taken literally. E.g, we gorged on the banquet of
beans on toast.

Imagery: This is where strong pictures or ideas are created in

the mind of the reader. Similes, metaphors and
personification can all be used to achieve this - they all
compare something 'real' with something 'imagined'.

Irony: This is where words or ideas are used humorously or

sarcastically, to imply the opposite of what they mean.

Metaphor: This is where a word or phrase is used to imply

figurative resemblance, not a literal or 'actual' one. E.g, he
flew into the room.

Monologue: An uninterrupted monologue can show a

character's importance or state of mind. Monologue can be in
speech form, delivered in front of other characters and
having great thematic importance, or as a soliloquy where we
see the character laying bare their soul and thinking aloud.

Onomatopoeia: This is a word that sounds like the noise it is

describing. E.g, splash, bang, pop, hiss.

Oxymoron: This is where two words normally not associated

are brought together. E.g, cold heat, bitter sweet.

Pathos: This is language that evokes feelings of pity or

sorrow.

Personification: This is where a human quality is attributed to

a thing or idea. E.g, the moon calls me to her darkened world.

Repetition: This is where a word or phrase is repeated to

achieve a particular effect.

Rhyme: Poems often have a fixed rhyme scheme. E.g,

sonnets have 14 lines with the fixed rhyme scheme ABAB
CDCD EFEF GG.

Rhythm: Many poems contain a repetitive beat or metre.

Simile: This is where a phrase establishes similarity between

two things. Similes usually involve the words 'like' or 'as'- he
is as quick as an arrow in flight, as white as snow, like a
burning star.

Symbolism: Objects, colours, sounds and places may work as

symbols. They can sometimes give us an insight into the
themes.

Tone: Tone is the creation of mood in a text, such as sadness,

gloom, celebration, joy, anxiety, dissatisfaction, regret or
anger. Different elements of writing can help to create these
moods. E.g, long sentences or verses, with assonance, tend to
create a sad, melancholic mood. But short syllabic, alliterative
lines can create an upbeat and pacy atmosphere.