CSAT controversy no.

1 OPTS503M201921-3
Suresh Venkatraman

• An ‘ reputed academic’ running many educational institutions,

remarked that there is a difference in CSAT performance between men
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and women as evidenced by the following scores.

• A sample of 30 random gentlemen candidates had a mean and
standard deviation of (436, 77) and 30 random lady candidates scored
(416, 81)
• Given that the two samples were similar in educational backgrounds,
socio-economic status, and age,
• Do you agree with this interpretation?

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 Another sampling distribution OPTS503M201921-3
Suresh Venkatraman

❑ Sampling distribution of X1 − X 2 is normally distributed.

❑ Why so?
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1. A linear combination of normally distributed random variables

is also normally distributed.
2. If underlying distribution is not normal,
❑ then by the central limit theorem,
❑ the sampling distribution of X1 − X 2
❑ is approximately normal
❑ (but) only if both n1 > 30 and n2 > 30.

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 If we know the sampling OPTS503M201921-3

distribution Suresh Venkatraman

◼ We can get Confidence Interval for m1 − m2

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◼ If the values of the sample means x1 and x2 are computed

from two independent random samples with n1 and n2
observations, respectively.

◼ The mean of the sampling distribution of X1 − X 2 is m1 − m2

◼ Why?

◼ What about the variance of this sampling distribution?

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 Variance of the random variable OPTS503M201921-3

( X̅1 minus X̅2 )

Suresh Venkatraman

We know from IMD module 3

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OR if you prefer from Chapter 5 of the text book p 146

that Var(X +/- Y) = Var(X) + Var(Y) +/- 2 Cov(X,Y)

Hence, Var(X̅1 - X̅2 ) = Var(X̅1) + Var(X̅2) - 2 Cov(X̅1 - X̅2)

Since the samples are drawn independently there is no

covariance between the variables X̅1 and X̅2

Hence, Var(X̅1 - X̅2 ) = σ21/n1 + σ22/n2

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 What are Independent OPTS503M201921-3
Suresh Venkatraman

Random samples ?

❑ Two (or more) random samples are considered

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independent
❑ if the process that generates one sample is completely
separate
❑ from the process that generates the other sample.
❑ Is this criterion met in our problem- ladies vs. gentlemen ?

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 Confidence interval when OPTS503M201921-3
Suresh Venkatraman

the σ2 are both known

If σ21 and σ22 are known,
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a 100(1 − α)% confidence interval of

the difference between two population means µ1 − µ2

is given by
 2
 2

( x1 − x2 )  z /2 1
+ 2
n1 n2

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 When both σ2 are unknown OPTS503M201921-3

but assumed equal Suresh Venkatraman

If 21 and 22 are unknown but assumed equal, a 100(1 − )%
confidence interval of the difference between two population
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means m1 − m2 is given by 1 1
( x1 − x2 )  t /2,df s  + 
2
p
 n1 n2 

where the pooled variance (

s2 = 1
n − 1) s1
2
+ ( n2 − 1) s 2
2

n1 + n2 − 2
p

s12 and s22 are the corresponding sample variances and

df = n1 + n2 − 2
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 When the σ2 are unknown & OPTS503M201921-3
Suresh Venkatraman

cannot be assumed equal

If 21 and 22 are unknown but cannot be assumed to be equal,
a 100(1 − )% confidence interval of
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the difference between two population means

m1 − m2 is given by s12 s22
( x1 − x2 )  t /2,df +
n1 n2

(s )
2
2
1 n1 + s n22
2
where df =
(s ) (n (
− 1) + s n2 ) (n − 1)
2 2
2 2
1 n1 1 2 2

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 In our problem OPTS503M201921-3

ladies vs. gentlemen Suresh Venkatraman

• H0: µ♂- µ ♀ = 0

• Ha: µ♂- µ ♀ ≠ 0 [two-sided]

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• We do not know the two population standard deviations but

there is no reason to assume they would be different.

• Suppose we decide upfront that we will reject null hypothesis

only at 10% level of significance

• Being a two tailed test we need to find t for 5% but how

many degrees of freedom ?
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 Let us look at the data OPTS503M201921-3
Suresh Venkatraman

n Sample Sample Standard

Mean x̅ Deviation s
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Group 1:
30 416 81
Ladies
Group 2:
Gentlemen 30 436 77

• Hypothesized difference between population means = 0

• Observed difference in sample means = 436 – 416 = 20
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 Applying the method OPTS503M201921-3
Suresh Venkatraman

(n − 1) sm2 + (m − 1) s 2f (29)77 2 + (29)812

s 2p = = = 6245
n+m−2 58
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6245 6245 6245 6245

M 30 − F30 ~T58 (0, + ) + = 20.4
30 30 30 30

Test Statistic = (Y - µY)/ SD(Y)

= (20 - 0) / (20.4) = 0.98
p(t58 dof ≥ 1.672) = 5% you can check the table on page 649
Draw the tail to decide whether we should retain or reject Ho
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 Remember the ‘reputed academic’
running many educational OPTS503M201921-3
Suresh Venkatraman

institutions, who said µ♂- µ ♀ ≠ 0

Obviously he did not use

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these symbols!

Sorry sir, we cannot

agree with you
that men and women
perform
differently in CSAT ☺

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