CHAPTER 1

JAY - EM G. AJOC
Surigao Education Center
EVOLUTION OF MAN
what separate us from
the animals

“Our imaginations … and having

friends with imaginations” Thomas
Suddendorf

“Speech, fire agriculture, writing,

tools and large scale cooperation”
Bertrand Russell

The history of science can really be

called the history of curiosity,
survival, problems and more.
The history of science can really be
called the history of curiosity, survival,
problems and more.
WHY HAVING FRIENDS WITH CURIOSITY MATTERS

“Growing populations are associated with progress; shrinkage has often been correlated with
cultural declines”
Tazmanian decline from 34, 000 BCE to 18, 000 CE
34,000 ya people with sophisticated tool making skills arrive using land bridges from Australia
8000 ya land bridge submerge by rising oceans
1840 arriving British find only simplest technology, hunting with rocks and crude clubs
Joseph Henrich -> island’s population at some point fell below the level necessary for complex skills
to be passed from generation to generation.
SCIENCE IS CONCERNED WITH …
transportation and navigation
communication and record-keeping
mass production
security and protection
health
engineering and architecture
aesthetics
Ancient Period (ca. 3500 BC – 500 AD

EUROPE
✓ (ca 750 000) fire is used by Homo erectus
✓ (ca 45 000) stone-headed spears are used in Europe
✓ (ca 20 000) wooden bow and arrow are used in Spain and
Saharan, Africa
people in southern Europe use sewing needles
made from bone
✓ (ca 2 000) the Minoans builds palaces in Crete
✓ (ca 1 000) iron-working is introduced in Greece
✓ (ca 1 000) Etruscan craftsmen make false teeth from gold
Ancient Period (ca. 3500 BC – 500 AD

THE AMERICAS
✓ (ca 8 500) NAmericans make stone arrowheads
✓ (ca 8 000) the Folsom people living on eastern side of the
Rocky Mountains develop sophisticated tools
✓ (ca 6 000) pottery is made in South America
✓ (ca 2 500) people in the Arctic makes flint tools
✓ (ca 1 750) Peruvians build a long canal to irrigate their crops
✓ (ca 1 200) fisherman in Peru makes rafts and boats
Olmec sculptors carve figurines and giant heads
Ancient Period (ca. 3500 BC – 500 AD

ASIA AND OCEANIA

✓ (ca 11 000) earliest known clay pots are made in Japan
✓ (ca 5 200) people in Iran make wine
✓ (ca 4 000) bronze is first made in Thailand
✓ (ca 3 500) plow is invented in both China and Mesopotamia
✓ (ca 3 000) boats in China are equipped with anchors
✓ (ca 2 950) lunar calendar is developed in China
✓ (ca 2 500) Chinese doctors begin using acupuncture
✓ (ca 2 296) Chinese astronomers record the sighting of a comet
✓ (ca 1 361) Chinese astronomers record a solar eclipse
✓ (ca 1 000) Chinese begin writing on bamboo or paper made from bark
the Hindu calendar of 360 days is introduced in India
✓ (ca 850) Chinese use natural gas for lighting
Ancient Period (ca. 3500 BC – 500 AD

AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST

✓ (ca 1 000 000) Homo erectus uses stone tools; begin chipping flakes off stones to
sharpen for tools; uses antlers to create tools for cutting and drilling
✓ (ca 15 000) in Africa, bone harpoons are used for fishing
✓ (ca 10 000) people in Palestine build houses from sun-dried bricks
✓ (ca 7 500) clay tokens are used for record keeping in Mesopotamia
✓ (ca 6 000) the world’s first known city is built by the people of Anatolia (Turkey)
✓ (ca 4 236) ancient Egyptians devise a 365-day calendar
✓ (ca 3 500) wheel is invented in Mesopotamia
✓ (ca 3 100) Egyptians begin using hieroglyphics
✓ (ca 3 000) the Sumerian introduce a 360-day calendar
Egyptians dam the Garawi river
Ancient Period (ca. 3500 BC – 500 AD

AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST

✓ (ca 2 630) Egyptians begin building pyramids
✓ (ca 2 600) Mesopotamians made glass
✓ (ca 2 300) Babylonians astronomers study comets
earliest known maps are produced in Mesopotamia
medicine became an important science in Syria and Babylon
✓ (ca 2 000) Babylonians mathematicians introduce a positional number system
✓ (ca 1 800) Mesopotamian mathematicians discover the “Pythagorean theorem”
✓ (ca 1 750) Babylonian astronomers compile lists of planets and stars
✓ (ca 1 550) Egyptians are using about 700 drugs and medications
✓ (ca 1 350) symptoms of leprosy are described in Egyptian text
✓ (ca 1 200) Egyptians dig a canal to join the Nile River to the Red Sea
✓ (ca 1 000) Phoenicians develop an alphabet
✓ (ca 950) farmers in Mesopotamia use an irrigation system to water crops
Medieval Period (ca. 500 BC – 1500 AD

also known as “dark ages” is considered to be one of the creative periods

in the history and the premonition of the incoming industrial revolution; it
is termed as “dark” since there are few written records remained
after the fall of Rome, there was a period of readjustment, where medieval society was more
concerned with keeping peace and empire building than nurturing centers of learning
invention of vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, greatly improved water mills,
building techniques like the Gothic style and three-field crop rotation
one of the greatest invention during the middle ages was the
mechanical printing press by Johannes Gutenberg (ca 1395-1468)
14th-17th Century
the term Renaissance refer to the period of rebirth as age of
preparation for the scientific development and achievements
Western Europe introduced the technology of printing books and
other documents which helped the rapid spread of knowledge
and information as well as the preservation of culture
technology of Chinese helped in preparing printed materials
Polish mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), presented the
heliocentric theory – it was a major breakthrough in the history of science yet it was banned by
the Catholic Church

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) improved the telescope, discovered new celestial bodies and found
support for the heliocentric theory
✓ he also conducted motion experiments on pendulums and falling objects that paved the way
for Isaac Newton’s (1643-1727) discoveries about gravity
18th Century
the phenomenal process in the transfer of doing work by hands and feet to the used of machine
– the Industrial Revolution
skilled workers were set aside because operations of new machines were used; companies
also hired women and children increasingly which cost lower than of skilled workers
iron production, steam engines and textiles
18th Century

✓ steam engine has been around but later in improved by

James Watt (1736-1819); it was use to run machines and
made a major contribution
✓ refinement of machine tools by Henry Maudslay (1771-
1831) and Joseph Whitworth (1803-1887)
✓ Robert Fulton (1765-1815) steamboat that used one of
watt’s engines
✓ Thomas Edison (1847-1931) who invented the light bulb
✓ Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) who invented the
telephone
✓ George Stephenson (1781-1848) developed the first steam-
powered locomotive
19th Century
from agriculture to industrial manufacturing and technology-intensive services (1801-1900)
invention of useable electricity, steel, and petroleum products which lead to the second
industrial revolution
age of machine tools; tools were made for tools; machines were made for other parts of another
machine
During the 19th century…
✓ John Dalton (1766-1844) published his atomic theory in 1803; he also studied color
blindness
✓ Dmitri Mendelev (1834-1907) formulated the periodic table
✓ Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) formulated the Law of the Conservation of Energy in
1847; invented the ophthalmoscope in 1851
19th Century
In the late 19th century, physics made great strides…
✓ James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) showed that light is an electromagnetic wave in 1873
which was proven by Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) in 1888
✓ Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) discovered radioactivity in 1896
✓ Marie Curie (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie (1859-1906) discovered radium in 1898
✓ Joseph Thomson discovered the electron in 1897

In the 19th century, people mastered electricity

✓ Han Christian Oersted (1777-1851) discovered that electric current in a wire caused a
nearby compass needle to move in 1819
✓ Michael Faraday (1791-1867) showed that a magnet can produce electricity and in 1831 he
invented the dynamo
✓ Samuel F. B. Morse (1791-1872) invented the electric telegraph in 1837
19th Century

in the 19th century, machines in factories were usually operated by steam engines; at the end of
the century, they began to convert it to electricity
in the mid-19th century, railways revolutionized travelling
Karl Benz (1844-1929) and Gottleib Daimler (1834-1900)
made the first cars in 1885 and 1886
steamship revolutionized travelling at sea