REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
operations, and they may be used to
FOREIGN
“An Introduction to Fire Detection,
Alarm, and Automatic Fire
Sprinklers”
FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM
SYSTEMS
Introduction
A key aspect of fire protection is to
identify a developing fire emergency in a
timely manner, and to alert the building's
occupants and fire emergency
organizations. This is the role of fire
detection and alarm systems.
Depending on the anticipated fire
scenario, building and use type, number
and type of occupants, and criticality of
contents and mission, these systems
can provide several main functions. First
they provide a means to identify a
developing fire through either manual or
automatic methods and second, they
alert building occupants to a fire
condition and the need to evacuate.
Another common function is the
transmission of an alarm notification
signal to the fire department or other
emergency response organization. They
may also shut down electrical, air
handling equipment or special process
initiate automatic suppression systems.
This section will describe the basic
aspects of fire detection and alarm
systems.
Control Panels
The control panel is the "brain" of the
fire detection and alarm system. It is
responsible for monitoring the various
alarm "input" devices such as manual
and automatic detection components,
and then activating alarm "output"
devices such as horns, bells, warning
lights, emergency telephone dialers, and
building controls. Control panels may
range from simple units with a single
input and output zone, to complex
computer driven systems that monitor
several buildings over an entire campus.
Fire Detectors
Automatic detectors are meant to imitate
one or more of the human senses of
touch, smell or sight. Thermal detectors
are similar to our ability to identify high
temperatures, smoke detectors replicate
the sense of smell, and flame detectors
are electronic eyes. The properly
selected and installed automatic
detector can be a highly reliable fire
sensor.
Thermal detectors are highly reliable
and have good resistance to operation
from non-hostile sources. They are also
very easy and inexpensive to maintain.
On the down side, they do not function
until room temperatures have reached a
substantial temperature, at which point
the fire is well underway and damage is
growing exponentially. Subsequently,
thermal detectors are usually not
permitted in life safety applications.
They are also not recommended in
locations where there is a desire to
identify a fire before substantial flames
occur, such as spaces where high value
thermal sensitive contents are housed.
The most common smoke detectors are
spot type units that are placed along
ceilings or high on walls in a manner
similar to spot thermal units. They
operate on either an ionization or
photoelectric principle, with each type
having advantages in different
applications. For large open spaces
such as galleries and atria, a frequently
used smoke detector is a projected
beam unit. This detector consists of two
components, a light transmitter and a
receiver, that are mounted at some
distance (up to 300 ft/100m) apart. As
smoke migrates between the two
components, the transmitted light beam
becomes obstructed and the receiver is
no longer able to see the full beam
intensity. This is interpreted as a smoke
condition, and the alarm activation
signal is transmitted to the fire alarm
panel.
FIRE SPRINKLERS
Introduction
For most fires, water represents the
ideal extinguishing agent. Fire sprinklers
utilize water by direct application onto
flames and heat, which causes cooling
of the combustion process and prevents
ignition of adjacent combustibles. They
are most effective during the fire's initial
flame growth stage, while the fire is
relatively easy to control. A properly
selected sprinkler will detect the fire's
heat, initiate alarm, and begin
suppression within moments after
flames appear. In most instances
sprinklers will control fire advancement
within a few minutes of their activation,
which will in turn result in significantly
less damage than otherwise would
happen without sprinklers.
Among the potential benefits of
sprinklers are the following:
Immediate identification and control of a
developing fire. Sprinkler systems
respond at all times, including periods of
low occupancy. Control is generally
instantaneous.
Immediate alert. In conjunction with the
building fire alarm system, automatic
sprinkler systems will notify occupants
and emergency response personnel of
the developing fire.
Reduced heat and smoke damage.
Significantly less heat and smoke will be
generated when the fire is extinguished
at an early stage.
Enhanced life safety. Staff, visitors and
fire fighters will be subject to less danger
when fire growth is checked.
Design flexibility. Egress route and
fire/smoke barrier placement becomes
less restrictive since early fire control
minimizes demand on these systems.
Many fire and building codes will permit
design and operations flexibility based
on the presence of a fire sprinkler
system.
Enhanced security. A sprinkler
controlled fire can reduce demand on
security forces by minimizing intrusion
and theft opportunities.
Decreased insurance expenditure.
Sprinkler controlled fires are less
damaging than fires in nonsprinklered
buildings. Insurance underwriters may
offer reduced premiums in sprinkler
protected properties.
These benefits should be considered
when deciding on the selection of
automatic fire sprinkler protection.
Sprinkler System Components and
Operation
Sprinkler systems are essentially a
series of water pipes that are supplied
by a reliable water supply. At selected
intervals along these pipes are
independent, heat activated valves
known as sprinkler heads. It is the
sprinkler that is responsible for water
distribution onto the fire. Most sprinkler
systems also include an alarm to alert
occupants and emergency forces when
sprinkler activation (fire) occurs.
During the incipient fire stage, the heat
output is relatively low and is unable to
cause sprinkler operation. However, as
the fire intensity increases, the
sprinkler's sensing elements become
exposed to elevated temperatures
(typically in excess of 57–107°C (135–
225°F), and begin to deform. Assuming
temperatures remain high, as they
would during an increasing fire, the
element will fatigue after an approximate
30 to 120 second period. This releases
the sprinkler's seals allowing water to
discharge onto the fire and begin the
suppression action. In most situations
less than 2 sprinklers are needed to
control the fire. In fast growing fire
scenarios, however, such as a
flammable liquid spill, up to 12 sprinklers
may be required.
In addition to normal fire control efforts,
sprinkler operation may be
interconnected to initiate building and
fire department alarms, shutdown
electrical and mechanical equipment,
close fire doors and dampers, and
suspend some processes.
As fire fighters arrive their efforts will
focus on ensuring that the system has
contained the fire, and, when satisfied,
shut off the water flow to minimize water
damage. It is at this point that staff will
normally be permitted to enter the
damaged space and perform salvage
duties.
“Fire Service Features of Buildings
and Fire Protection Systems”
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration U.S. Department of
Labor
SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
Fire sprinkler systems provide early fire
control or extinguishment. If properly
designed, approved, installed, and
maintained, sprinkler systems help to
mitigate the fire hazard to both
occupants and firefighters. The
importance and effectiveness of
sprinkler systems has been
demonstrated for many years.6 Lack of
sprinkler systems, inadequate coverage,
or sprinkler impairments have been cited
after many major fire incidents. For
example, deficiencies in the sprinkler
system of a Georgia textile recycling
plant in 2007 led to one worker fatality
and a challenging incident for firefighters
to control, which resulted in the
destruction of the plant.
Zoning
It is important for sprinkler designers
and fire alarm designers to work
together in buildings of any size or
complexity. The fire alarm system will
often have an annunciator to indicate
the location of the alarm to the fire
service. Coordination is essential to
furnish the fire service with clear
information on the fire or its location.
The sprinkler piping arrangement will
determine how specific a fire alarm
annunciator is able to indicate water flow
signals. In other than very small
buildings, a separate sprinkler zone
should be provided for each floor level.
This will allow the fire alarm annunciator
to indicate the floor level, directing the
firefighters to the correct floor. As the
size of each floor increases, the amount
of time it takes firefighters to search a
floor to find the fire location increases.
Large floor levels should be divided into
zones. This accomplishes two things: (1)
it allows the fire alarm to indicate the fire
location more specifically within a floor,
and (2) it limits the system area taken
out of service for maintenance, repairs,
or renovations.
Control Valves
Valves that control sprinkler systems or
specific zones must normally remain
open. Codes often require them to be
supervised electrically by the fire alarm
system or another method. Electronic
supervision can help ensure that valves
are returned to the open position after
repair or maintenance.
Unwanted Alarms
Unwanted sprinkler alarm scenarios
involve alarm conditions without an
actual emergency. Such nuisance
alarms are not “false alarms” or
malfunctions because the equipment
usually performed as designed. Proper
design, installation and approval can
contribute to the reduction of unwanted
nuisance alarms. This both decreases
the hazards to firefighters and keeps
them available for actual emergency
incidents. Water flow indicators sense
the movement of water or pressure
changes. Their activation triggers a
water flow alarm signal to a fire alarm
system or remote monitoring location. It
is important that these devices operate
when water is actually flowing from
sprinklers rather than due to other non-
emergency circumstances such as
water surges. Devices such as excess
pressure pumps (that maintain pressure
on systems at a higher pressure than
the highest expected surge) or retard
chambers (that fill to accommodate
expected surges) help prevent
unwanted alarms.
“ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS FOR
GOOD LIFE” FIRE PROTECTION
SERVICES
TBS INDUSTRIAL SERVICES INC.
FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM
SYSTEM TBS Industrial Services, Inc.
shall assure of the working condition of
the alarm system and sprinkler system
of building and other facilities at all times
and ready to work properly when such
emergency situation occurs. A key
aspect of fire protection is to identify a
developing fire emergency in a timely
manner, and to alert the building's
occupants and fire emergency
organizations. This is the role of fire
detection and alarm systems.
Depending on the anticipated fire
scenario, building and use type, number
and type of occupants and criticality of
contents and mission, these systems
can provide several main functions:
First, they provide a means to identify a
developing fire through either manual or
automatic methods. Second, they alert
building occupants to a fire condition
and the need to evacuate. Another
common function is the transmission of
an alarm notification signal to the fire
department or other emergency
response organization. They may also
shut down electrical, air handling
equipment or special process
operations, and they may be used to
initiate automatic suppression systems.
KITCHEN SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
The first line of defense against fire in a
commercial kitchen is the fire protection
system installed in the exhaust hood.
Appliance specific fire suppression is a
wet chemical system to be used when
the equipment placement is known and
expect few, if any, changes. Nozzles are
selected and aimed at specific hazards
on each appliance. The chemical agent
itself is a nearly neutral PH agent that
can be safely cleaned up with water and
a sponge.
WATER MIST SYSTEM
• Quick Temperature reduction of the
protected hazard
• Effective on deep-seated fires
• Easy refilling fires, resulted in over ten billion dollars
in damages over the same time period.
• Effective in flammable liquid fires
According to the United States Fire
eliminating the risk of re-ignition
Administration (USFA), in 2001 the U.S.
• Minimal water damage had one of the highest fire death rates in
the industrialized world. Twenty-three
“COLLEGE HOUSING FIRE SAFETY”
percent of all fires across the United
Abstract States occur in a residence (USFA,
2004d, Home Fire Safety). College
This project was sponsored by the U.S.
housing provides residence for college
Consumer Product Safety Commission
students; it presents fire hazards and
(CPSC) to address the issue of fire
histories similar to those of residential
safety in college residences and to
housing. In the United States there are
assist in the achievement of the CPSC’s
on average 1,700 fires in college and
strategic goal of a 20% reduction in fire-
university dormitories and in fraternity
related deaths over the period of 1998-
and sorority houses, leading to 2.8
2013. We researched and analyzed the
million dollars in damage annually
causes of fires, fire education programs,
(USFA, 2004b, Campus Fire Safety).
and fire detection and suppression.
Fires in college student residences lead
From this, we developed
to approximately 15 deaths and 50
recommendations for the CPSC to
injuries annually. The U.S. Consumer
address the issue of college housing fire
Product Safety Commission (CPSC) has
safety.
a Strategic Goal to reduce the rate of
Introduction fire-related deaths in all fires by twenty
percent from the 1998 annual estimate
From 1992 through 2001, there were an
by the year 2013. Currently, most
estimated 400,000 residential fires in the
colleges ban specific consumer products
United States, resulting in over 3,500
that pose potential fire hazards in
deaths and 25,000 injures per year
college housing, but a number of
(United States Fire Administration,
students are unaware of, or ignore,
2004d, Home Fire Safety). These fires,
these bans. In addition, there are
along with damages from non-residential
numerous permitted items that pose fire
hazards. Student behavior is also a key
factor in fire incidents that could result in
injuries and deaths. Current fire safety
research done by the CPSC is focused
mainly on residential housing in general
rather than specifically on college
housing. CPSC research includes
investigations to determine the causes,
damages, and injuries and fatalities
resulting from fires. Similar data are also
recorded by local fire departments in the
National Fire Incident Reporting System
(NFIRS). Other research has focused on
the effectiveness of the various forms of
fire suppression, including water-mist
and non-wet systems, and fire
extinguishers. According to the CPSC,
less attention is given to the college
student age group regarding fire safety,
and therefore the CPSC needs more
research to be focused directly on fire
safety in college housing such as
dormitories, on-campus apartments, and
Greek housing. There are many issues
involving college housing fires that
remain unresolved. The CPSC conducts
research on residential fire dangers and
issues recommendations and reports on
their findings. But, their primary research
scope does not include colleges and
universities, and thus CPSC data
concerning housing fires at these
institutions are absent. The main issue
we researched is the role of consumer
products in college housing fires. A
second issue is whether or not colleges
and universities are implementing
methods to ensure the compliance with
fire safety policies in place at the
institution. A third issue that was
examined is the extent to which college
students are participating in fire
education programs, and whether or not
they are actually learning the material
introduced to them and acting on it. The
fourth issue was to determine what role
human behavior plays in college
housing fires. The last key issue
involves fire suppression. We
researched the presence of fire
suppression systems and the
effectiveness of them. The goal of this
project was to provide the CPSC with
recommendations for effective ways to
address the issue of college housing fire
safety. In order to assist our sponsor
with this goal, we developed several
objectives. To gain knowledge about the
causes of college housing fires, we
identified and researched consumer
products, building materials, and other
items that are potential fire hazards. We
learned about past college housing fires
using NFIRS and CPSC databases. We
visited college and university campuses
and evaluated their specific fire safety
policies and methods. This provided
data to determine trends or patterns in
college housing fires. To learn about the
relationship between college student
behavior, gender, and fire safety issues,
we evaluated studies and theories
regarding human behavior and how the
fires were started. Recommendations to
address college fire safety that may help
to reduce the incidence of such
unfortunate events were developed
through review and analysis of the
aforementioned information.
"Fire Detection and Alarm System (A
Brief Guide to Qatar Fire Protection
Engineering Practice in the Building
Built Environment, Republished)"
Abstract
This article paper was one of the “Most
Read Article with 620+ views published
via Linked In Publishing Network page
last January 20, 2018. The document
has been prepared to provide a course
background with the requirement of the
Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)
which is the QCDD(Qatar Civil Defense
Department) for the Fire Detection and
Alarm System (FDAS) on all building
built scales applications within the
building built environment in Qatar
constructions specifically. However, this
article paper also applies in other state
or country around the world in the
protection building properties and lives.
And thus, provides a learning process
and experiences that will involve within
the course of my study and research
over time in particular with Fire
Protection and Safety Engineering, and
sharing with you something on the
design aspect and even in the
construction side.
The Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
(FDAS) is one of the branch subject
course topics of Fire Protection and
Safety Engineering regarding NFPA Fire
Protection Handbooks. And also, with
the Building Services Engineering,
which was described in my previous
article published via LinkedIn(Building
Services Engineering Management, an
introduction that needs to understand),
which is part of my AIU Master of
Science in Mechanical Engineering
Subject Course with “Fire
System Design and Analysis.” However,
the most critical thought in the building
facility of the importance of FDAS, which
have been designed for the system to
discover fires at the early stage of their
development so that the time availability
will secure for the safe evacuation of
occupants in the building. With the early
detection, the system will play a
significant role in protecting the safety of
emergency response personnel where
building property loss can be reduced,
and downtime for the operation will be
minimized because of the control efforts
which have been started while the fire
source is still small. Most buildings
designed fire alarm and detection
systems have provided information to
emergency responders on the location
where the fire source started, and
through this system - speeding the
process of fire control through by means
of FDAS in the building built
environment and facilities.
FDAS Design Practice Requirement
in Qatar
Throughout my practice in Qatar have
had consolidated the general Fire
Detection and Alarm Systems (FDAS)
requirements. And this is for the
development of any building structures,
which will be provided following the
Qatar Law through the Qatar Civil
Defense Department (QCDD). Whereas
the QCDD is the Authority Having
Jurisdiction (AHJ) in the country through
with the Fire Safety Standards (FSS) set
forth relevance as well as coordination
with other authorities like KAHRAMAA
and ASHGHAL Regulations, and other
applicable National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA 70 and NFPA 72)
Codes and Standards to be applied in
the building built environment. The main
objective is to provide an overview of the
Fire Detection and Alarm System
(FDAS) strategically for any Building
Projects that have to be developed as
well as ensuring compliance with the
prescriptive requirements in support of
the formal approval design process and
building operation as defined by the
Qatar Civil Defence (QCD) in the
country that needs to be achieved. In
Qatar, the AHJ, which is the Qatar Civil
Defence Department (QCDD) have
enforced and require the use of the
QCD Fire Safety Standards and the
NFPAs suite of Codes and Standards of
Practices for FDAS applications. NFPAs
applicable edition of the following Codes
and Standards are the basis of design
for any building built environment
structures as follows:
Qatar Civil Defence Fire Safety
Standards Series (QCD FSS)
KAHRAMAA Regulations
 NFPA 1, Fire Code
 NFPA 14, Standard for
Installation of Standpipe, and
Hose Systems
 NFPA 16, Standard for the
Installation of Foam-Water
Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray
Systems
 NFPA 20, Installation of
Stationary Pumps
 NFPA 22, Water Tanks for
Private Fire Protection
 NFPA 24, Standard for
Installation of Private Fire Service
Mains and Their Appurtenances
 NFPA 45, Standard on Fire
Protection for Laboratories Using
Chemicals
 NFPA 70, National Electric Code
 NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm
Code
 NFPA 75, Standard for the fire
protection of information
technology equipment
 NFPA 76, Standard for the fire
protection of telecommunications
facilities
 NFPA 90A, Standard for
Installation of Air-conditioning and
Ventilating Systems
 NFPA 92, Standard for Smoke
Control Systems
 NFPA 101, Life Safety Code
 NFPA 110, Standard for
Emergency and Standby Power
Systems
 NFPA 400, Hazardous Materials
Code
NFPA 5000, Building Construction and
Safety Code Qatar Civil Defence
Department (QCD) will play an integral
role in the development of the design
and the fire safety provisions that to be
incorporated in the buildings. Although
QCD is not actively involved in the
design, however, all design solutions
and proposals concerning architectural,
structural, and MEP are subject to
the approval of QCD, the Authority
Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) in the country
in securing building permit before
construction within the Tender
IFC Stage of design. Accordingly, the
AHJ has a full mandate to arbitrate any
interpretation of the codes, or even
request features above and beyond the
prescriptive guidance during the
approval process. However, all buildings
shall be protected throughout by an
approved with total (complete) coverage
smoke detection system in providing
occupant notification. The fire Detection
and Alarm Systems (FDAS) shall be
installed following NFPA 72 of the latest
edition and aligning with the local
authority as well as the requirement of
the nominated manufacturer.
“Piping layout for fire sprinkler
system: An overview”
Abstract
In today’s times, the designing of piping
systems has become an important field.
With increased urbanization, and
construction of complex infrastructures
like advanced warehouses, factories,
power distribution centers, refineries,
multi-storied residential and commercial
buildings, etc. , having a good piping
system is a must for supplying adequate
amount of clean water for fighting
against fire threats. Earlier, piping
design was done by using many manual
calculations and formulation methods.
This made piping design a laborious and
time-consuming process and it was also
prone to large amount of errors.
However, modern piping design is done
by using software such as ANSYS,
CFD, AUTOCAD, etc. for doing
calculations and drawing/designing the
required layout. This not only reduces
the computation times, but also allows
us to have a virtual simulation of the
chosen design, thereby giving us a
better idea about how effective the
chosen piping design will be before it is
implemented, thus allowing us to fine
tune the design for better output and
also reducing the errors. In this paper,
we highlight the requirements of a good
piping system, and we elaborate upon
the various steps involved in designing
of such systems, and choosing the
suitable type of piping layout for the
required conditions such as available
pressure, consumption demand, flow
rate, etc. and performing various
calculations on the basis of the above
factors.
INTRODUCTION
Piping Network is a system of pipes and
trenches which provide the appropriate
quality and quantity of water to a
community. The design, construction
and layout of the piping network have to following main steps: 1. Preliminary
be carefully prepared in order to ensure Studies 2. Design Phases 3. Network
that there is enough flow pressure to Layout 4. Hydraulic Analysis
supply hygienically safe water. Once the
“Design Project Report Fire
network is constructed, its maintenance
Sprinklers Design - College of
has to be performed, which includes
Engineering Department of
repairs, leakage control, prevention of
Mechanical Engineering Spring 2017-
recontamination, etc. Along with
18 Senior “
maintenance, the proper operation of
pumping stations has to be ensured for Abstract
areas where gravity pressure alone is
A fire sprinkler framework is a dynamic
not enough.
fire assurance technique, comprising of
Requirements of an Adequate a water supply framework, giving
Distribution System: sufficient weight and stream rate to a
water circulation-channeling framework,
For an adequate water distribution
onto which fire sprinklers are
system, the requirements are as follows:
associated. Also it is utilized as a part of
1. Water quality should not deteriorate
processing plants and substantial
while flowing through the distribution
business structures, frameworks for
pipes. 2. The system should be capable
homes and little structures are presently
of supplying water to all the intended
accessible at a practical cost. Fire
places with sufficient pressure head. 3.
sprinkler frameworks are broadly utilized
It should be capable of supplying the
around the world, with more than 40
required amount of water during
million sprinkler heads fitted every year.
firefighting. 4. The layout should be such
In structures totally secured by flame
that no consumer is without water
sprinklers alone controlled sprinkler
supply, during the repair of any section
frameworks, more than 96% of flames.
of the system. 6. It should be fairly
Sprinklers have been being used in the
watertight to minimize losses due to
United States since 1874, and were
leakage. The design of water distribution
utilized as a part of manufacturing plant
for firefighting (Figure 2) consists of the
applications where fires when the new
century rolled over were regularly
disastrous as far as both human and
property losses. In the US, sprinklers
are today required in all new skyscraper
and underground structures for the most
part 75 feet (23 m) above or beneath
flame office get to, where the capacity of
firefighters to give sufficient hose
streams to flames is restricted.
Sprinklers might be required to be
introduced by construction standards, or
might be prescribed by insurance
agencies to decrease potential property
losses or business intrusion.
Construction standards in the United
States for spots of gathering, by and
large more than 100 people, and places
with overnight dozing convenience, for
example, hotels, nursing homes,
residences, and hospitals ordinarily
require sprinklers under nearby building
regulations, as a state of accepting
State and Federal financing. In this
Project, the aim is to develop a simple
Fire Sprinkler, where the sprinkler can
be tested. The test of the sprinkler is to
be by connecting the pipes and the
reservoir that contains the water and
how the breaking of the chemical tube is
happening as if there is a real fire
occurring in a building. Further studies
will include the calculations of the radius
and the area that one sprinkler can
handle during a fire case and how many
one we have to install in a building to
cover the fire as a given flow rate and
pressure.
Introduction
1.1 Project Definition This project is
intended to design and manufacture a
simple Fire Sprinklers, where the fire
sprinkler can be inserted and tested.
The test fire sprinkler is to be fitted with
pipes and connections along with the
tube bulb that could be exchangeable
for many number of testing in which we
can show it many times and change the
bulb every time we test. The project is
very important to the industries, as
through understanding the
characteristics of different types of the
fire sprinklers so that we could be able
to use every one in their specific location
and task. This is also very important
from the safety prospective as this will
lead to a safe social environment to
cover many areas such as operation
plants, schools, hospitals gas stations
and more. The project will show more
details about the specifications and
dimension and radius of covering the
area of the intended to put the fire off of danger and lessen their exposure to fire
it. Also to show the students how the fire as much as possible.
sprinklers working mechanism occurs
and how does it really work. Also to
demonstrate the different kinds of the
distribution flow of the nozzle that could
give more efficient and effective result
as they could be varied with the
environment and the nature of the place
or building. For example, school would
have different type of fire sprinklers than
the chemical industry and so the flow
rate and the medium used to put the fire
such as Foam, Water and weather it will
be wet or dry, as we will see later on.

1.2 Project Objectives: 1. Design and

construct a Fire Sprinklers to show flow
rate and pressure distributing for fire
detected in school or hospital or
chemical industry using specific type of
sprinkles 2. Study the change in
different types of the Fire Sprinklers and
how they can be more efficient for their
designated area and field. 3. Relate
different type and medium used in
different weather and conditions
depending on the environment and
needs. 4. Developing fire sprinklers
distribution techniques to prevent huge
uncontrolled fire to be put off without the
need to make firefighters possess more