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LABORATORY
LABORATORY 22
Group #:
Name Student I.D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Laboratory Description
The experiment is an alternative method in the mode of self-learning, which is assigned for each group.
Students are encouraged to use all resources available to ensure complete understanding on the
experiment assigned. Following are the objectives of the experiment, the expected outputs for
submission and the laboratory safety aspects.
Laboratory Objectives
1. To ensure students have hands-on training on an analysis method.
2. To ensure students are able to interpret, analyse, evaluate and give relevant recommendations
for their projects.
3. To encourage students to share the knowledge gained from the doing the laboratory analysis for
others by doing a presentation.
4. To encourage students to ask questions to the presenter in order to enhance their knowledge.
Laboratory Output
1. A written report to be submitted in one week time. The report should include:
a. Introduction
b. Literature review
c. Methodology
d. Results and discussion
e. Conclusion and recommendation
2. A short report to be submitted in the next day of experiment. The report should include:
a. Data collection
b. Results calculation
c. Answers of questions
Laboratory Safety
1. NO food and drink.
2. NO sandals or open-toe or heels shoes.
3. Hygiene: at times you will work with sewage. Be aware that handling your pens, calculator,
packs, etc. with contaminated gloves will contaminate those items. Putting pens in your mouth
that may have been on the bench or handled with gloves could be hazardous.
4. Spills: Wipe up all spills immediately, wash down and dry the bench. Please ask for assistance if
chemicals are spilled.
5. Broken Glass: Be careful not to break glass, but if you do ask for assistance. DO NOT PUT
BROKEN GLASS INTO THE REGULAR GARBAGE CONTAINER. If you cut yourself, no matter how
minor, please get help.
6. Clean-up: You must leave your workstation as you found it – clean and dry. All glassware must
be rinsed well (at least 5 times with tap water) and put on paper towels at your station or on
drying racks. Remember to empty and rinse burettes as well.
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COAGULATION AND WATER HARDNESS
Descriptions:
A common wastewater monitoring test is coagulation, flocculation and water hardness. You will
have to design an experimental step for monitoring test, analyze for meeting the standard
requirement and recommend the treatment for the samples provided during the lab.
Objectives:
1. To become familiar with wastewater treatment plant tests.
2. To illustrate some difficulties in performing these tests.
3. To illustrate the principles of coagulation and water hardness.
Materials:
1. Jar test apparatus
2. 6 x 1000 mL beakers
3. 1 g/L Alum solution (Al2(SO4)3.18H2O)
4. 1.0 N Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
5. 1.0 N H2SO4
6. Magnetic stirrer plus magnetic stirring bars (to mix coagulant solution)
7. Spectrophotometer
8. pH meter
Samples:
1. Lake water within the vicinity of the university
Experiments:
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10. Allow particles to settle for 20 min (remove the paddles during quiescent settling). Take
note on the clarity of supernatant liquid (very clear, clear, hazy, or cloudy) and settling
characteristics of the floc (rapid, moderate, slow).
11. Measure the turbidity and pH of the liquid in each jar by sampling at the top, taking care
not to disturb the sediment in sampling.
12. Measure the depth of sludge in the beaker.
13. Plot turbidity against alum dosage.
3. Compare the production of sludge from the experiments done in A and B. Which has
more sludge generation and why?
4. What can you conclude from the experiment done on the important factors affecting
coagulation?
6. Assuming that a water plant influent is 0.044 m3/s and alum is used to remove
particulate matter, reducing the concentration of organic matter and reduce the
alkalinity of water according to the following equation:
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Al2(SO4)3.14H2O + 6HCO3- 2Al(OH)3 (s) +6CO2 + 14H2O + 3SO2-4
If the organic matter concentration is reduced from 8 mg/L to 3 mg/L, determine the
total mass of alkalinity consumed and the total mass of dry solids removed per day using
the optimum dosage obtained.
~Good Luck~
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