KINGDOM PLANTAE

CHAPTER # 9
A- Class tracheophyte
1- Sub-class spermopsida
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SPOROPHYTE
It is the Diploid Multicellular Stage in Life cycle of Plant or Alga.

It develops from Zygote Produced when Haploid Egg cell is fertilized by Haploid
Sperm.

All Land Plants & Most multicellular Algae ,ve Life cycles in which Multicellular
Diploid Sporophyte Phase alternates with Multicellular Haploid Gametophyte
Phase.

In Seed Plant/Gymnosperm & Flowering Plant/Angiosperm Sporophyte Phase

(,ve Root, Stem, Leaves, Cones, Flower) is more Prominent than Gametophyte.

In Flowering Plant Gametophytes are very Reduced in Size and are Represented
by Germinated Pollen and Embryo Sac.
Pollen Grain
Pollen Grain (Male Microgametophytes of Angiosperm) which Produce Male
Gametes (Sperm Cells).

Pollen Grain ,ve Hard Coat made of Sporopollenin that Protects Gametophytes
during Process of their movement from the Stamens to Pistil of Flowering Plants,
or From Male Cone to Female Cone of Coniferous Plants.

If Pollen lands on Compatible Pistil or Female Cone, it germinates & Producing a

Pollen Tube that transfers the Sperm to Ovule Containing Female Gametophyte.

Pollen in Plants is used for Transferring Haploid Male Genetic Material from
Anther of Single Flower to Stigma of Another in Cross-Pollination.

In Case of Self-Pollination, this Process takes Place from Anther of a Flower to

the Stigma of Same Flower.

Pollen Itself is not the Male Gamete.

Each Pollen Grain Contains

(A) One Vegetative Tube Cell (Non-Reproductive) ----> Produce Vegetative

Tube Cell.

(B) Generative (Reproductive) Cell ----> divides to form Two Sperm Cells.
Pollen is Produced in Conifer or Other Gymnosperm by Microsporangia in Male
Cone & In Angiosperm Plant It is Produced in Anther in Flower.

TYPE OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

ISOGAMY (Iso -- Same, Game -- Fusion)

In This Both Gametes are "Physiologically+Morphologically" Similar to Undergo

Fusion.

AN-ISOGAMY(Aniso -- Dissimilar, Game -- Fusion)

In This Both Gametes are "Physiologically Similar But Morphologically Dis-similar

to Undergo Fusion.

OOGAMY

In This Both Gametes are "Physiologically+Morphologically" Dis-similar to

Undergo Fusion.

HETEROGAMY(Hetero -- Different, Game -- Fusion)

In This Small+Motile Sperm Fuse with Large+Immotile Ovum. It is very Sucessful

Mode of Reproduction in "Bryophyte".
 GYMNOSPERM
First Gymnosperm was Appeared in Late Devonian 350 Million Year Ago.

It is a group of Seed-producing Plants that includes Conifers, Cycads, Ginkgo, and

Gnetophytes.

Name is Based on Naked Presentation of Seed in which Ovule Make Seed

without Fruit & Flower Formation b/c There is no Ovary Present in
Gymnosperm.

Gymnosperm Seeds develop either on the Surface of Scales or Leaves, which are
often modified to form Cones.

Gymnosperms & Angiosperms together Compose the "Spermatophyte" or Seed

Plant.
Most Largest group of Gymnosperm is Conifer.

Roots in Some genera ,ve Fungal association with Roots in the form of
Mycorrhiza (Pinus), while in Some others (Cycas) small specialised Roots c/d
"Coralloid" Roots are associated with Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria.

Sporophyll ----> It is a Modified Leaf that bears Sporangia.

Sporophylls vary greatly in Appearance and Structure.

Sporophyll Arrange togeather in Compact Mass c/d "Cone".

Mega-Sporophyll
Sporophyll bear Megasporangia

Micro-Sporophyll
Sporophyll bear Microsporangia

LIFE CYCLE OF GYMNOSPERM

Pine Plant is Monoceious/Bisexual Plant ,ving Both Male and Female
Reproductive Structure in One Plant.

In Gymnosperm Sporophyte is Dominant Life Cycle & Gametophyte is

Short-lived.

Gametophyte, As with all Heterosporous Plants, develop within the Spore wall.

It Contain 2 Types of Spores (Microspores --- Produced by "Pollen Cone" &

Megaspores --- Produced by "Ovulate Cone".

Pollen Grain (Micro-Gametophyte) Mature from Microspores & ultimately

Produce Sperm Cells.

Pinus Cell Male Gametophyte ,ve (Stalk Nucleus, 2 Male Gametes, 2 Prothallus,
in Elongated Pollen Tube).

Mega-Gametophytes develop from Megaspores & are Retained within the

Ovule.

Meiosis in Female Sporangium Produce 4 Microspore in which 3 Degenrate &

Only Forms Single Female Gametophyte/ Mega-Gametophyte.

Gymnosperms Produce 2-5 Archegonia, which Produce One Female Gamete in

One Archegonium.

During Pollination, Pollen Grains are Physically Transferred b/w Plant From
Pollen Cone to the Ovule.

Pollen is usually moved by wind or Insects.

Whole Pollen Grain Enters each Ovule through a Microscopic Gap in the Ovule
Coat (Integument) c/d "Micropyle".

Pollen Grains mature further inside the Ovule and Produce Sperm Cells.

Two Main modes of Fertilization are found in Gymnosperms.

Cycad & Ginkgo ,ve Motile Sperm that swim directly to the egg inside the Ovule.

whereas Conifers and Gnetophytes ,ve Sperm with no Flagella that are Moved
Along a Pollen tube to the Egg.

After Syngamy (joining of the Sperm and Egg Cell), the Zygote develops into an
Embryo (young sporophyte).

The Mature Seed ,ve Embryo and Remains in Female Gametophyte, which
Serves as a Food Supply, and the Seed Coat.
 ANGIOSPERM
It is the Flowering Plants ,ving Fruit & Seed.

They are Distinguished from Gymnosperm by ,ving "Flowers, Endosperm within

Seed & Production of Fruit".

Angeion means "Case" & Sperma "Seed".

Angiosperm became Dominant Plant in "Cenozoic" Era.

Reproductive Structure of Angiosperm are "Flower --- Ovule" Enclosed by

Modified Leaf c/d "Carpel".
Angiosperm is divide into Monocot And Dicot.

COTYLEDON
It is also c/d "Seed Leaf". It is Embryonic Leaf in Seed-bearing Plants with Root &
Shoot Meristem (which present in Seed Prior to Germination), One or More of
which are First Leaves to appear from Germinating Seed.

It is Significant Part of Embryo within Seed of Plant.

Species with One Cotyledon c/d "Monocotyledonous" & Plants with Two
Embryonic Leaves c/d "Dicotyledonous".

True Leaves & Cotyledons are developmentally Distinct/Differs.

True Leaves formed Post-embryonically (After Germination) from Shoot Apical

Meristem.

Cotyledon of Monocot is a highly modified Leaf Composed of Scutellum (That is

Specialized to Absorb Stored Food from Adjacent Endosperm.

Cotyledons in Case of Gymnosperm Stores Food Reserves of Seed As Reserves

are used up, the Cotyledons Turns Green and Begin Photosynthesis for Seedling.

MONOCOT PLANTS
Flowering Plant Containing Only One Cotyledon.

Monocot lacking Lateral Meristem not Showing Secondary Growth.

They are Usually Endospermous.

It include Maize, Wheat.

DICOT PLANTS
Flowering Plant Containing Two Cotyledon.

Dicot Containing Lateral Meristem Showing Secondary Growth.

It include Pea, Bean, Gram.

 STRUCTURE OF FLOWER
Flower is Compressed Reproductive Shoot with 4 whorle of Modified Leaf &
Arrange from Outside to Inside as --> Sepal -- Petal -- Stamen --Carpel.

4 Set attached to Receptacle/Thalamus.

Enlarged or Modified Tip of Flower Stalk that bears the Part of Flower.
Example of Monoceious/Bisexual Plant in Angiosperm is "Corn" & Example of
Uni-Sexual plant in Angiosperm is "Date Palm Plant".

One Male/Stimnate Date is Enough for Pregnant to Hundrerd of

Feamle/Carpellate Date Palm.

Pollens are Allergen for Human So Produce Allergic Rhinitis.

1- SEPAL
Greek "Skepi" means Covering.

It is Usually Small, Green Leaf-like Structure Located at the Base of Flower But in
Some Species they are Large Brightly Coloured.

It Protects Floral Part in Bud Stage.

Calyx

It is the Collection of Sepals.

It Lies Just beneath the Corolla.

2- PETAL
Petals are Modified Leaves.

They are Usually Brightly Colored or Un-usually Shaped to attract Pollinator.

Petals Operate to Protect Some Parts of Flower and Attract (Scent) /Repel
specific Pollinator.

Various Colour traits are used by different Petals to Attract Pollinators that have
Poor Smelling Abilities.

Some Flowers are able to Change Colour of their Petals as Signal to Mutual
Pollinators to Approach or keep away.

Shape and Size Attract Pollinators at large Distance.

Scent, Colour, Shape & Size of Petals all Play Role in Attracting/Repelling Specific
Pollinators & Providing Suitable Conditions for Pollination.

Pollinators are Insects, Birds, Other Animals (Bat).

Petal are Usually Absent/Reduced in Flower undergoing Wind Pollination.

Corolla

It is the Collection of Petals.

Perianth

It is the Collection of "Calyx+Corolla".

Tepals

When Petals & Sepal are difficult to Distinguish.

Example Genera Tulipa.

Plant in which Sepal & Petal are Easily Distinguished are Genus Rosa.

Corolla

It is Collection of Petals.

3- STAMEN
It is the Pollen-Producing Reproductive Organ of Flower.

It Contains of Stalk c/d "Filament" & "Anther" Contains Microsporangia.

Mostly Anthers are Bi-Lobed & Attached to Filament at Base.

Sterile Tissue b/w the Lobes c/d "Connective".

Pollen grain develops from Microspore in Microsporangium & Contains the Male
Gametophyte.

Anther ----> Each Anther ,ve 4 Sporangi that Undergo Meiosis to Produce
Numerus Haploid Microspore.

Each Microspore Thickens making Thick Walled Microspore.

Each Microspore Undergo Mitotic Divison & Forms Microgametophyte/Pollen

Grain by Producing One "Generative" Cell & One "Tube" Cell which Brust to
Micro-Sporangium & Release to Move toward Carpel.

One Generative Cell

Androecium

It is the Collection of Stamen.

4- CARPEL
it is the Female Reproductive Part of Flower ,ving Stigma, Style, & Ovary.

Carpels are thought to be Phylogenetically derived from Ovule-bearing Leaves

(Megasporophylls).

The pistils of a flower are considered to be composed of carpels.

Ovary ---> Expand Basal Part ,ving Ovule.

Ovule Undergo Meiosis & Produce 4 Haploid Megaspore in which three

Degenerate & Only Remain Alive.

One Megaspore Undergo 3 Mitotic Divison & Produce 7 Celled 8 Nucelate

Haploid Cell Female Gamtophyte/Embro Sac.

Cell Include, Polar/Central Nuclei (2 Nuclei), 3 Anti-Podal Cell (at Chalazal End), 2
Synergid Cell, & 1 Ovum (at Micropylar End).

Style ---> Greek "Stylos" means Pillar.

It is a Cylindrical Stalk through which Pollen Tubes grow to Reach the Ovary.

Stigma ---> Greek means "Mark" OR Puncture.

It is Enlarged Apex usually found at the Tip of Style.

It has Sticky Feature that Receives Pollen Grain (Male Gametophyte) during
Pollination.

Pistil
It may Consist of One Carpel, with its Ovary, Style and Stigma, or Several carpels
may be joined together with a Single Ovary, whole unit c/d "Pistil".

Gynoecium
Greek "Gyne" means Woman, "Oikos" means House.

It is Most Commonly used as Collective term for the Parts of Flower that Produce
Ovule.

It Consists of (one or more) Pistil.

It is Surrounded by Pollen-Producing Reproductive Organ the "Stamens" that

Collectively c/d "Androecium".

Gynoecium Produces Megaspores, each of which develops into Female

Gametophyte which Produce "Egg Cell".
Term Gynoecium is also used by Botanists to refer to Cluster of "Archegonia".

Term Androecium is also used by Botanists to refer to Cluster of "Antheridia".

Gynocieum often reffered as Female But it is not True b/c Gametophyte Grow
on it Produce gametes that give rise to Seed.

Number Of Carpels may be Vary It may be (a) Mono-Carpel (b) Bi-Carpel (C)
Tri-Carpel (D) Poly-Carpels.

TYPES

MONOCARPUS

Gynoecium ,ving Single Carpel.

APOCARPOUS

Gynoecium ,ving Multiple, Distinct (Free, Un-Fused) Carpels.

SYNCARPOUS

Gynoecium ,ving Multiple Carpels "Fused" into Single Structure.

Degree of Connation ("Fusion") in can vary.

Carpels may be "fused" only At their Base, but retain separate Styles and
Stigmas.

Carpels may be "Fused" entirely Except for Retaining Separate Stigma.

Sometimes Carpels are Fused by their Styles or Stigmas But Possess Distinct
Ovaries.
COMPLETE FLOWER
Flower ,ving All 4 Basic Structure (Sepal, Petal, Stamen, Carpels).

IN-COMPLETE FLOWER
Plant Missing Any One of 4 Basic Structure.

DOUBLE FERTILIZATION
It is Complex Fertilization mechanism of Angiosperm.

It involves joining of Female Gametophyte/Megagametophyte/Embryo Sac with

Two Male Gametes/Sperms.
Pollen Grain Adheres to Stigma ----> takes Moisture ---> Begins to Germinate
----> Forming Pollen Tube ---> that Extends Down toward Ovary through Style
----> Tip of Pollen Tube Enters Ovary ----> Penetrates through Micropyle to Reach
in Ovule ---> Pollen Tube Proceeds to Release Two Sperm in Megagametophyte
----> One Sperm Fuse with Ovum to Form Zygote & Other Sperm fuse with Fusion
Nuclei (Bi-Nuclete) to form Triploid Nuclei that Ultimately Forms Endospem For
Growing Embryo.

Ovary, Surrounding Ovule develops into Fruit which Protects Seeds & may
Function to Disperse them.

Upon Brusting of Fruit Seed Exposed to Land & Under Favourable Enviroment It
Germinates & Develop into New Sporophyte (E.g) Pea Plant ,ve Fruit (Pod) & Pea
Seed.

Arrangement of Cell in Mega-Gametophyte is 3+2+3 (from top to Bottom).

Pollination

Cross Pollinatio Gives Variety B/c Involving Two parent As Compare to Self
Pollination Plant.

Cross Pollination Cann,t Fertilize with It,s Self.

SELF POLLINATION

CROSS POLLINATION
FRUIT FUNCTION

(A) Protect Seed from Desiccation Until Seed Acquires Hard Seed Coat.

(B) It Helps in Dispersal of Seed by (a) Wind (b) Animals through Colour
Attraction, Smell & Taste which Eats Fruit & Left Seed OR Eat Fruit & Seed &
Release Seed in Faeces in Unchanged Form.

2- SUbCLASS PSILOPSIDA
It Include Extinict Genus "Rhynia" (Fossil) & Presently Lived 2 Genus "Psilotum"
& "Mesipteris".

Rhynia Extinct/Removed in Silurain Period (395 Million year Ago) & is Fossil
Now.

"Psilotum" & "Mesipteris" are Primitive Genus appeared in Devonian Period

(400 million year Ago).

Psilophytopsida Sporophyte ,ve Fused Sporangi at Tip & lack Flower, Seed, True
Roots (,ving Creeping Rhizome) & Leaves, but ,ve a vascular system (with no
2ndry Growth b/w ,ving no Cambium Tissue) within Branching Cylindrical Stem
c/d "Dichomatous" ----> Forking into Two Equal Branches.

Some Branch ,ve Sporangia & Some lack Sporangia & c/d "Fertile" & "Infertile"
Branch respectively.

Photosynthesis takes Place by Stem.

Rhynia was Discovered in Rhynia Village of Scotland so Named.

Gametophyte is Present in Subterrenean/Land that Produce gamtes & Zygote

develop to Sporophyte.

Cut Section of Rhynia Stem Shows Small Central Vascular Tissue (in which Xylem
is Sorrounded by Pheloem c/d "Protostele") Surrounded by Cortex ,ving single
Layered Epidermis at outerside with Stomata.
3- SUbCLASS LyCOPSIDA
BREIF HISTORY

It was First Discoverd in Middle of Devonian Period 10 million year after

Psilopsida.
they were Dominant Plant in Late Devonian & Carbinferous Period.

It is a Class of Herbaceous vascular Plant known as Clubmosses.

Some Plant of this Class formed 1st Land forest But Later Displaced by Advanced
vascular Plant & Today Only 5 Genera are Lived.

2 Genera like Selaginella & Lycopodium/Running Pine/Ground Pine Present in

Pakistan.

Previously It Thought that It arises from Underground Algal Branches.

It is More Advanced than Psilopsida.

They ,ve True Stem, Dichotomously branching Stems bearing Simple True Leaves
without Ligules & Reproduce by means of Spores Borne in Sporangia at the Base
of Leaves.

Micro-Sporophylls Combines to form Club Shaped Cone c/d "Strobilli".

LYCOPODIUM

Lycopodium Greek lukos -- Wolf & Podion Foot.

They are Terrestrial or Epiphytic Plant, with widely branched, Creeping Stems,
with needle-like leaves.

kidney-shaped Sporangia contain Homospore arranged in Strobilus at end of

upright Stems.

The club-shaped appearance of these fertile stems gives the clubmosses their
common name.

Lycopod Spore ---> Form Sub-Terranean Gametophyte/Prothallium ,ving

Antheridia & Archegoniae.
SELAGINELLA

It is distinguished from Lycopodiaceae by ,ving Scale-leaves bearing Ligule & by

,ving Spores of two Types (Hetero-Sporous).

LIGULE

Latin"Tongue" — is thin outgrowth at junction of leaf & leafstalk.

4- SUbCLASS SPHENOPSIDA
It was Discovered Late in Devonian Period & It was Major Plant in Carbiniferous
Period.

It has Only One Living Genera c/d "Equisetum" which Commonly Look Like Tail
of Horse so c/d "Horse Tail". ssp Include Spenophyllum.

Most of Sphenosida were Small Body with Some Large Body that are Now
Appeared as Coal in the Land.

It has True Root, Segmented Hollow Stem, Leaves & Terminal Strobilli that
Produce Homospore that develop Both Anthredia & Archegonia.

it,s Body ,ve Node from which whrole like Leaf arises.

Old Sphenopsida had 2ndry Growth But Modern ,ve no Secondry Growth b/c ,ve
no Camobium.

Equisetum ,ve 20 ssp grow in wet areas, with whorls of needle-like branches
radiating at regular intervals from a single vertical stem at Node.

Equisetum are Herbaceous lost ability to Produce Secondary Growth.

4- SUbCLASS PTEROPSIDA
It is believed to evolve from Psilopsida.
it appeared in Devonian Period & Increased importance in Carbineferous Period.

AESTIVATION ------> Arrangement of Petal or Sepal in Floral Bud w.r.t

Other Member of Same Whrole.

TYPES

A- VALVATE

It is Present in Valvate & Calotropis.

All Sepal/Petals attached to each other at End to End No One is Overlapped to

each other.

B- TWISTED

It is Present in Lady Figer & Cotton.

One Side to Particular Sepal/Petal is Twisted that One Side of Sepal/Petal is

Above to Other and Other Side is Below to Other.

C- IMBRICATE

One Sepal Coverd by Other Sepals at Both end (Totally Closed) & One Sepals ,ve
Both the End Free (Totally Free). All Sepal ,ve Twisted Arrangement.

It is Present in Rose.
D- VAXILLARY/PAPLIONACEOUS

It is Present in Pea , Bean Flower.

In this Large Petal/Sepal Covers all Reming Sepal/Petals. Large one c/d
"Standard" One in Number, Lateral One c/d "Wings" 2 in Number & Keel
Located below 2 in Number.

PLACENTATION ------> Arrangement of Ovule in Ovary.

TYPES

A- AXILE

Placenta is Axial & Ovule is are attached to it in a Multi-locular Ovary. that is

formed by Septum.

It is Present in Tomato & Lemon.

B- PARIETAL

Ovule Placed on inner wall of Ovary or Peripheral Part.

It is Present in Mustard.

C- FREE CENTRAL

Ovule are borne on Central Axis & Septa are Absent.

D- BASAL

Placenta are Placed at the Base of Ovary. Single Ovule is Present.

It is Present in Sunflower.

E- MARGINAL

Placenta is Placed at Margin.

It is Present in Pea.

TYPES OF GYNOECIUM
PHYLLOTAXIS
(ARRANGEMENT OF LEAF ON STEM)
ALTERNATE/SPIRAL
One Leaf attaches at each node on stem in Alternate Direction along the Stem.
OPPOSITE
Two Leaf attach at each node on stem in attachments are paired at each node at
Same Level.
WHORLED
Three or more leaves attach at each node on stem at Same Level.

ROSULATE
Leaves form a round Rosete (Circular arrangement of Leaves).
 PLANT FAMILY
1- ROSACEA FAMILY
Rose Family ,ve 100 Genera & 2000 ssp in which 29 Genera with 213 ssp is
Present in Pakistan.

Family Rosaceae includes Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees.

Most Species are Deciduous (Shade Leaf at end of Growing Season), But some
are Evergreen.

They are mostly Perennials, But some Annuals also exist.

CHARACTERSTIC

STEM

It has Green Woody Stem with many Spicule.

LEAVES

Leaves are Generally Arranged Spirally, But ,ve an opposite arrangement in

Some species.

Border of Leaf are Usually Serrated.

It has Adinate Stipule (Joint outgrowths borne on either side of base of Petiole
(leafstalk) which Cover Petiole and some part of Leaf.

It has Mid Vein like Unicotate Reticular Venation.

ROOT

Tape Root & Branched.

FLORAL STRUCTURE
Inflorescence
it may be Solitary/Single to Inflorescene/Bunch Type (Cymose to Recemose).

Flower
Bisexual & Actinomorphic/Radial Symmetry, Hypognous to Epigynous.

Epigynous ---> Ovary is below than All Flower Parts (Sepal, Petal,
Androcoeium+Gynoceium). It is Present Apple

Perigynous ---> Ovary is Partially Sorrounded by Sepal/Flower Part. It is

Present in Rose.

Hypogynous ---> Ovary is Superior to all Flower Parts. It is Present in

Strawberry.
Calyx
It has 5 Sepal in Fused/Adnate (Sepal attached to Receptacle) or Un-Fused/Free
Form. Calyx is Persistanat.

There may be Epicalyx in it.

Corolla
Petal are 5 But may be Multiple of 5 (means 10, 15, 20).

Petal are of Imbricated Type that are showy & attracted.

Androceium
Numerus, inward Bend Stamen 5-10 with Small Anther.

Gynoecium
Single to Numerus Carpels (2-5) in Compund State often Adinate to Calyx.

Each Ovary ,ve 2 or More Ovule. Style is Simple.

Stigma is Linear/Spathulate/Capitate.
DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS
Rosaceous Corolla, Numerus Stamens, Poly-Androus,
Mono-Carpellarry/Poly-Carpellary Syncarpous may be Apocarpous.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

They are Important in

(A) Products Rosaceae include Apples, Pears, Peaches, Almond, Apricots,

Cherries, Raspberries, Strawberries.

(B) Ornamental Shrubs like Rose (for Pleasure or Sadness). this Family acheive
3rd Rank in Flowering Plant.

Branches of Crataegus & Cotoneaster gives excellent walking Stick & Wood.

Pyruspastia wood used for making Tobacoo Pipes.

In Asia Rose/Gulab used to make (Gulkand, Rose Oil, Rose water, Ark Gulab, in
Rose Perfume).

Placentation may be Basal ,ving One Carpous with Apocarpus or Axile ,ving
many Carpous with Syncarpous.