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Architectural Design
INTRODUCTION
Architecture
This is the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing
buildings and other physical structures. A general terms to describe buildings and
Definition of Terms
Architectural designs
Perspective
distance.
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Floor Plan
the arrangement of spaces in building in the same way as a map, but showing
at four feet / one meter and twenty centimeters above floor level), showing
walls, windows and door openings and other features at that level.
Elevation
View of a building seen from one side, a flat representation of one façade.
This is the most common view used to describe the external appearance of a
building.
the vertical plane is normally being a parallel to one side of the building.
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Pers
pective
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Ground Floor plan
Scale1:100
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Second Floor plan
Scale1:100
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Third Floor plan
Scale1:100
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Front Elevation
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Left Side Elevation
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Rear Side Elevation
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Right Side Elevation
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CHAPTER 2
Slab
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INTRODUCTION
SLAB
(100 and 500 millimeters) thick, are most often used to construct floors and
ceilings, while thinner slabs are also used for exterior paving.
Sometimes these thinner slabs, ranging from 2 inches (51 mm) to 6 inches
(150 mm) thick, are called mud slabs, particularly when used under the main floor
slabs. In high rise buildings and skyscrapers, thinner, pre-cast concrete slabs are
slung between the steel frames to form the floors and ceilings on each level.
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Definition of Terms
Types of Slab:
neglected.
When the ratio of the length of long direction to short direction of a slab
If the ratio of the lengths of long and short side is less than two then
directions.
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The direct analysis method because it determines or prescribes
moments for different parts of the slab panel without the need to
middle strips.
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CHAPTER 3
Beams
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INTRODUCTION
BEAMS
to the beam’s axis. Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads
applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the beam’s support points. The
total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear
forces and bending moments within the beam, that in turn induce internal
systems contain beam structures that are designed to carry lateral loads are
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Definition of Terms
Types of Beams
Singly Reinforced
o The beam that is longitudinally reinforced only in tension zone, it is
rebars are utilized in the compression zone to tie the stirrups and the
Doubly Reinforced
o The Beam that is reinforced with steel both in Tension and
Compression zone.
o This type of beam is mainly provided when the depth of the beam is
bending moment.
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o The moment of resistance cannot be increased by increasing the
beam over reinforced but not 25% on the strained side. Thus doubly
following conditions.
1. When the outside load is alternating, that means the load is acting on
thrust.
T – Beams
o is a load-bearing structure of reinforced concrete, wood or metal, with a
the beam below the compression flange serves to resist shear stress and
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o Has a big disadvantage compared to an I-beam because it has no
inverted T-beam with a floor slab or bridge deck joining the tops of the
two-way slabs.
o Sections consists of the flange and web or stem; the slab forms the
beam flange, while the part of the beam projecting below the slab forms
CHAPTER 4
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Column
130
INTRODUCTION
COLUMNS
the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column
is a compression member.
The term column applies especially to a large round support (the shaft of
the column) with a capital and a base or pedestal and made of stone, or appearing
to be so. A small wooden or metal support is typically called a post, and supports
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Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the
structural element that also has certain proportional and decorative features.
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Definition of Terms
Types of Columns:
Spiral
the column. The spiral acts to provide support in the transverse direction
carrying capacity greater than or equal to that attributed from the shell
as to compensate for the strength lost when the shell spalls off.
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With further thickening of the spiral rebar, the axially loaded concrete
becomes the weakest link in the system and the strength contribution
from the additional rebar does not take effect until the column has failed
axially. At that point, the additional strength from spiral comes into play
ductile failure.
Tied column
column.
The spacing of the ties is limited in that they must be close enough to
prevent barreling failure between them, and far enough apart that they
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CHAPTER 5
Square Footing
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INTRODUCTION
FOOTINGS (Foundation)
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140
Definition of Terms
Strip Footing
provided for a row of columns which are so closely spaced that their
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A spread footing (or isolated or pad) footing is provided to support an
individual column.
a large area.
lever.
The strap connects the two footings such that they behave as one unit.
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The individual footings are so designed that their combined line of action
entire structure.
A mat is required when the allowable soil pressure is low or where the
columns and walls are so closed that the individual footings would
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