Sie sind auf Seite 1von 5

CDB 3082

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LAB IV

LABORATORY
LABORATORY 22

Waste Water Sampling and Characterization


-Coagulation and Water Hardness-

Group #:
Name Student I.D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Internal
Laboratory Description
The experiment is an alternative method in the mode of self-learning, which is assigned for each group.
Students are encouraged to use all resources available to ensure complete understanding on the
experiment assigned. Following are the objectives of the experiment, the expected outputs for
submission and the laboratory safety aspects.
Laboratory Objectives
1. To ensure students have hands-on training on an analysis method.
2. To ensure students are able to interpret, analyse, evaluate and give relevant recommendations
for their projects.
3. To encourage students to share the knowledge gained from the doing the laboratory analysis for
others by doing a presentation.
4. To encourage students to ask questions to the presenter in order to enhance their knowledge.
Laboratory Output
1. A written report to be submitted in one week time. The report should include:
a. Introduction
b. Literature review
c. Methodology
d. Results and discussion
e. Conclusion and recommendation
2. A short report to be submitted in the next day of experiment. The report should include:
a. Data collection
b. Results calculation
c. Answers of questions
Laboratory Safety
1. NO food and drink.
2. NO sandals or open-toe or heels shoes.
3. Hygiene: at times you will work with sewage. Be aware that handling your pens, calculator,
packs, etc. with contaminated gloves will contaminate those items. Putting pens in your mouth
that may have been on the bench or handled with gloves could be hazardous.
4. Spills: Wipe up all spills immediately, wash down and dry the bench. Please ask for assistance if
chemicals are spilled.
5. Broken Glass: Be careful not to break glass, but if you do ask for assistance. DO NOT PUT
BROKEN GLASS INTO THE REGULAR GARBAGE CONTAINER. If you cut yourself, no matter how
minor, please get help.
6. Clean-up: You must leave your workstation as you found it – clean and dry. All glassware must
be rinsed well (at least 5 times with tap water) and put on paper towels at your station or on
drying racks. Remember to empty and rinse burettes as well.

Internal
COAGULATION AND WATER HARDNESS

Descriptions:
A common wastewater monitoring test is coagulation, flocculation and water hardness. You will
have to design an experimental step for monitoring test, analyze for meeting the standard
requirement and recommend the treatment for the samples provided during the lab.

Objectives:
1. To become familiar with wastewater treatment plant tests.
2. To illustrate some difficulties in performing these tests.
3. To illustrate the principles of coagulation and water hardness.

Materials:
1. Jar test apparatus
2. 6 x 1000 mL beakers
3. 1 g/L Alum solution (Al2(SO4)3.18H2O)
4. 1.0 N Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
5. 1.0 N H2SO4
6. Magnetic stirrer plus magnetic stirring bars (to mix coagulant solution)
7. Spectrophotometer
8. pH meter

Samples:
1. Lake water within the vicinity of the university

Experiments:

Experiment A: Determination of Optimum Coagulant Dosage


1. Prepare the coagulant.
2. Filter the sample to remove suspended solids.
3. Analyse test water for pH and turbidity
4. Measure exactly 1 liter of water into each jar test reactor. Prepare the portions of the
aluminium or ferric sulfate solution that will give coagulant dose of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and
50 mg/L.
5. Mix at 50 rpm to ensure water is completely mixed.
6. Measure chemical volumes to achieve desired dose in each reactor.
7. Increase mixing speed to 250 rpm. Add the chemicals to each reactor near the vortex.
All reactors should be dosed at the same time.
8. Rapid mix for 1 min at 250 rpm. Reduce mixing to 60 rpm for 9 min. Reduce mixing to 25
rpm for 4 min. Reduce mixing to 10 rpm for 2 min. This can be programmed into the jar
tester. Observe the reactors to detect the formation of flocs and note the time of floc
appearance.
9. Turn off mixers and record relative floc size (pin-point, small, medium, or large).

Internal
10. Allow particles to settle for 20 min (remove the paddles during quiescent settling). Take
note on the clarity of supernatant liquid (very clear, clear, hazy, or cloudy) and settling
characteristics of the floc (rapid, moderate, slow).
11. Measure the turbidity and pH of the liquid in each jar by sampling at the top, taking care
not to disturb the sediment in sampling.
12. Measure the depth of sludge in the beaker.
13. Plot turbidity against alum dosage.

Experiment B: Determination of Optimum pH


1. Repeat the jar test using observed optimum dosage of aluminium or ferric sulfate but
adjusting the pH of sample water in each jar to 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 11 with NaOH or H 2SO4
prior to adding coagulant.
2. Measure the turbidity and pH of the liquid in each jar by sampling at the top, taking care
not to disturb the sediment in sampling.
3. Measure the depth of sludge in the beaker.
4. Plot turbidity against pH.

Calculations and questions:


1. What is optimum dosage of alum and at what pH?

2. Did the pH increase or decrease during coagulation? Why?

3. Compare the production of sludge from the experiments done in A and B. Which has
more sludge generation and why?

4. What can you conclude from the experiment done on the important factors affecting
coagulation?

5. Explain why trivalent cations are important for an effective coagulation.

6. Assuming that a water plant influent is 0.044 m3/s and alum is used to remove
particulate matter, reducing the concentration of organic matter and reduce the
alkalinity of water according to the following equation:

Internal
Al2(SO4)3.14H2O + 6HCO3- 2Al(OH)3 (s) +6CO2 + 14H2O + 3SO2-4

If the organic matter concentration is reduced from 8 mg/L to 3 mg/L, determine the
total mass of alkalinity consumed and the total mass of dry solids removed per day using
the optimum dosage obtained.

~Good Luck~

Internal

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen