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P1- Earth & Solar System

Earth :

Axis : The axis of the Earth is an imaginary line drawn through the North
Pole and the South Pole. It is tilted. Earth rotates around its axis.

Equator : The Equator usually refers to an imaginary line on the

earth's surface equidistant from the North Pole and South Pole, dividing
the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.

Rotation of the Earth: Spinning of the earth around itself.

Effect of rotation: Causing day and night which lasts exactly 24 hours.

Revolution of the Earth: Travelling of the earth around the sun.

Effect of revolution: This takes 365 days and causes the seasons.

Leap Year: February 29 is a date that usually occurs every four years,
and is called leap day. This day is added to the calendar in leap years as
a corrective measure, because the Earth does orbit the sun in precisely
365 days and 6 hours.

According to Hindu calendar, we have six seasons.

Vasant Ritu: Spring

Months of March and April.

Grishma Ritu: Summer

It is a very hot stretch occupying May and most of June.

Varsha Ritu: Monsoon

The Varsha (Monsoon) season is a very hot, humid and rainy season and
runs through July and August.

Sharad Ritu: Autumn

Sharad (autumn) is the relatively mild period of September and
October.
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Hemant Ritu: Pre-winter

Hemant (pre-winter) is the very pleasant period of November and
December.

Shishir/ Shita Ritu: Winter

January and February is Shishir/ Shita (winter). It is a moderately cool
time of year in this warm south Asia region, and trees may even shed
their leaves during winter.

November : Sun rises little later every day and sets a little earlier so
days become shorter and night become longer.

May : Sun rises little earlier and sets little later every day so days are
longer and nights are shorter.

21st March and 22nd September: 12 hours day and 12 hours night is
observed.

21st June: Day is longest and night is shortest. It is the summer solstice
in the Northern hemisphere where day is longest.

22nd December –Night is longest and day is shortest. It is the winter

solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, where it is the shortest day of the
year.

What is star ?

Stars are the celestial bodies which can emit heat and light
continuously.

Some types of stars : (Refer std.6 –ssc text book)

Sun –like stars:

Red Giants Stars:
Super Nova:
Binary or Twin Stars:
Variable Stars:
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The Sun : Yellow colored star.

It rotates around its axis and revolves around the centre of the Milky
Way.
Due to sun’s gravitational force, the celestial bodies (member of solar
system) revolve around it.

**Find out difference between planets and star.

The solar system : The collection of eight planets and their moons in
orbit round the sun, together with smaller bodies in the form of
asteroids, meteoroids, and comets.

Planets :
The order of the planets, starting nearest the sun and working outward
through the solar system:
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

Inner Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.

Outer Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Inner Planet Outer Planet

Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and

Neptune
Small size Huge size
Have solid surfaces Balls of gas with no surface
Greater Density Smaller Density
Spin slowly Spin quickly
No rings Has Rings

Asteroid belt: The asteroid belt is the circumstellar disc in the Solar
System located roughly between the orbits of the planets Mars and
Jupiter. It is occupied by numerous irregularly shaped bodies
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called asteroids.

Study the Table From Std-6 : Page no. 114

Mercury : Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar

System. Its orbital period around the Sun of 88 days is the shortest of all
the planets in the Solar System. It is fastest moving planet. It is closest
to the sun.

Venus : Venus is the second planet from the Sun and the sixth largest.
planet is the solar system. It rotates around itself from east to west. It s
seen in the sky in the east before sunrise and the west after sunset. It is
hottest planet. Also called Morning-Evening star.
Also called Earth's twin due to similar size and shape.

Earth: It is the third planet from the Sun. Earth is the only planet known
to support life. It is the densest planet in the Solar System. Magnetic
field around the earth diverts harmful rays from the sun towards the
polar regions of the earth.

Mars: Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest
planet in the Solar System, The surface of Mars has an orange-reddish
color because its soil has iron oxide. It is also called red planet.
Olympus Mons on Mars, the tallest planetary mountain in the Solar
System.

Jupiter: Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the
Solar System. It is a giant planet. Also called stormy planets due to
frequent storms. Period of rotation is fastest. Around 10hr.

Saturn: Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest
in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant. Density is so low that
it can float on sea.

Uranus: Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. It's not visible to
the naked eye, and became the first planet discovered with the use of a
telescope. Its axis is so inclined that it is called rolling planet.

Neptune: Neptune is dark, cold, and very windy. It's the last of
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the planets in our solar system. Wind blow with extremely high speed.
It has longest period of revolution.

Astronomers are now hunting for another planet in our solar system, a
true ninth planet, after evidence of its existence was unveiled on Jan.
20, 2016. The so-called "Planet Nine," as scientists are calling it, is about
10 times the mass of Earth and 5,000 times the mass of Pluto.

The other heavenly bodies in the solar system.

Satellite: A satellite is anything that orbits around a larger object.

A natural satellite is any celestial body in space that orbits around a

larger body. Moons are called natural satellites because
they orbit planets. The Earth has one satellite called the Moon.

Artificial satellites are human-built objects orbiting the Earth and other
planets in the Solar System.

India has launched 88 Indian satellites (as of 9 December 2016)

The first one is Aryabhatta (19 April 1975)

Chandrayaan-1 : was India's first lunar probe. It was launched by the

Indian Space Research Organization in October 2008, and operated until
August 2009. The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor.

Mars Orbiter Mission: Mars Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan is

a spacecraft orbiting Mars since 24 September 2014. It was launched on
5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).

Dwarf Planets: A small sized spherical celestial body revolving about

the sun independently. Eg. Pluto,Eris.

Asteroids: Asteroids are rocky objects, smaller than planets. Most of

them are found in an 'asteroid belt', in orbit around the Sun between
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Mars and Jupiter.

A Meteor: A meteor is a meteoroid – or a particle broken off an

asteroid or comet orbiting the Sun – that burns up as it enters the
Earth's atmosphere, creating the effect of a "shooting star". Meteoroids
that reach the Earth's surface without disintegrating are called
meteorites. Lonar Lake is a saline soda lake located at Lonar in Buldhana
district, Maharashtra, India, which was created by a meteor impact.

Comet: Comets are balls of ice and dust in orbit around the Sun. The
orbits of comets are different from those of planets - they are elliptical.
A comet's orbit takes it very close to the Sun and then far away again.
The time to complete an orbit varies - some comets take a few years,
while others take millions of years to complete an orbit. Halley's
Comet is arguably the most famous comet. It is a "periodic" comet and
returns to Earth's vicinity about every 75 years.

Why planets are not moving away from the sun?

Gravitational forces between the Sun and planets keep the planets
in orbit around the Sun. Without these forces, the planets would fly off
into deep space.
Their orbits are slightly squashed circles called ellipses. The planets
furthest out are also the coldest because they receive the least heat
energy from the Sun. Due to earth’s gravitation force all things remain
on earth.

Space : The emptiness between and beyond the stars and planets is
called space or outer space.

Astronauts: Find more information about them.

Rakesh Sharma
Kalpana Chawala
Sunita Williams

Moon : Satellite of the Earth.

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The full moon and New moon

The phases of the moon :
The new moon The full moon : Waxing moon ( Shukla paksha)
The full moon The new moon : The wanning moon ( Krishna Paksha)
Lunar month : A month measured between successive new moons
(roughly 29 1/2 days).
Tithi Every day of the lunar month